Psychology Chapter 5 Human Development

In the third stage of prenatal development, the organism is now called a(n)...

fetus

The __________ stage is the first prenatal stage, which begins at conception and lasts the first two weeks.

germinal

The rapid and innate learning of the caregivers' characteristics is considered ______________ in some animals, especially birds.

imprinting

Children who are __________ are less likely to have social support and are more likely to avoid risk and harm, to be nonassertive, and are more likely to suffer from prolonged depression.

inhibited

slow-to-warm up children are ______________ (mildly/extremely) nervous or feel tense toward new situations.

mildly

What best summarizes the research on touch therapy for preterm infants in hospital settings?

babies who received touch therapy gained significantly more weight than babies who did not.

Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning is ____________ level and consists of a person's values such as caring, and trust

conventional

Though babies do not have the ability to talk, they do learn other ways to communicate their needs to caregivers. What is one such way?

facial expressions

____________ (male/Female) fetuses are most active than ___________ (male/female) fetuses.

male; female

What best accounts for the tendency of teenagers to engage in risky behavior?

they have not developed the cognitive ability to evaluate the consequences of their actions

What statement concerning the cognitive abilities of adults and teens is most accurate?

they have the same basic reasoning skills, but in teens the ability to plan ahead or evaluate possible consequences is not fully developed

Vygotsky suggested that the distance between what a child can learn alone and what the child can learn with assistance is the...

zone of proximal development

What is the single cell that results when a sperm fertilizes an egg?

zygote

Who is the person responsible for the most well-known account of moral development?

Kohlberg

What behavior patterns, exhibited in the Ainsworth strange situation, is most likely that of an avoidantly attached child?

The child does not exhibit distress when the mother leaves the room and does not go toward her when she returns

Why do children show a preference for same-sex playmates?

There is a shared preference for certain types of play and certain types of toys

Fetal _________________ spectrum disorder can cause multiple problems, such as damage to the central nervous system and mental retardation.

alcohol

The ________________ theory is described as a strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregiver.

attachment

Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning occurs when an individual values...

caring, trust, relationships

Interpreting facial expression, understanding emotion, and theory of mind are all important in social development of adolescents. What is NOT an area of the brain associated with these processes?

cerebellum

What was the conclusion of the research study where children were given a choice between getting one treat now or two treats in 15 minutes?

children who waited were better able to distract themselves than children who could not wait

emotional _____________ is the ability to control emotions and know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions.

competence

___________ is Piaget's third stage of cognitive development and spans from 6-11 years of age.

concrete operational stage

The principle of __________________ is the knowledge that the quantity of a substance does not change just because it is arranged differently

conservation

The process of how genotype becomes phenotype, and therefore, how we change and remain the same over the course of a lifetime is called human...

development

A _______________________ child's temperament is unpredictable in their daily functions.

difficult

A child with insecure- _____________ attachment shows odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. These children may be frightened or scared.

disorganized

A(n) ___________________ child's temperament is happy and fun during daily routines.

easy

_________ is a concept that is defined by not being able to see others' perspective other than one's own.

egocentrism

A(n) ____________ is the term used to describe the organism developing in the second stage of prenatal development.

embryo

The ___________ stage is the second prenatal stage, which begins in the second week after the blastocyst is firmly implanted in the wall of the uterus, when all of the major organs form.

embryonic

____________ competence is the ability to control self expressions and know when it is appropriate to display certain self expressions.

emotional

The ____________ stage is the third prenatal stage, which begins with the formation of bone cells 8 weeks after conception.

fetal

When adolescents begin to develop increased logic, Piaget would say they are in the __________ operational stage.

formal

When interacting with peers, children usually play with others of the same __________.

gender

A child with _____________ attachment can not be comforted by the mother on reunion and shows difficulty in returning to play.

insecure-resistant

Children's social environment expands from attachments to primary caregiver to play with

other children

________________ are people who share equal standing or status and are at the same level, in terms of age, gender, skill, or power.

peers

______________ is the consistently unique way in which an individual behaves over time and in many different situations.

personality

Heinz says he did not steal the ball because he did not want to get into trouble and go to jail. This represents reasoning at which stage of moral development>

preconventional

_____________ __________________ is the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.

prenatal programming

According to John Bowlby, what is the major function of becoming emotionally attached to caregivers and emotionally distressing when separate from them?

protect infants from predation and other threats to survival

A child that is ____________ will gradually explore new situations when a caregiver leaves, and will initiate contact when the caregiver returns.

securely attached

_______________ ________________ is the distress reaction shown by babies when they are separated from their primary caregiver (typically shown at around 9 months of age).

separation anxiety

At what age are babies able to discriminate between fearful and happy faces?

seven months of age

General categories of temperament in children...

slow-to-warm child; easy child; difficult child

What is the term used to describe how individuals make use of emotional information from another person?

social referencing

The ____________ ____________ procedure was designed to assess the quality of attachment between an infant and his or her primary caregiver.

strange situation

What are the major brain changes that occur throughout adolescences?

synaptic pruning reaches the final stages, more myelinated axons, neural synchrony

In one study, a participant is left out of group play during an online multi=player game, and then is ostracized after being excluded. What best identifies what the researchers found?

teen participants had a stronger response to this rejection than adults

___________ begins before birth, and is the biological basis to behavior in particular ways from very early in life.

temperament

There are substances in the environment that can disrupt prenatal development and cause lifelong defects these substances are called...

teratogens

What behavior pattern, exhibits in the strange situation task, is mostly likely that of child with insecure-resistant attachment?

the child is anxious before and after the mother leaves the room and displays mixed reactions to her upon the mother's return.

_________ is ideas and knowledge about how other people's minds work.

theory of mind

A primary reasons why infants must internalize the bonding relationship is so _____________.

they have a model for future friendships and love relationships

Children who are _________________ are impulsive and prone to temper tantrums.

undercontrolled

Children begin to interact socially during play around age ___________ years.

3

Neural migration occurs during _________-________ months of the fetal stage.

3-5

Between the ages of ____________, infants begin to show signs of anger in facial expression when their movements are restrained.

4 and 7 months

By what age do children become more aware of the impact of their reactions on other people and have the ability to inhibit their facial expressions of emotion in the presence of others?

9 years of age

What did Harry Harlow's study on infant monkeys demonstrate?

The importance of a mother providing warmth

Identify all of the possible teratogens.

Viruses, alcohol, nicotine, prescription drugs, radiation