Psychology Chapter 6

Joy speaks Spanish as she has learnt the language in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that sometimes when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of _____.​

retroactive interference

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, _________ is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.​

repression

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal?

It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.

Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal?

It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.

Which of the following statements is true about a schema?

It is a way of mentally representing the world that can influence perceptions.

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?

It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."

Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?

It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.

Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference?

It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.

Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory?

It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.

Which of the following is true about the serial position effect?

It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items on a list.

_________ is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus.​

Sensory memory

Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?

We tend to organize information in order of their hierarchy.

Katie is a very skilled in-line skater and a tap dancer. Her skills are a part of her _____.​

implicit memory

Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's _____ made this possible.​

implicit memory

If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.​

thalamus

The ----_____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.​

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

_________ is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.​

​Retrograde amnesia

Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _____.​

​infantile amnesia

A(n) _________ is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, which can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations.​

​schema

Caleb had read in the newspaper that a popular corporation had appointed a new CEO. When he was talking about this to a friend, Caleb could only remember the first letter and the last letter of the new CEO's name. This illustrates _____.​

​the serial-position effect

_____ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.​

Dissociative amnesia

_________ is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.​

Echoic memory

_________ is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes.

Eidetic imagery

_________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.​

Infantile amnesia

A(n) _________ is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.​

icon

_________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.​

Paired associates

_________ of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.​

Retrieval

Dana can only remember a few of the first and last items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of?

The serial-position effect

Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using _____.​

a visual code

Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n) _____.​

acoustic code

A(n) _________ is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.​

chunk

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____.​

chunking

When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her younger brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a(n) _____.​

context-dependent memory

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.​

determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

The term _________ in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.​

displace

At a painting exhibition, Martha had admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details would be known as _____. ​

eidetic imagery

Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____.​

elaborative rehearsal

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _____ of the event.

episodic memories

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the country names several times. This scenario illustrates _____.​

maintenance rehearsal

A(n) _________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.​

memory trace

If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a(n) _____.​

memory trace

The _________ shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning.

mental age

Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to _____.​

priming

Studies involving brain imaging reveal that _____ makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.​

priming

Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he has a problem remembering Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of _____.​

proactive interference

Stephen was recently involved in a car accident due to which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from _____.​

retrograde amnesia

Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _____.

savings

Christopher knows a lot of facts about the planet earth. He knows that the circumference of the earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____.​

semantic memory

The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.​

serial-position effect

While watching a comedy show, Amanda remembered many funny incidents from her own college life. This is an example of _____.​

state-dependent memory