Psychology Chapter 7

__________are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems.

Heuristics

Explain language acquisition device and the psycholinguistic theory.

Language acquisition device in the psycholinguistic theory is neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar. The psycholinguistic theory is the view that language learning involves and interaction between environmental factors and an inborn tendency to acquire language.

Joan is a ten-year-old girl with a mental age of twelve. According to Stern, Joan's IQ is__________.

RESPONSE_120

_________ is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas.​

Semanticity

__________is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas.

Semanticity

Which of the following was the result of a study done with 500 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins in Kentucky, in terms of intelligence?

The correlations in intelligence between dizygotic twins were about the same as those between other siblings.

Which of the following statements is true about concepts?

They can represent visions of things that can never be measured.

Which of the following statements is true about thinking?

Thinking means paying attention to information.

The intelligence quotient reflects the relationship between a child's mental age and his or her actual or chronological age.

True

Which of the following is a reason for overconfidence?

We work to bring about the events we believe in.

Albert lost the keys to his car sometime between the time he locked it and his return to the car about three hours later. Albert came up with a formula to find the keys;he retraced his steps, going to all of the places he visited after he initially locked the car. Albert eventually found the keys on his office desk. Albert used a(n) _____ to find his keys.​

algorithm

To test the problem-solving skills of her son, Tiffany asks her son to reorganize groups of scrambled words such as, "skosc,""odg," "imal," and "orod." Tiffany is using__________of the words, socks, dog, mail, and door.

anagrams

Mozart was a child prodigy. By the age of 12, he had composed several musical pieces. According to Sternberg's model of intelligence, Mozart can be said to have demonstrated a high level of__________.

creative-intelligence

In__________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

divergent-thinking

Ten-year-old Joshua knows that snakes are reptiles and all reptiles are animals. Joshua's concept of animal is _____.​

hierarchical

When a child utters "baba," it may mean, "I want my bottle," or "Where is my bottle?" or "that's my bottle." These single words used by children to express many things are known as__________.

holophrases

In psycholinguistic theory,__________is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar.

language-acquisition-device

After setting a five-year goal for their company, a group of managers look at where the company is today and the steps needed to achieve the final goal. They are using a technique called__________.

means-end-analysis

Daniel is an eight-year-old boy. After taking a test, the Binet-Simon scale showed that he is functioning intellectually like an eight year old. Therefore, Daniel has a(n)__________of eight.

mental-age

Anna points to an object and tells her 2-year-old what it is. The child then points and repeats the label. According to the social-cognitive perspective, Anna serves as a(n)__________for her child to acquire language skills.

model

The__________of language development holds that the inborn factors—which make up children's nature—cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.

nativist-theory

Pointing to a bird and saying, "That is not a mammal," is a(n) _________ of the mammal concept.​

negative instance

Dr. Gerrard, an experienced pediatrician, was examining a baby. He checked the baby's temperature and listened to the baby's breathing through the stethoscope while considering the symptoms described by the baby's parents. He quickly identified that the baby has a mild flu. Dr. Gerrard used__________to make this diagnosis.

parallel-processing

To teach his child the prototype for cats, Nathan points to many examples in books, at home, on TV, and in the neighborhood, while saying the word "cat." These are__________of the cat concept.

positive-instances

A sofa, bed, and table are__________of the category furniture, but a magazine rack, lamp, and piano bench are not.

prototypes

Children's__________become refined after they are shown positive and negative instances and given explanations.

prototypes

​Christopher has good skills many areas of problem solving and reasoning ability. According to Spearman, Christopher's abilities are indicative of _____.​

​general intelligence

​A(n) _________ is a single word used by children to express complex meanings.

​holophrase

A(n)_________ is the tendency to respond to a new problem with the same approach that helped solve similar problems.​

​mental set

The _________ of language development holds that the inborn factors—which make up children's nature—cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.​

​nativist theory

Susan has the ability to look at the moon and the stars at night and to develop insights into the laws that govern their behavior. In this context, Susan has _____.​

​naturalist intelligence

According to _________, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences.​

​psycholinguistic theory

​The representativeness heuristic leads people to make judgments about events according to _____.

​the populations of events that they appear to represent

​Joan is a ten-year-old girl with a mental age of twelve. According to Stern,Joan's IQ is _____.

120

__________enables us to solve problems and acquire new knowledge, and it is the type of intelligence measured by standard intelligence tests.

Analytical-intelligence

Which of the following is true in the context of children babbling?

Babbling is inborn and prelinguistic.

__________is the capacity to communicate information about events and objects in another time or place.

Displacement

Explain how education can influence intelligence with evidence.

Education can influence intelligence with evidence by providing preschoolers with enriched early environments that lead to intellectual gains. Head Start programs enhance the IQ scores, achievement test scores and academic skills of disadvantage children by exposing them to materials and activities that middle class children take for granted.

A child points to a cat and says, "Cat." He then points to a dog and then a rabbit and calls them cats as well. In this context, the child is overregulating.

False

Heuristic device, in psycholinguistic theory, is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates a child's learning of grammar.

False

Jamie is known to be "street smart." He gets by very well in the real world as he is very practical and handles difficult situations well. Jamie has naturalist intelligence.

False

Which of the following statements is true about the influence of genetic factors and environmental factors on intelligence?

Genetic factors account for about half of the variations in intelligence test scores among individuals.

_________ is the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors.​

Heritability

__________is the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors.

Heritability

_________ is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.​

Intelligence

What are heuristics? Provide an example.

Heuristics are rules of thumb that help us simply and solve problems. Representativeness heuristics is a decision making heuristics in which people make judgements about samples according to the populations they appear to represent. Availability Heuristic is a decision-making heuristic in which our estimates of frequency or probability of events are based on how easy it is to find examples. Anchoring and adjusting heuristic is a decision-making heuristic in which a presumption or first estimate serves as a cognitive anchor; as we receive additional information we make adjustments but tend to remain in the proximity of the anchor. One type of heuristic device are means-end analysis in which we try to solve a problem by evaluating the difference between the current situation and the goal. An example of this is getting from point A to point B while traveling.

Explain the features that are required to understand a problem with examples.

The features that are required to understand a problem are: 1) The parts our mental representation of the problem relate to one another in a meaningful way. An example is trying to solve a problem in Geometry, our mental triangles should be like actual triangles and have angles that total 180 degrees. 2) The elements of our mental representation of the problem correspond to the elements of the problem in the outer world. An example is completing all the tasks with a patient in the hospital so we know for sure what is going on before making a diagnosis. 3) We have a storehouse of background knowledge that we can apply to the problem. An example is having the necessary experience or course work to solve the problem.

Explain the learning theory of language development.

The learning theory of language development cannot account for the unchanging sequence of language development and the spurts in children's language acquisition. Children initially repeat what they have heard accurately, apparently as a result of modeling. They usually refer to the concepts of imitation and reinforcement.