Psychology Chapter 4
Dogs have a keener senses of smell then humans. In part, this may be due to the increased number of olfactory receptors dogs have compared to humans. Given what you know about the sense of smell, how many functional genes for olfactory receptors do dogs have compared to humans? Select the best answer.
2-3 times as many as humans
Certain animals have keener senses of smell then humans. Other animals have a sense of smell that is comparable to humans. Smell is related to the number of functional genes for olfactory receptors that the organism has. Given what you know about the sense of smell, how many olfactory receptors do humans have?
<400
Which of the following is an example of sensory adaptation?
A person first enters a rooms that smells bad. After a few minutes, the person does not notice the smell so much
Is the following a Just Noticeable Difference or an Absolute Threshold? Select the best answer. The amount of pressure it takes to detect that your rear end has touched the chair
Absolute threshold
Using a Gestalt principle, what is the most likely explanation as to why Denise's son-in-law was told to "sit down and shut up."?
Denise's son-in-law was further hightening that he was dissimilar to the other fans in that section
Max Wertheimer discovered, while playing with a child's toy, that movement could be perceived in still objects via rapidly flickering images. This insight led to the field of what kind of psychology?
Gestalt
What is the most likely explanation for why Mikhail was able to see a dinosaur shape in the cloud? Select the best answer.
Mikhail's brain put together the individual items that make up a cloud (water droplets) to form a coherent image (a dinosaur)
Which of the following examples best represents difference threshold? Select the best answer. Tasting sweetness in tea Hearing a faint noise Noticing that one smell is fainter than another Noticing that one drink is more bitter
Noticing that one drink is more bitter
Choose the receptor in the skin that responds to transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations.
Pacinian corpuscles
Which of the following correctly lists colors in order from longest to shortest wavelength?
ROYGBIV
The tympanic membrane vibrates. Identify the two steps that occur immediately after this step.
The eardrum vibration causes the malleus to move The malleus movement causes the incus to move
What did Marcus discover about the purpose of hair cells in the vestibular organs?
The hair cells register mechanical motion and convert to electrical signals that are sent to the brain
What is the likely explanation for why Derek saw a greater than (>) and less than (<) symbols?
The line was broken, and Derek interpreted the broken intersecting lines as back to back greater than and less than symbols
The stapes presses into the oval window. Identify the two steps that occur immediately before this step.
The malleus movement causes the incus to move The incus movement causes the stapes to move
The incus movement causes the stapes to move. Identify the two steps that occur immediately after this step.
The stapes presses into the oval window The fluid inside the cochlea moves
Identify the statement that is inaccurate in regards to neuropathic pain.
There are very limited treatment options for this type of pain because it's chronic
Determine the correct statement.
There is tremendous variation in the sensitivity of the olfactory systems of different species
Hair cell stimulation results in activation of that cell. Identify the two steps that occur immediately after this step.
Ultimately, the information reaches the temporal lobe to be processed Activated hair cells generate neural impulses that travel along the auditory nerve to the brain.
Which of the following waves has the lowest frequency? Select the best answer. Wave A has a wavelength of 390 nm.Wave B has a wavelength of 500 nm.Wave C has a wavelength of 650 nm.
Wave C
Is it relevant that Margarite was viewing the images from across the room? colorblindness
You cannot tell from this example
What animal does the shape of Merkel's disks most resemble?
a jellyfish
What is the cochlea?
a part of the inner ear that is filled with fluid; it contains hair fibers that are sensory receptor cells
Which of the following is the best example of the law of continuation in a photograph?
a photograph of the finish line in a horse race
Which psychological concept is illustrated in the following example? Select the best answer. He sees a star in the sky.
absolute threshold
Identify a possible cause of conductive hearing loss.
all correct: the measles toxins found in certain solvents noise-induced hearing loss
Consider the following image: A diagram illustrates the basic parts of a wave. Moving from left to right, the wavelength line begins at a high point labeled 'A' above a straight horizontal line and falls and rises equally above and below that line. The next area where the wavelength line reaches its highest point is labeled 'B.' A horizontal bracket, labeled 'C,' extends from this area to the next equally high point, labeled 'D.' The first area where the wavelength reaches its lowest point is labeled 'G,' and the next equally low point is labeled 'F.' A vertical bracket, labeled 'E,' extends from the final highest point to the final lowest point. Which feature of a wave does E represent?
amplitude
Which term best fits the following description? Select the best answer. The amount of energy in a wave
amplitude
Which of the following describes the similarity principle?
asserts that things that are alike tend ot be grouped together
He hears a bell ringing in the distance.
audition
Which sense is being used in the following example? Select the best answer. He listens to his favorite song.
audition
When Carla looks at a painting of a deer running through the forest, she focuses her attention on the deer. The rest of the scene the brain assigns to [blank] in her perception of the picture.
background
Which of the following correctly lists colors in order from shortest to longest wavelength?
backwards ROYGBIV
What is refraction?
bending of light as it passes from one substance to another
This theory is intended to explain how the auditory system differentiates pitches.
both
These cues require the use of at least one eye.
both binocular and monocular
High frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds.
both temporal theory and place theory
Is the following an example of top-down or bottom-up processing? Select the best answer. You detect a foul odor and look around until you see a moldy piece of cheese on the floor.
bottom up
With a blindfold on, a person must determine what they are eating based on the taste, texture, and smell.
bottom up processing
Bright red t-shirt Dull blue t-shirt Dull red t-shirt Bright blue t-shirt Which item would have high frequency, high amplitude light waves?
bright blue t-shirt
Dull green folder Dull yellow folder Bright yellow folder Dull green folder Which item would have low frequency, high amplitude light waves?
bright yellow folder
Gestalt psychologists believe that the brain tends to perceive forms and figures in their complete appearance despite the absence of one or more of their parts, either hidden or totally absent. This is known as the principle of [blank].
closure
Where is the oval window located in the ear?
cochlea
A man suffers from hearing loss due to exposure to damaging environmental toxins. What is the most likely type of deafness/hearing loss this person is experiencing?
conductive
A woman is not born deaf, but she later loses her hearing due to a genetic predisposition. What is the most likely type of deafness/hearing loss this person is experiencing?
conductive hearing loss
Identify the photoreceptor cells that respond to bright light.
cones
What is another term for congenital insensitivity to pain?
congenital analgesia
One of the basic principles of [blank] is that the eye tends to find and then follow lines.
continuity
It covers the iris.
cornea
It is the outermost part of the eye.
cornea
Given what you know about the sense of smell, how many functional genes for olfactory receptors do dogs have?
dogs have 800-1200 functional genes for olfactory receptors
Ella is doing research on taste groupings. Identify the category for which Ella discovers there is growing research about in regards to flavor content.
fatty
In this example, identify which of the six taste groupings prime rib should be associated with.
fatty content, salty
Emma saw a vase in the picture. Which part of the visual field was the vase for Emma?
figure
Jalen saw a white arrow in between the Fed Ex words. In this example, which part of the visual field was the white arrow for Jalen?
figure
The tendency to perceive objects, or figures, on a background is known as [blank].
figure-ground relationship
In addition to wavelength, this is responsible for the perception of color (ranging from 430-750 Hz).
frequency
Identify the appropriate term that describes taste.
gustation
What is the likely explanation for why the flight crew member gave Natalie's sweater to Rafa?
he believed they were traveling together and would know where natalie was
Which word or phrase has the same meaning as audition?
hearing
Which of the following are true of sensorineural hearing loss?
hearing problem associated with a failure to transmit signals from the cochlea to the brain type of hearing loss associated with Meiniere's disease
A cat has a quiet meow. The sounds waves he emits have a high frequency. What other characteristics match his meow and sound waves?
high-pitched low amplitude
Jeb recently went on a fishing trip. While on the boat, Jeb experienced significant motion sickness. Which of Jeb's senses likely played a role in Jeb feeling sick?
his vestibular sense
Curtis is learning about the sense of smell. He learns the olfactory receptor cells are located where?
in a mucous membrane at the top of the nose
Which of the following is associated with perception?
inattentional blindness
Which of these parts of the ear is a tiny bone in the middle ear?
incus
Tara's child was diagnosed with congenital analgesia. She does some research to learn more about the disorder and finds some confusing data. Which of the following does Tara discover is untrue?
individuals with this disorder have a long lifespan because of their significant pain tolerance
Which of the following is characteristic of the olfactory bulb?
information is sent from this area of regions of the limbic system and to the primary olfactory cortex
A barking dog is beside you on your right side. Choose the best term for the fact that the dog's bark will be louder in your right ear than your left ear.
interaural level difference
Identify the statement about the lens that is inaccurate.
involved in focusing light waves that enter the eye
Choose the part of the visual system that is represented by C in the following images. Select the best answer. Different parts of the eye are labeled in this illustration. The transparent covering of the eye is labeled 'A,' a small opening in the eye is labeled 'B,' the colored portion of the eye is labeled 'C,' and the curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus is labeled 'D.' At the back are the optic nerve, the lining of the eye is labeled 'E,' and a small indentation is labeled 'F.' This illustration shows light reaching the optic nerve, beneath which are round cells labeled 'G,' and then numerous photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions labeled 'I,' and fewer of another type of photoreceptor, labeled 'H.'
iris
In this example, as the steam from the soup rises, it makes Javelin's nose less stuffy. How will the taste of the soup change? Select the best answer.
it begins to taste better to him
In this example, is Stephan's cold relevant to the winery activities?
it is relevant
Is the following a Just Noticeable Difference or an Absolute Threshold? Select the best answer.The amount of light increased on a dimmer switch
just noticeable difference
Quinn was quietly playing with an Etch-a-Sketch while her older sister Jen was reading. Jen finished her book and came over to watch Quinn draw. "Wow, Quinn," Jen bent over her sister's shoulder. "That is an awesome cave you have made." Quinn burst into tears, "It's a bear at the zoo." Which Gestalt law does this example illustrate?
law of continuation
he [blank] is the curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering the eye.
lens
In this example, how is the wine likely to taste compared to when Stephan doesn't have a cold?
less flavorful
Choose the description of the part that is represented by E in the following images. Select the best answer. Different parts of the eye are labeled in this illustration. The transparent covering of the eye is labeled 'A,' a small opening in the eye is labeled 'B,' the colored portion of the eye is labeled 'C,' and the curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus is labeled 'D.' At the back are the optic nerve, the lining of the eye is labeled 'E,' and a small indentation is labeled 'F.' This illustration shows light reaching the optic nerve, beneath which are round cells labeled 'G,' and then numerous photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions labeled 'I,' and fewer of another type of photoreceptor, labeled 'H.'
light-sensitive lining of the eye
Identify the purpose of monaural and binaural cues.
localize sound
Which of the following is characteristic of olfactory receptor cells?
located in a mucous membrane at the top of the nose
Amplitude is generally associated with which of the following?
loudness
Dull blue is associated with a [blank] amplitude
low
A woman has a low-pitched voice. The sound waves she emits have a low amplitude. What other characteristics match her voice and sound waves?
low frequency quiet
A high-pitched horn in the other room A low-pitched horn in the other room A high-pitched horn next to you A low-pitched horn next to you Which item would have low frequency, low amplitude sound waves?
low-pitched horn in the other room
Identify the statement about the cornea that is inaccurate.
main function is to carry visual information from the retina to the brain
Which of these parts of the ear is a tiny bone in the middle ear?
malleous
one of the ossicles
malleus
Ear division that contains the three ossicles
middle ear
Anna is taking a test on sound localization, and she has to choose the statement that is false. Which answer should Anna choose?
monaural cues help us identify the location of a sound based on differing patterns with our two eardrums
Is the following statement consistent with the trichromatic theory of color vision, the opponent-process theory, or neither? This theory states all colors are really a combination of five colors.
neither
This theory explains how rods play the main role in perceiving color.
neither
This theory works exclusively alone.
neither
Identify the type of nerve endings that serve as sensory receptors for potential harm and pain.
nociception
Could a human see the following? Select the best answer. A light wave
not enough info given
Brian is studying Gestalt psychology. He discovers that figure is to ground as [blank].
objects are to background
What is another word meaning the sense of smell?
olfaction
It applies to visual processing past the retina on the way to the brain.
opponent-process
At the point of the [blank], information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the left side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the right side of the brain.
optic chiasm
Consult the following diagram: A diagram shows the outer, middle, and inner structure of the human ear. The visible helical-shaped structure is labeled "A," and a pathway running from the outer ear to the middle ear is labeled "F." A hammer-shaped small bone connected with the incus and inner surface of the eardrum is labeled "C." The anvil-shaped small bone is labeled "D." The stirrup-shaped small bone involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear is labeled "E." A thin membrane separating the part labeled "F" from the middle ear is labeled "G." The parts labeled "C," "D," and "E" are collectively labeled "B." Three semicircular, interconnected tubes located in the innermost part of each ear are collectively labeled "H." The two otolith organs in the vertebrate inner ear are labeled "I" and "J." The central part of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear is labeled "K". A spiraled, hollow, snail-shell like structure is labeled "L." There is an endolymph-filled cavity inside the part labeled "L," located in between the tympanic duct and the vestibular duct labeled "M." Which part of the auditory system does B represent? Select the best answer.
ossicles
three tiny bones in middle ear
ossicles
Identify the statement about depth perception that is accurate.
our ability to perceive spatial relationships in three-dimensional space is known as depth perception
Ear division that contains the pinna and eardrum
outer ear
Choose the description of the part that is represented by L in the following images. Select the best answer. Different parts of the eye are labeled in this illustration. The transparent covering of the eye is labeled 'A,' a small opening in the eye is labeled 'B,' the colored portion of the eye is labeled 'C,' and the curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus is labeled 'D.' At the back are the optic nerve, the lining of the eye is labeled 'E,' and a small indentation is labeled 'F.' This illustration shows light reaching the optic nerve, beneath which are round cells labeled 'G,' and then numerous photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions labeled 'I,' and fewer of another type of photoreceptor, labeled 'H.'
part of the brain that processes visual info
What is known as the ability to discriminate among figures and shapes through the use of Gestalt principles?
pattern perception
Also referred to as crest
peak
Activation of neurons in Wernicke's area translates electrical stimuli into language.
perception
Neurochemical signals from the olfactory bulb activate the olfactory cortex and is interpreted as smell.
perception
Which psychological concept is illustrated in Sentence 3 in the following example? Select the best answer. (1) A man goes for a walk outside. (2) Receptors on his arm detect pressure in six little places. (3) He thinks there is an ant crawling on him.
perception
Consult the following diagram: A diagram shows the outer, middle, and inner structure of the human ear. The visible helical-shaped structure is labeled "A," and a pathway running from the outer ear to the middle ear is labeled "F." A hammer-shaped small bone connected with the incus and inner surface of the eardrum is labeled "C." The anvil-shaped small bone is labeled "D." The stirrup-shaped small bone involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear is labeled "E." A thin membrane separating the part labeled "F" from the middle ear is labeled "G." The parts labeled "C," "D," and "E" are collectively labeled "B." Three semicircular, interconnected tubes located in the innermost part of each ear are collectively labeled "H." The two otolith organs in the vertebrate inner ear are labeled "I" and "J." The central part of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear is labeled "K". A spiraled, hollow, snail-shell like structure is labeled "L." There is an endolymph-filled cavity inside the part labeled "L," located in between the tympanic duct and the vestibular duct labeled "M." Which part of the auditory system does A represent? Select the best answer.
pinna
Higher frequency sounds (above 4000 Hz) can only be encoded using what kind of cues?
place
This theory applies to sounds with frequencies above 4,000 Hz.
place theory
What is the specific term for perception of body position?
proprioception
Which of the following is characteristic of a cone?
provides tremendous spatial resolution
Which Gestalt principle did the AP Psychology teacher wish to illustrate by using Serena's shirt?
proximity
Which of the following describes Ruffini corpuscles?
receptors that respond to touch-related stimuli, specifically detection of stretch
Which of the following describes Meissner's corpuscles?
receptors that respond to touch-related stimuli, specifically pressure and lower frequency vibrations
Which of the following are true of Ménière's disease?
results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear cannot be treated with hearing aids
Which of the following are true of Ménière's disease?
results in sensorineural hearing loss cochlear implants are a potential treatment option
Which of the following answers describes cells involved in peripheral vision?
rods
Which of the following answers describes cells that lack spatial resolution?
rods
Identify the following word that is a specific organ in the vestibular system.
saccule
Which of the following examples best represents absolute threshold? Select the best answer. Knowing that sound A is louder than sound B Comparing two lights Seeing a light in a dim room Hearing a distant buzz sound
seeing a light in a dim room
Loop-shaped structures involved in balance and movement
semilunar canals
Magnocellular cells in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus are activated by rapid and transient stimuli.
sensation
Taste cells located in the epithelium of the tongue are activated when in contact with NA+ , also known as salt.
sensation
Which word or phrase has the same meaning as kinesthesia?
sense of body movement
A man has no problems with the vibration of the eardrum or movement of the ossicles, but he still experiences hearing loss. What is the most likely type of deafness/hearing loss this person is experiencing?
sensorineural hearing loss
In this example, identify one of the original taste groupings.
sour
lemon taste group
sour
Tiny bone also known as the stirrup
stapes
Which of the following statements is characteristic of the law of continuity?
suggests that we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines
What is the name of the semicircular canal that is located above the other two?
superior canal
A hair cell fires action potentials related to the frequency of a sound wave.
temporal theory
Frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron.
temporal theory
Justin is studying pitch perception in his music class. Which theory asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of the sensory neuron?
temporal theory
Which theory describes pitch as a given hair cell firing action potentials related to the frequency of the sound wave?
temporal theory
Identify the life cycle of taste buds.
ten days to two weeks
Baritone music in the other room Baritone music in your faceTenor music in the other room Tenor music in your face Which item would have high frequency, low amplitude sound waves?
tenor music in the other room
Baritone music in the other room Baritone music in your face Tenor music in the other room Tenor music in your face Which item would have high frequency, high amplitude sound waves?
tenor music in your face
Given what you know about the sense of smell, why is a chemical message released by the female rat when she is ready to mate?
the chemical message is necessary to signal male rats that she is ready for mating
Hair cells embedded in the basilar membrane are stimulated. Identify the two steps that occur immediately before this step.
the fluid inside the cochlea moves the stapes presses into the oval window
Given what you know about the sense of smell, what happens after air is inhaled into the nasal cavity?
the olfactory receptors receive odor molecules
Which of the following describes binocular disparity?
the slightly different view of the world that each of our eyes receives
Identify the correct process of sound waves moving through the ear
the stapes presses into the oval window, causing fluid inside the cochlea to move, which stimulates hair cells of the inner ear embedded in the basilar membrane
Which of the following best describes the function of the iris?
the structure that controls the opening of the pupil
Figure-ground relationships concern [blank].
the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, on a background
What is the best example of the law of continuation in Van Gogh's paintings of the wheat fields?
the top of the wheat bent over, as if being blown by wind
The sound of the crash travels down the auditory canal of her ear and creates vibrations on which part of the ear
the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
When sound waves travel down the ear, what part of the ear is physically affected first?
the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
What is one problem with the temporal theory of hearing?
there comes a time when a cell cannot fire any faster, so this theory doesn't account for the broad range of frequencies that can be detected by the human ear
Which of the following describes the basilar membrane?
thin strip of tissue within the cochlea
A trick room is built so that a person standing on one side appears giant while a person who is the same size standing on the other side appears very small.
top-down processing
When you hear a sound, you think it is someone calling your name.
top-down processing
Which of the following is associated with perception? Select the best answer.
top-down processing
There are three types of cones, each receptive to blue, red, or green.
trichromatic
Eardrum
tympanic membrane
What is another name for the eardrum?
tympanic membrane
Consult the following diagram: A diagram shows the outer, middle, and inner structure of the human ear. The visible helical-shaped structure is labeled "A," and a pathway running from the outer ear to the middle ear is labeled "F." A hammer-shaped small bone connected with the incus and inner surface of the eardrum is labeled "C." The anvil-shaped small bone is labeled "D." The stirrup-shaped small bone involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear is labeled "E." A thin membrane separating the part labeled "F" from the middle ear is labeled "G." The parts labeled "C," "D," and "E" are collectively labeled "B." Three semicircular, interconnected tubes located in the innermost part of each ear are collectively labeled "H." The two otolith organs in the vertebrate inner ear are labeled "I" and "J." The central part of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear is labeled "K". A spiraled, hollow, snail-shell like structure is labeled "L." There is an endolymph-filled cavity inside the part labeled "L," located in between the tympanic duct and the vestibular duct labeled "M." Which part of the auditory system does I represent?
utricle
Which body system in Ahmad was involved in him losing his balance?
vestibular system
Which of the following describes the pinna?
visible part of the ear that protrudes from our heads
Which of the following waves has the highest frequency? Select the best answer. Wave A has a wavelength of 1000 nm. Wave B has a wavelength of 100 nm. Wave C has a wavelength of 10 nm.
wave c
In addition to frequency, this is responsible for the perception of color (ranging from 430-750 Hz).
wavelength
The length between each crest/trough
wavelength
Which of the following correctly lists electromagnetic waves in order from shortest to longest?
x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, microwave, radio
Could a human hear the following? Select the best answer. A sound wave with a frequency of 15,000 Hz
yes