psychology chapter 7: Memory

What is a "foil" in a typical suspect line-up?

Person that looks similar to the perpetrator and is known to be innocent

Using the "lost-at-the-mall study" method which kinds of memories can be created?

Highly personal and emotional events Traumatic memories of accidents Memories with high recall confidence ALL OF THE ABOVE

The _________ is the most commonly used type of lineup in police departments. These types of lineup are advantageous in that they _________.

Photo parallel lineup; allow a larger pool of foils

implicit memories

long-term memories that are not accessible using verbal descriptions recall; also known as procedural memories.

Phonological encoding uses

sounds to form memories.

Strategies that can help one recall memories are known as

Mnemonics

Explicit memories differ from implicit memories in that

They are easier to recall verbally and consciously

The text described three methods that one can use to help encode new information. It listed the three methods in terms of which were better or worse at helping encode information. List those three methods from best to worst in terms of helping encode information into long-term memory.

1) semantic encoding 2)phonological encoding 3) repetition

The text described how it is important that the detective who put together the lineup should be ________ the person who proctors the lineup to the eyewitness.

A different person than

The method of loci is strategy that some people use to improve their memory of specific things. The text gave an example how one could imagine a list of items in familiar places and mentally "revisit" those places when trying to recall the items from the list. This seemed to be an effective strategy for recalling information from long-term memory as long as the locations that the items were "stored" held meaning of significance.The method of loci is _________.

An example of mnemonic

What Is Memory?

Any and all information stored within your brain. We only retain the information that will likely serve our interests in the future, and we discard everything else that seems irrelevant.

Semantic encoding

Associates new and old concepts together

Removal of or damage to the hippocampus can cause problems with ________ memory.

Conscious long-term

Flashbulb memories are those that are extremely evocative and sensually rich; they often feel "frozen" or "burned" into one's mind. These types of memories are a specific type of _________ memory

Episodic

Which of the following type of memories is NOT a type of declarative memory?

Implicit memory

Barbara is helping her son tie his shoe before school. She does this for him every morning since he doesn't know how to tie his own shoe yet. Her son asks her one morning, "Mom, can you teach me how to tie my shoe?" When she starts to answer his question, she realizes that she can't quite verbalize how to tie a shoe - she just knows how to do it. This phenomenon represents the concept of

Implicit memory Procedural memory Non-verbal memory

Brandy uses the method of loci to improve her memory of a list of items that she wants to remember. She pictures herself putting the items from the list in very meaningful and important places. For example, she imagines storing a journal under her mattress, and she remembers the weight of the mattress, the color of the sheets, and the sound of the sheets as they brush against her skin. She also imagines herself placing her comb under a rug. When it comes time to recall these two items from her list, Brand will more easily recall the _______ because ____________.

Journal; she associated it with rich and meaningful details

If an attorney uses vivid and emotionally evocative language while asking questions of an eyewitness, how is this most likely to affect a jury trial?

Juries are likely to form powerful memory associations at trial

In a false alarm, the witness is likely to _________.

Provided evidence against an innocent person

Preset ideas about what things are and how they work is known as a ________.

Schema

The text gave an interesting experiment where students waited in an office for about ten or fifteen minutes before being moved to a different room. Once they left the original office, they were asked to list what items they remember from the office and write them down. Most of the participants in the study listed books despite the fact that no books were in the room.In this study, many participants had a _______ about what was in offices; in most offices, you are likely to find books. This explains why many students reported seeing them. Since there were no books in the office, though, we can say that their report of seeing books is a ______.

Schema; false memory

A witness accidently describes a perpetrator as having black hair instead of light brown hair. How will this affect her subsequent identification of suspects in line-ups?

Somewhat, her memory will continue to include the mistaken hair color

The text described the Information-Processing Model of cognition. Describe how this model explains memories.

Stimuli enter the sensory store -> attention transfers information to short-term memory -> information is encoded to long-term memory

What term or phrase refers to the level of meaning a person is able to form a connection to information during the process of encoding?

The depth of processing model

Short-term memory, in terms of the information-processing model of cognition, can be defined as:

The stage of memory in which information is attended to and manipulated.

What happens to unattended information in the sensory store?

Unattended information is completely lost and forgotten

According to the text, there are a few challenges when it comes to studying sensory store memories. Which of the following is one of these challenges?

Understanding how much is captured by the sensory system Understanding the duration of the sensory store memories Understanding the form of the sensory store memories

The text gave an example involving a court case between former President Nixon and one of his staffers. In court testimony, his staff member Mr. Dean gave some false testimony against Mr. Nixon. Specifically, he reported things that never occurred.Which of the following possibilities can bias our memory of an event and cause us to recall things that never occurred, similar to the case of Mr. Dean's testimony?

What we were planning to say during the event may bias our memory. What we were thinking of doing during the event may bias our memory.

What is the major disadvantage of a parallel line-up method?

Witnesses feel pressured to pick the best match of the set

Suppose a thought is in your short-term memory. You briefly, consciously consider the thought, but you quickly discard it to pay attention to something you are more interested in. Assume you did not encode the information that you were previously thinking about, and you come across the same thought in the future. Which of the following best describes how you would feel about re-discovering the same thought that you had previously considered?

You will experience it as a new thought

hippocampus is

a brain structure that plays a critical role in encoding short-term memories into durable long-term memories.

Episodic memory

a class of explicit memory that involves specific events and personal stories from one's life.

Semantic memory

a class of explicit memory that is composed of basic facts about the world.

Anterograde amnesia

a debilitating disorder affecting memory that results in the inability to consciously form new, long-term memories.

information-processing model

a long-standing model of cognition that describes how information passes from the environment into memory and how those memories can be stored and manipulated.

parallel line-up

a police lineup procedure in which the suspect and a set of foils are presented at the same time to be compared and reviewed.

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

a small set of items

How likely were people to produce false memories in the misinformation effect studies?

almost 50% of the time

What is the capacity of the sensory store?

almost limitless

short-term memory

also called working memory, is the part of memory that is completely within your conscious experience. Short-term memory contains the set of ideas that are active in your mind at any given moment.

misinformation effect

an effect that results when false information is presented in a credible way to bias memory recall.

Short-term memory can be thought of as being ________ ideas.

conscious

The process of categorizing and storing information in long-term memory is known as

encoding

The text described anterograde amnesia as a debilitating condition affecting memory; which of the following best describes anterograde amnesia?

it is the inability to form new long-term memories

Semantic encoding

learning an idea by associating it to things that are personally meaningful and often highly distinctive.

false memories

memories of ideas or events that did not occur.

Declarative memories

memories that you can consciously recall; also known as explicit memories.

Criminal lineups are commonly used in law enforcement, and research regarding false memories is very important in how lineups are conducted. In what type of lineup are all individuals presented at the same time to be compared and reviewed?

parallel lineup

The _________ lineup involves witnesses assessing photos one at a time to determine if any of the individuals match their memory of the criminal.

photo serial

Research suggests that witnesses will be less likely to identify a suspect in what type of lineup?

serial

Chunking

the concept that a single item in short-term memory can be a compound of related concepts; an effective strategy to increase the amount of information in short-term memory capacity.

Pleading effect

the disproportionate number of guilty people who take pleas, relative to innocent people, causing an overrepresentation of innocent people at trials.

sensory store

the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant

Proactive interference

the tendency for items you initially learned to impair your capacity to recall new information.

serial position effect

the tendency for learners to recall best the initial and the most recent items that were encountered in a series relative to the middle items

retroactive interference

the tendency for newly encountered information to impair recall for previously learned information

primacy effect

the tendency to remember the beginning of a list,

recency effect

the tendency to remember the end of the list better than the intermediate items.

Highly distinctive information is also more easily remembered, and this phenomenon is called :

the von Restorff effect.