Psychology Chapter 4
As young children learn to read, they often have difficulty comprehending what the story is saying because they are working so hard to decode what the words are. This reflects an over-reliance on which type of processing? A)Bottom-up B)Top-down C)Threshold D)Transduction
A)Bottom-up
You try to note the incredibly fine details of a computer microchip through a magnifying glass. On which area of the retina are you focusing this image? A)Fovea B)Rods C)Periphery D)Optic chiasm
A)Fovea
Rachel is walking in the woods and feels a sharp prick on her neck. She feels pain and recognizes that she has been stung by a wasp. Which process allowed her to identify the source of her pain? A)Transduction B)Sensation C)Perception D)Nature
Perception
________ refers to the perception of messages about which we have no awareness. Subliminal perception Direct perception Extrasensory perception Haptic perception
Subliminal perception
________ is a condition in which exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one. Hyperthesia Multithesia Polythesia Synesthesia
Synesthesia
________ is a condition in which exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one. Hyperthesia Polythesia Synesthesia Multithesia
Synesthesia
The point at which the optic nerves meet and then split is termed the optic fissure. callosum. chiasm. sulcus.
chiasm.
Which of the following structural components of the eye changes its thickness during the process of accommodation? the pupil the lens the retina the cornea
the lens
Near the center of the retina there is a spot where there are no rods and no cones. This spot exists because of clouding of the lens. retinal degeneration. the ciliary muscle. the optic nerve.
the optic nerve.
Taste buds are bunched together in the organ of Corti. salivary glands. the papillae. the tonsils.
the papillae.
We are able to taste due to approximately ________ taste buds on our tongue. 1,000,000 10,000 100,000 1,000
10,000
Receptor cells are most responsive to changes in stimulation, constant stimulation is not effective in producing a sustained reaction. This explains why we can misplace our sunglasses that are sitting on top of our head. What is the reason for this? A)Sensory nerve receptors are unable to fire off messages to the brain indefinitely. B)It is difficult for us to remember everything that we have to. C)The difference threshold for touch is not great enough. D)The sensation of the glasses on our head has not reached the absolute threshold for touch.
A)Sensory nerve receptors are unable to fire off messages to the brain indefinitely.
________ processing involves starting with a sense of what is happening and then applying that framework to information in the world. A)Top-down B)Logical C)Referential D)Bottom-up
A)Top-down
You are studying in your dorm room. You gently request that your neighbor turn the volume of his television down until you cannot hear it. You are asking your neighbor to find your A)absolute threshold. B)difference threshold. C)basilar level. D)transduction level.
A)absolute threshold.
To read this question, you must look at it. After the light passes into your eyes, the incoming light waves are recorded by receptor cells located in the A)retina. B)blind spot. C)optic chiasm. D)cornea.
A)retina.
Suppose you stare at an illustration of the American flag for a while, then glance at a blank white page. The red stripes look green when you glance at the blank page because A)the receptor cells for the red component of the pairing become fatigued. B)the receptor cells for the green component of the pairing begin to adapt. C)cones responsive to green light begin firing. D)cones responsive to red light stop firing.
A)the receptor cells for the red component of the pairing become fatigued.
In the context of what we see in our world, the range of wavelengths that humans can detect is called the A)visual spectrum. B)frequency spectrum. C)mass spectrum. D)power spectrum.
A)visual spectrum.
Which of the following statements is true of perception? A)It refers to the activation of the sense organs. B)It involves the interpretation and analysis of stimuli. C)It is a synonym of sensation. D)It generally precedes sensation.
B)It involves the interpretation and analysis of stimuli.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the place theory and the frequency theory? A)Place theory and frequency theory explain our perception of low- but not high-frequency sounds. B)Place theory accounts for the perception of high-frequency sounds; frequency theory explains our perception of low-frequency sounds. C)Both place theory and frequency theory provide the full explanations for hearing. D)Place theory and frequency theory explain our perception of high- but not low-frequency sounds.
B)Place theory accounts for the perception of high-frequency sounds; frequency theory explains our perception of low-frequency sounds.
When you are able to taste a quarter teaspoon of salt dissolved in a glass of water five times out of 10, you have attained your ________ threshold. A)perceptual B)absolute C)adaptation D)difference
B)absolute
Toward the center of the retina, there is an area that contains only cones. This area is called the A)chiasm. B)fovea. C)optic nerve. D)cornea.
B)fovea.
Which of the following do rods contain? A)glutamate B)rhodopsin C)dopamine D)serotonin
B)rhodopsin
You are watching a movie with some scenes set in a noisy bar, some scenes containing gunfire, and some scenes containing very quiet dialogue. During the quiet scenes, you can hear most of the dialogue, but find that if the actors drop their volume on certain lines, you cannot hear what they are saying. This reflects the fact that a message must exceed a(n) ________ in order to be processed. A)expectation B)threshold C)arbitrary value D)upper limit
B)threshold
Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations is known as A)horizontal processing. B)top-down processing. C)diagonal processing. D)bottom-up processing.
B)top-down processing.
The ________ theory of color vision most accurately describes the process of color vision at the level of the retina. A)dark adaptation B)trichromatic C)opponent-process D)afterimage
B)trichromatic
You are outside enjoying a beautiful day. The sky is bright blue. When the sun sets, the sky turns a gorgeous salmon pink. After the sun has set, the sky pales to pink, then lavender; as it gets dark, the sky becomes a deeper purple, then midnight blue, and finally it looks black. The color changes you perceive in the sky are due to the ________ of light that it reflects. A)saturation B)wavelength C)amplitude D)purity
B)wavelength
________ cells receive information directly from the rods and cones and communicate that information to the ________ cells. Adrenergic; peptidergic Bipolar; ganglion Dendritic; microglial Squamous; columnar
Bipolar; ganglion
An architect is designing apartments and wants them to be soundproof. She asks a psychologist what the smallest amount of sound is that can be heard. Her question is most related to the ________ threshold. A)difference B)transduction C)absolute D)sensory
C)absolute
Daniel buys a new perfume at the local supermarket. The next morning, he decides to wear the perfume to work. When applying the perfume, he notices that it has a very strong scent. Within an hour of wearing it, he stops noticing the scent. This example best illustrates the concept of A)functional fixedness. B)confirmation bias. C)adaptation. D)reasoning.
C)adaptation.
The smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred is known as the a)intensity threshold. b)adaptation threshold. C)difference threshold. D)absolute threshold.
C)difference threshold.
The part of the eye that converts the electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain is known as the A)pupil B)fovea. C)retina. D)iris.
C)retina.
Although several bulbs are burned out on the movie theater's sign out front, Caleb can still read the announcement for the upcoming movie. Which gestalt principle accounts for this phenomena? Closure Similarity Convergence Proximity
Closure
________ is the number of wave cycles that occur in a second. A)Wavelength B)Amplitude C)Sound pressure D)Frequency
D)Frequency
Which of the following statements is true of color blindness? A)It has two forms: red-green and blue-yellow. B)It enhances contrast sensitivity. C)It results in the misalignment of the eyes. D)It is more common among men than women.
D)It is more common among men than women.
Hannah, a first-year psychology student, just discovered she has a blind spot in each eye. Should she be concerned? A)Yes; although we are all born with blind spots, they should disappear by adulthood. B)No, but she should definitely be cautious when driving at night. C)Yes, this is probably the precursor to more severe visual problems. D)No, everyone has blind spots.
D)No, everyone has blind spots.
Jane is having trouble sleeping. As she sits in bed looking around the darkened room, she notices that her peripheral vision seems to be better than her central vision. This is because vision in low light conditions A)does not involve the retina. B)does not require the use of the pupil. C)depends on the cones. D)depends on the rods.
D)depends on the rods.
If a student asks you why we can see colors and you want to provide an answer based on the opponent-process theory of color vision, you tell the student it is because there are ________ different types of cone receptors. A)five B)two C)three D)four
D)four
According to the ________ of color vision, receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other. A)trichromatic theory of color vision B)emission theory C)visual perception theory D)opponent-process theory
D)opponent-process theory
You cannot feel the waistband of your underwear, even though you know it is there. This is the result of A)sensory deprivation. B)difference thresholds. C)transduction. D)sensory adaptation.
D)sensory adaptation.
Which of the following defines perceptual constancy? A)a strategy in which a problem-solver considers the ultimate goal and determines the best strategy for attaining the goal B)a phenomenon in which the stimulation of one sensory system leads to an additional sensory response in a different sensory system C)the tendency to think of an object only in terms of the way it is most frequently or typically used D)the recognition that physical objects are consistent and do not vary, even though our sensory input about them changes
D)the recognition that physical objects are consistent and do not vary, even though our sensory input about them changes
Contestants on the game show Wheel of Fortune are given labels to assist them solving the puzzles. These labels activate ________ processing. A)threshold B)transduction C)bottom-up D)top-down
D)top-down
Nerve receptor cells for the skin senses are A)not related to the sense of pressure. B)evenly distributed throughout the skin. C)located at a uniform depth throughout the skin. D)unevenly distributed throughout the skin.
D)unevenly distributed throughout the skin.
When does the phenomenon of an afterimage take place? A)when feature detectors fail to get activated by specialized neurons B)when sensory nerve receptors fail to pick up visual stimuli C)when the lens focuses light by changing its own thickness D)when retinal activity continues even after one stops looking at an image
D)when retinal activity continues even after one stops looking at an image
________ psychology is the school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions into patterns. Psychoanalytic Contour Perceptual Gestalt
Gestalt
Which of the following statements is true of the basilar membrane? It transfers vibrations into the middle ear. The part of the basilar membrane nearest to the oval window is most sensitive to low-frequency sounds. It translates physical vibrations into nerve impulses. It contains the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup.
It translates physical vibrations into nerve impulses.
Identify a statement that is true about the inner ear. It changes sound vibrations into a form in which they can be transmitted to the brain. It acts as a tiny mechanical amplifier. It contains the eardrum and the auditory canal. It acts as a reverse megaphone, designed to collect and bring sounds into the internal portions of the ear.
It changes sound vibrations into a form in which they can be transmitted to the brain.
Which of the following is a true statement about the middle ear? It changes sound vibrations into a form in which they can be transmitted to the brain. It acts as a reverse megaphone, designed to collect and bring sounds into the internal portions of the ear. It contains the hammer and the anvil. It contains the cochlea and the basilar membrane.
It contains the hammer and the anvil.
According to psychophysicists, which of the following statements is true of noise? It enables sensation at different discriminating levels. It refers only to auditory stimuli. It interferes with the perception of other stimuli. It helps focus on multiple stimuli simultaneously.
It interferes with the perception of other stimuli.
Which of the following is a true statement about extrasensory perception? It is a phenomenon that lacks sound documentation. It refers to the perception of messages about which we have no awareness. It refers to the ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance. It is rejected as nonexistent by a majority of Americans.
It is a phenomenon that lacks sound documentation.
Which of the following statements is true of the gate-control theory of pain? It states that people are equally susceptible to pain, and pain is determined solely by nonbiological factors. It was first proposed by Ewald Hering. It is unsupported by research and is widely disputed. It states that particular nerve receptors in the spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain.
It states that particular nerve receptors in the spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain.
Identify an accurate statement about the trichromatic theory of color vision. It states that perception of color is influenced by the relative strength with which each of the kinds of cones is activated. Its mechanisms operate both in the retina and at later stages of neuronal processing. It is also known as the opponent-process theory of color vision. It was first proposed by Ewald Hering.
It states that perception of color is influenced by the relative strength with which each of the kinds of cones is activated.
How does light therapy work? It encourages the development of different thought patterns and beliefs. It stimulates nerve cells in the brain to provide direct pain relief. It passes an electric current through the part of the body that is affected by pain. It stimulates the production of healing enzymes.
It stimulates the production of healing enzymes.
Who is relying most heavily on their rods? Andrew is watching football on TV. Marcus is trying to find his seat as the movie begins to play. Ray is reading in the library. Shelby is walking down the street during the day.
Marcus is trying to find his seat as the movie begins to play.
Receptor cells are most responsive to changes in stimulation, constant stimulation is not effective in producing a sustained reaction. This explains why we can misplace our sunglasses that are sitting on top of our head. What is the reason for this? It is difficult for us to remember everything that we have to. The difference threshold for touch is not great enough. Sensory nerve receptors are unable to fire off messages to the brain indefinitely. The sensation of the glasses on our head has not reached the absolute threshold for touch.
Sensory nerve receptors are unable to fire off messages to the brain indefinitely.
You are standing outside with a friend as an airplane flies over your head. You watch as the plane appears to get smaller and smaller and is eventually gone from your visual field. Which aspect of perceptual constancy allows you to understand that the airplane is not shrinking? Convergence constancy Color constancy Shape constancy Size constancy
Size constancy
Smell can elicit more vivid memories than the other senses. What is the reason for this? The sense of smell takes a different neural pathway than the other senses. Smells are often stronger than sights, sounds, and other stimuli. Smell is closely related to vision. The sense of smell is closely related to finding food to eat for survival.
The sense of smell takes a different neural pathway than the other senses.
Which of the following statements is true of rods? They are part of the cornea. They are capable of reaching the maximum level of adaptation within seconds. They are primarily responsible for the sharply focused perception of color. They are highly sensitive to light.
They are highly sensitive to light.
Which of the following is TRUE of "supertasters"? They seek out relatively sweeter and fattier foods than nontasters. They find sweets sweeter, cream creamier, and spicy dishes spicier. They are relatively insensitive to taste. They are prone to obesity.
They find sweets sweeter, cream creamier, and spicy dishes spicier
Which of the following statements is true of neurons? They occupy a large percentage of the total eye. They use light in the same form as it is received by the eye. They are found only in humans and other mammals. They serve as messengers to the brain.
They serve as messengers to the brain.
Which of the following laws would help explain why a person in a quiet room is more startled by the ringing of a telephone than a person who is already in a noisy room? Bloch's law Hick's law Fitt's law Weber's law
Weber's law
________ is a basic law of psychophysics stating that a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion to the intensity of an initial stimulus. Weber's law Hick's law Bloch's law Fitt's law
Weber's law
When you are paid $1 instead of $2, it is a big deal. When you are paid $91 instead of $92, it feels less painful. This is similar to absolute thresholds. stimulus transduction. Weber's law. perceptual constancy.
Weber's law.
Figure is to ground as ________ is to ________. a hot summer; a cold winter form; substance looking up; looking down a white cloud; a blue sky
a white cloud; a blue sky
Under ideal circumstances, it is possible for someone to detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment. This is due to difference threshold. psychophysical minimum. adaptation threshold. absolute threshold.
absolute threshold.
"It's so noisy! How can you stand it?" remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave's ground floor apartment. "I don't even notice it anymore," Dave replies. This exchange best exemplifies the concept of acclimation. attenuation. accommodation. adaptation.
adaptation.
Which of the following is technically the stimulus intensity that is detected 50 percent of the time? a difference threshold an algorithm a heuristic an absolute threshold
an absolute threshold
Ron and Varun are watching a science fiction movie in an IMAX movie theater. On the screen, they see a huge asteroid travel across the sky and finally crash into the Earth's surface. As they watch the asteroid move, both of them suddenly feel as if they are falling. This illusion illustrates the concept of convergent thinking. apparent movement. divergent thinking. binocular disparity.
apparent movement.
Which of the following words is most nearly synonymous with the term refract? bend split transmit reflect
bend
When you visit a new city for the first time, it often takes a lot of cognitive effort to find your way around. One explanation lies in the fact that new experiences require us to rely primarily on ________ processing. bottom-up transduction threshold top-down
bottom-up
Pheromones are described as chemicals secreted by insects or mammals into the environment. receptor neurons of the nose, which are spread across the nasal cavity. tiny, motion-sensitive crystals present in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. specialized neurons that are activated by visual stimuli.
chemicals secreted by insects or mammals into the environment.
The point at which the optic nerves meet and then split is termed the optic callosum. sulcus. fissure. chiasm.
chiasm.
The cochlea is a part of the outer ear that vibrates when sound waves hit it. thin membrane leading to the inner ear. coiled tube in the inner ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound. vibrating structure that runs through the center of the cochlea, dividing it into an upper chamber and a lower chamber and containing sense receptors for sound.
coiled tube in the inner ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound.
Weber's law states that a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus. random value. variable proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus. fixed value.
constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus.
Weber's law states that a just noticeable difference is a variable proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus. fixed value. random value. constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus.
constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus.
Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light passes through the structures of the eye during vision? pupil → cornea → lens → retina cornea → lens → pupil → retina pupil → lens → cornea → retina cornea → pupil → lens → retina
cornea → pupil → lens → retina
Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light passes through the structures of the eye during vision? pupil → lens → cornea → retina pupil → cornea → lens → retina cornea → lens → pupil → retina cornea → pupil → lens → retina
cornea → pupil → lens → retina
The transparent, protective window of the eye is known as the iris. retina. cornea. pupil.
cornea.
The ultimate processing of visual images takes place in the visual ________ of the brain. medulla thalamus cortex callosum
cortex
The unit of measure for the amplitude of sound is decibel. saturation. pitch. timbre.
decibel.
Perceiving three dimensions is called shadowing. superposition. perceptual constancy. depth perception.
depth perception.
If a person hears two tones that differ in intensity just barely enough to be detected, the point of detection is referred to as the ________ threshold. difference absolute transduction sensory
difference
The different pitches of the beeps you hear on a touch-tone telephone are due to differences in the ___________ of the beeps. frequency intensity decibels timbre
frequency
At a school social gathering, you hear a professor talking about proximity, continuity, similarity, and closure. You deduce that he is knowledgeable about proprioceptive feedback. wavelengths and amplitudes. gestalt principles of perception. the opponent-process theory.
gestalt principles of perception.
In regards to light, wavelength is the ________ and amplitude is the ________. brightness; saturation brightness; hue hue; saturation hue; brightness
hue; brightness
Olfactory cells are located in the basilar membrane. on the tongue. on the retina. in the nasal cavity.
in the nasal cavity.
Dexter is arrested and imprisoned for committing a murder. He is locked for a week in a dimly lit prison cell before being shifted to a cell with better lighting. When Dexter steps out of his dark prison cell, his eyes take a minute or two to adjust to the bright light outside his cell. Which of the following does this example best illustrate? light accommodation visual agnosia light adaptation peripheral vision
light adaptation
In depth perception, familiar size, height in field of view, and shading are examples of binocular cues. feature detectors. monocular cues. stereograms.
monocular cues.
According to the ________ of color vision, receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other. opponent-process theory emission theory visual perception theory trichromatic theory of color vision
opponent-process theory
The ________ nerve is a bundle of ganglion axons that carry visual information to the brain. lacrimal phrenic optic cochlear
optic
Mark and Jacob are driving home on a college break. Mark is in the passenger seat. Bored, Mark gazes into the middle of an empty field. He notices that distant hilltops seem to move slowly in the same direction in which their car is moving; by contrast, mile markers on the side of the highway seem to whiz past them in the opposite direction. The difference in the apparent speed and direction of objects' motion serves as a depth cue termed motion parallax. gradient. perspective. disparity.
parallax.
The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain is known as activation. stimulation. sensation. perception.
perception.
At night, the moon appears smaller when it is overhead than when it is on the horizon. This is an example of perceptual constancy. direct constancy. objective constancy. virtual constancy.
perceptual constancy.
The tendency for perceptions of objects to remain relatively unchanged in spite of changes in raw sensations is called the figure-ground principle. perceptual constancy. linear perspective. monocular constancy.
perceptual constancy.
Sakura suffers from the most common form of color blindness. She has to prepare dinner for guests who will visit her later in the day. She goes to the supermarket to purchase groceries. Which of the following is Sakura most likely to do at the supermarket? pick yellow bell peppers instead of the red ones she wants perceive the vegetables to be black, gray, or white easily differentiate between green and yellow apples use a mobility aid to navigate through different sections
pick yellow bell peppers instead of the red ones she wants
The ________ states that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies. place theory of hearing proximal stimuli theory frequency theory of hearing wave theory
place theory of hearing
Abel knows that his legs are crossed and that his hands are on top of his head. This is a demonstration of proprioceptive feedback. perceptual constancy. vestibular sense. central feedback.
proprioceptive feedback.
hich of the following Gestalt laws is correctly defined? similarity—the tendency to fill in small gaps in objects simplicity—stimuli resembling one another tend to be grouped together proximity—stimuli closer to one another tend to be grouped together closure—stimuli are perceived in the most basic manner possible
proximity—stimuli closer to one another tend to be grouped together
Dr. Breiland examines the relationship between the physical properties of light, such as its amplitude and wavelength, and human perception of color. Which of the following terms most accurately describes Dr. Breiland's field of study? experimental psychology developmental psychology thermodynamics psychophysics
psychophysics
The study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them is known as developmental psychology. thermodynamics. psychophysics. experimental psychology.
psychophysics.
The study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them is known as psychophysics. experimental psychology. developmental psychology. thermodynamics.
psychophysics.
The ________ is a dark hole in the center of the ________, the colored part of the eye. iris; pupil lens; cornea pupil; iris cornea; lens
pupil; iris
George stands on the terrace of his two-story house. When he looks down from the terrace, he sees his car that is parked near the driveway. As he looks ahead, he notices another car of the same model parked on the side of the street. George knows that the car parked on the street is farther away than his car because the other car makes a smaller image on his retina than his car. This example best illustrates the monocular cue of motion parallax. relative size. texture gradient. linear perspective.
relative size.
Shape constancy is our ability to have all of our sensory systems working on overload in a highly stressful situation. adapt to the amount of light in the room even if that requires light or dark adaptation. switch back and forth between the figure and the ground in a figure-ground problem. see an object as being the same shape even though we move closer to it or farther from it.
see an object as being the same shape even though we move closer to it or farther from it.
Which of the following ear structures is correctly paired with an auditory or body sense to which it is directly associated? cochlea; acceleration of the body semicircular canals; movement of the head eardrum; space sickness otoliths; body balance
semicircular canals; movement of the head
Divya and Melissa go to a restaurant. They decide to try something they have not eaten before and order chicken sandwiches with sriracha sauce. Both Divya and Melissa find it difficult to eat the sandwiches as they feel the sandwiches are too spicy. Which of the following processes help them identify the spicy taste? sensation acculturation adaptation homogenization
sensation
Every day, you see, hear, smell, taste, and feel stimuli from the outside world. Collecting this data about that world is the function of sensation. integration. perception. adaptation.
sensation.
When you see the bright color and round shape of a tomato on the vine in your vegetable garden, smell its sun-warmed fragrance, hear the buzzing of a nearby bee, feel the velvety texture of its skin, and taste the flavor as you bite into it, your process of receiving this stimulus energy from the environment is called selective attention. perception. sensation. cognition.
sensation.
You arrive at your friend's apartment for a big party at the end of the semester. When you first arrive, the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is still at the same volume, it doesn't bother you anymore, and you like it. This change over time describes the process of sensory adaptation. transduction. saturation. perceptual constancy.
sensory adaptation.
A door is still perceived as a rectangle even after we view it from different angles. This is due to retinal disparity. shape constancy. depth cues. linear constancy.
shape constancy.
Kevin works in the facilities team of an organization. His supervisor asks him to rearrange the managers' cabins. Kevin places the desks in a specific location in the rooms. He also rearranges the files by placing binders of the same color together. This example best illustrates the Gestalt principle of closure. proximity. simplicity. similarity.
similarity.
If we see a German shepherd standing 30 feet from us, we still recognize its size even though the image on our retina is much smaller than if the dog was directly in front of us. This is primarily due to shape constancy. the figure-ground relationship. size constancy. proximity.
size constancy.
Looking at a quarter in your hand casts a different image on your retina compared to looking at a quarter across the room, yet we know that the quarter is the same and retains the same dimensions. This phenomenon is known as the figure-ground phenomenon. size constancy. gestalt closure. the Ponzo illusion.
size constancy.
According to your text, the main criticism voiced by the deaf community in regards to cochlear implantation is that it does not allow a deaf person to function fully in everyday life activities. does not result in any significant hearing gains. is far too expensive to be used by the majority of deaf individuals. suggests that being deaf is a problem.
suggests that being deaf is a problem.
Suppose you stare at an illustration of the American flag for a while, then glance at a blank white page. The red stripes look green when you glance at the blank page because the receptor cells for the green component of the pairing begin to adapt. cones responsive to red light stop firing. cones responsive to green light begin firing. the receptor cells for the red component of the pairing become fatigued.
the receptor cells for the red component of the pairing become fatigued.
Afterimages refer to seeing two of everything. seeing the same image twice. the sensation left over after an image is removed. the blue-green paradox.
the sensation left over after an image is removed.
Gestalt psychologists emphasize that we learn to perceive the world through experience. the whole is more than the sum of its parts. sensation has no effect on perception. perception is the same as sensation.
the whole is more than the sum of its parts.
Your mother's and sister's voices have the same pitch and loudness, but you can tell them apart on the telephone. This is due to the perceptual quality or ___________ of their voices. frequency wavelength amplitude timbre
timbre
Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations is known as diagonal processing. top-down processing. horizontal processing. bottom-up processing.
top-down processing.
One way to think about how we process color images is that the ________ describes the events at the first level of neurons in the visual system, while the ________ best describes the activities of neurons in the rest of the visual system. trichromatic theory; opponent-process theory camera theory; opponent-process theory opponent-process theory; camera theory opponent-process theory; trichromatic theory
trichromatic theory; opponent-process theory
Roast beef with a rich brown gravy is often described as a "savory" dish. The basic taste prominent in such a dish is umami. salty. bitter. sweet.
umami.
Nerve receptor cells for the skin senses are located at a uniform depth throughout the skin. unevenly distributed throughout the skin. not related to the sense of pressure. evenly distributed throughout the skin.
unevenly distributed throughout the skin.
The ________ sense gives you information about balance and movement. visual vestibular kinesthetic olfactory
vestibular
When sound waves enter the ear canal, they first vibrate the cochlea. vibrate the hammer. vibrate the eardrum. move the oval window.
vibrate the eardrum.