Psychology Chapter 3: Khan Academy Questions

Fixed action patterns are responses to a particular type of stimuli that result from which of the following? A. Innate learning B. Operant conditioning C. Classical conditioning D. Cognitive responses

A. Innate learning

Dr. Walsh is interested in seeing whether symptoms of depression can be manipulated using principles of classical conditioning. For several weeks of an experiment, he gives a group of patients a sweetened soda that has a mood-enhancing drug in it and notices that symptoms of depression improve significantly. Then, he removes the drug from the beverage and notices that the symptoms are still improved when the patients consume the soda. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus in Dr. Walsh's experiment? A, The mood-enhancing drug B. The sweetened soda C. The improved symptoms in response to the soda D. The improved symptoms in response to the drug

B. The sweetened soda

Stuart acquires a classically conditioned phobia of ducks. Now he shows a phobic response not just to ducks, but to other birds as well, especially ones that can swim. What are the changes in his phobia an example of? A. Shaped response B. Unconditioned response C. Stimulus generalization D. Stimulus discrimination

C. Stimulus generalization

Tim is a snowboard salesman. For every 15 snowboards he sells, his company gives him a monetary bonus. What schedule of reinforcement describes Tim's bonus arrangement? A.Variable interval B. Variable ratio C. Fixed interval D. Fixed ratio

D. Fixed ratio

A researcher is interested in fear and explicit memory. He recruits a sample of undergraduate students, divides them into three groups, and shows each group of participants a different video. Group A watches a neutral video that reliably induces boredom, group B watches a video that reliably induces mild fear, and group C watches a video that reliably induces overwhelming fear. The participants are tested a week later to determine how much of the video they are able to remember. Given the design of the study and what you know about emotion and memory, which group(s) probably remembers the most about the video? A. Group B B. Group C C. Groups A and C D. Group A

A. Group B

James wants to begin a training regimen. He gets up each morning for a few months, runs 2 miles, and then has a nutritious breakfast before work. One morning after months of this routine, he decides he wants to sleep in the next morning. Unfortunately for James, he wakes up at the same time he does every morning and feels like he should take a run. Although James is upset that he can't go back to sleep, he has created a healthy habit. What type of memory is habit learning and where in the brain is it located? A. He is learning a habit, a type of procedural memory, which is located in the basal ganglia. B. He is learning a habit, a type of episodic memory, which is located in the hippocampus. C. He is learning a habit, a type of explicit memory, which is located in the medial temporal lobe. D. He is learning a habit, a type of semantic memory, which is located in the neocortex.

A. He is learning a habit, a type of procedural memory, which is located in the basal ganglia.

Which of the following strategies describes how a person would extinguish a response using principles of operant conditioning? A. Withhold all reinforcement after responses to the stimulus B. Keep subject from being exposed to the stimulus for an extended time C. Present the unconditioned stimulus without the conditioned stimulus D. Present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

A. Withhold all reinforcement after responses to the stimulus

Which of the following statements about Korsakoff syndrome is not true? A. Korsakoff syndrome related to severe thiamine deficiency. B. Most cases of Korsakoff syndrome are caused by traumatic brain injuries. C. Korsakoff syndrome produces anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia. D. Many individuals with Korsakoff syndrome experience symptoms like aphasia.

B. Most cases of Korsakoff syndrome are caused by traumatic brain injuries.

Which of the following encoding strategies would be most useful in enhancing long-term memory? A. Chunking and self-referencing B. Self-referencing and mnemonic devices C. Rote rehearsal alone D. Rote rehearsal and mnemonic devices

B. Self-referencing and mnemonic devices

What type of memory loss is most common during the initial stage of Alzheimer's disease? A. Episodic memory loss B. Short term memory loss C. Semantic memory loss D. Procedural memory loss

B. Short term memory loss

Researchers studying memory utilized a common test called the delayed response task, where a participant must respond to a stimulus that occurred in the past. In this test, the researchers had each participant listen to a sequence of words from a specific category, such as types of fruit, shapes, or colors, and prompted participants to repeat the previous word. After the participant repeated 10 words, the category was changed and the participant was asked to repeat the word that occurred two words previously in the list (researcher: "green, blue, red" - participant: "blue"). After every 10 words repeated by the participant, the delay is increased until the participant can no longer correctly identify the correct word. What type of memory is being tested in this study? A. Procedural memory B. Working memory C. The primacy effect D. Implicit memory

B. Working memory

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between node link strength and association in learning? A. As node link strength decreases, the degree of association decreases. This increases the processing time. B. As node link strength increases, the degree of association decreases. This increases the processing time. C. As node link strength increases, the degree of association increases. This reduces the processing time. D. As node link strength decreases, the degree of association increases. This reduces the processing time.

C. As node link strength increases, the degree of association increases. This reduces the processing time.

Long term potentiation (LTP) is thought to be the physiological manifestation of learning. It involves the strengthening of connections between neurons, and is an example of synaptic plasticity. As these connections strengthen, information is recalled more quickly. By what mechanism does LTP occur? A. Greater postsynaptic speed of transmission results in increased neural connectivity B. Greater levels of presynaptic stimulation result in equal postsynaptic potential C. Equal levels of presynaptic stimulation result in greater postsynaptic potential D. Greater presynaptic speed of transmission results in increased neural connectivity

C. Equal levels of presynaptic stimulation result in greater postsynaptic potential

Lauren is studying for her final exam in her psychology class. For every 45 minutes that she studies, she gives herself a mini doughnut, then goes back to studying. What schedule of reinforcement is Lauren using? A. Fixed ratio B. Variable interval C. Fixed interval D. Variable ratio

C. Fixed interval

Kelly and Jeff live together, and Kelly constantly yells at Jeff to clean his dishes in the kitchen. She tells him that she will stop nagging if he does the chore. He finally cleans the dishes and Kelly, in turn, stops nagging him. As a result, Jeff is more likely to clean his dishes in the future. What is this scenario an example of? A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative punishment C. Negative reinforcement D. Positive punishment

C. Negative reinforcement

Dr. Soreth is teaching a pigeon to peck a green button. First she reinforces the pigeon for turning toward the green button, then for approaching the button, and so on in very small steps. She does this until the pigeon is successfully and consistently pecking the button. What principle of learning is Dr. Soreth using? A. Exposure B. Extinction C. Shaping D. Discrimination

C. Shaping

Which of the following statements is an example of explicit memory? A. A man forms a habit of checking his email every night right before bed. B. A 30 year-old woman recalling how to ride a bicycle after years of not riding. C. A dog learns that food is associated with a bell. D. A teenager remembers her tenth birthday party.

D. A teenager remembers her tenth birthday party.

Mary is often tired when she wakes up, so she starts drinking coffee every day at 8:00 am, which makes her feel energized. One morning she is coming home from the grocery store she notices the time - it is 8:00 am. She had not wanted coffee before she checked the time, but she suddenly feels tired and craves the drink. Mary's sudden craving for coffee after noticing the time is an example of which of the following? A. Unconditioned response B. Unconditioned stimulus C. Conditioned stimulus D. Conditioned response

D. Conditioned response

Dr. Soreth is a behavioral researcher who uses pigeons in her research; she teaches the birds to peck a green button and receive a treat. She wants to try out a new schedule of reinforcement for the pigeons. She wants the birds to peck as much as possible, and to have their pecking behavior occur at a steady rate with very little pausing between responses. Which schedule of reinforcement would be best for her to choose? A. Variable interval B. Fixed ratio C. Fixed interval D. Variable ratio

D. Variable ratio