Psychology Chapter 6 Learning
Secondary reinforcer
Has no inherent value and only reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer. Praise, linked to affection is one example of a secondary reinforcer.
Fixed Ratio reinforcement schedule
There are a set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded
Spontaneous Recovery
The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period.
Ratio
The schedule is based on the number of responses between reinforcements
Interval
The schedule is based on the time between reinforcements
Shaping behaviors are broken down into
1) Reinforce any response that resembles the desired behavior 2) Then reinforce the response that more closely resembles the desired behavior. You will no longer reinforce the previously reinforced response. 3) Next, begin to reinforce the response that even more closely resembles the desired behavior. 4) Continue to reinforce closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior 5) Finally , only reinforce the desired behavior
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it.
Observational learning
We learn by watching others and then imitating or modeling what they do or say.
Shaping
We reward successive approximations f a target behavior
Positive reinforcement
A desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Taste aversion
A type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus(something ingested) and the unconditioned stimulus(Nausea or illness).
Punishment
Always decreases a behavior
Observational learning
Extends the effective range of both classical and operant conditioning. This is the process of watching others and then imitating what they do where as classical and operant conditioning is when learning occurs through direct experience.
Primary reinforcer
Reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities. They are not learned such as water, food, sleep, shelter, sex, and touch.
Conditioned Response
The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus
Extinction
The decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus
Models
The individuals performing the imitated behavior
Variable ratio reinforcement schedule
The number of responses needed for a reward varies. This is the most powerful partial reinforcement schedule.
Acquisition
When an organism learns to connect a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. The neural stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response, and eventually the neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus capable of electing the conditioned response by itself.
Continuous reinforcement
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior.
Fixed interval reinforcement schedule
When behavior is rewarded after a amount of time
Reflexes
Are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environments
Cognitive Map
A mental picture of the layout of the end of the maze
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
A natural unlearned reaction to a given stimulus
Imitation
A person simply copies what the model does
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.
Neural Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism
Positive Punishment
Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior. Ex: Scolding a student for texting in class
Punishers
All of these positive or negative decrease the likelihood of behavioral response.
Reinforces
All of these positive or negative increase the likelihood of behavioral response.
Classical conditioning
Also known as Pavlovian conditioning, organisms learn to associate events or stimuli that repeatedly happen together.
Negative reinforcement
An undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior
Law of effect
Behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to repeat.
Unlearned Behaviors
Both instincts and reflexes are innate behaviors that organisms are born with.
Partial reinforcement
Referred to as intermittent reinforcement, the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior
Variable
Refers to the number of responses or amount of time between reinforcements, which varies or changes.
Watson
He championed the idea that all behavior can be studied as a simple stimulus-response reaction without regard for internal processes. Watson argued that in order for psychology to become a legitimate science, it must shift its concern away from internal mental processes because mental processes cannot be seen or measured. Instead , he asserted that psychology must focus on outward observable behavior that can be measured. His ideas were influenced by Pavlov's work. According to him , human behavior , just like animal behavior, is primarily the result of conditioned responses.
Pavlov
He was a physiologist not a psychologist. He surgically implanted tubes inside dogs cheeks to measure the amount of saliva produced in response to varies foods. He concluded that an organism has two types of responses to its environment;1) Unconditioned (unlearned) responses, or reflexes and 2) Conditioned (learned) responses.
Vicarious Punishment
If you observed the model being punished you would be less motivated to copy her.
Vicarious reinforcement
If you saw a model was reinforced for her behavior, you will be more motivated to copy her
Instincts
Innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events , such as aging and he change of seasons. They are more complex patterns of behavior, involve movement of the organism as a whole(e.g. sexual activity and migration), and involve higher brain centers.
Skinner Box
It contains a lever(for rats )or disk (for pigeons) that the animal can press or peck for a food reward via a dispenser. Speakers and lights can be associated with certain behaviors. A recorder counts the number of responses made by the animal.
Associative learning
Occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.
Habituation
Occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change
Operant conditioning
Organisms learn again to associate events a behavior and its consequence (reinforcement or punishment)
Operant Conditioning
Organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence.
Higher order conditioning Or second order conditioning
Pairing a new neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus.
Variable interval reinforcement schedule
The person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time which are unpredictable
Stimulus generalization
When an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. The opposite of stimulus discrimination.
Stimulus discrimination
When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli
Negative Punishment
You remove an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior. Ex: When a child misbehaves a parent can take away a favorite toy.
What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
In Classical conditioning: 1) An unconditioned stimulus such as food is paired with a neural stimulus such as a bell. The neural eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus, which brings about the conditioned response, salvation. 2)The Stimulus occur immediately before the response. In Operant Conditioning: 1) The target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to either strengthen or weaken it, so that the learner is more likely to exhibit the desired behavior in the future. 2)The stimulus either reinforcement or punishment occurs soon after the response.