Psychology Chapter 9
Based on research by Leitenberg and Henning; ___ of males report having sexual fantasies ____ of women report to having secual fantasies.
95%; 95%
According to Clark Hull, an internal state of tension is called ____.
A drive.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
A measure of body weight relative to height.
Arousal
A state of alertness and mental and physical activation.
Parental investment
A term used by evolutionary psychologists to denote the amount of time and effort men or women must devote to parenthood.
Drive-reduction theory
A theory of motivation suggesting that biological needs create internal states of tension or arousal (drives) which organisms are motivated to reduce.
Arousal theory
A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.
Schachter-Singer Theory
A two-factor theory stating that for an emotion to occur, there must be (1) physiological arousal and (2) a cognitive interpretation or explanation of the arousal, allowing it to be labeled as a specific emotion.
_____ would be considered a social motive
Achievement motivation
Motivation
All the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior.
This ___ is a portion of the brain that seems to be directly involved in experiencing fear.
Amygdala
Expectancy Theory
An approach that explains work motivation in terms of workers' beliefs about the effectiveness and value of the effort they put forth on the job.
Goal setting
An approach to work motivation that involves establishing specific, difficult goals rather than simply telling people to do their best in the absence of assigned goals.
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by an overwhelming, irrational fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, compulsive dieting to the point of self-starvation, and excessive weight loss.
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by repeated and uncontrolled (and often secretive) episodes of binge eating.
Incentive
An external stimulus that motivates behavior (ex: money, fame)
Homophobia
An intense, irrational hostility toward or fear of homosexuals.
Drive
An internal state of tension or arousal that is brought about by an underlying need and that an organism is motivated to reduce.
Male hormones are referred to as ___, whereas female hormones are often referred to as ___.
Androgens; estrogen and progesterone
Obesity
BMI over 30.
Although Tamara seems to be of average weight and height, her roommate notices that she has some potentially unhealthy eating behaviors. Tamara's roommate is concerned that Tamara may be struggling with ____.
Bulimia nervosa
Which of the following theories of emotions suggests that the physiological response occurs simultaneously with emotion?
Cannon-Bard theory
Display rules
Cultural rules that dictate how emotions should generally be expressed and when and where their expression is appropriate.
____ dictate how emotions should be generally expressed within a culture and when and where their expression is appropriate.
Display rules
Achievement motivation
Factors that move people to seek success in academic settings.
Which of the following researchers developed the Thematic Apperception Test?
Henry Murray
____ is a process that causes us to begin and maintain a particular behavior in order to satisfy certain needs or desires.
Homeostasis
Chronic secretion of ____, a hormone produced by the pancreas, stimulates hunger and often leads to obesity.
Insulin
Based on research by Barsh and colleagues (2000), ____ genes appear to be related to body weight regulation.
More than 40
Social motives
Motives (such as the needs for affiliation and achievement) that are acquired through experience and interaction with others.
Stimulus motives
Motives that cause humans and other animals to increase stimulation when the level of arousal is too low (examples are curiosity and the motive to explore).
Motive
Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal.
Psychologists generally agree that ____ true instincts motivate human behavior.
No
While Sandy was engaging in sexual activity with her significant other, she noticed rhythmic muscle contractions...
Orgasm
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychologists
Psychologists who apply their knowledge in the workplace and are especially interested in work motivation and job performance.
Which of the following theories of emotion contains a cognitive component?
Schachter-singer theory
Which of the follow would be considered a primary drive?
Sexual motivation.
Primary drives
States of tension or arousal that arise from a biological need and are unlearned.
Work motivation
The conditions and processes responsible for the arousal, direction, magnitude, and maintenance of effort of workers on the job.
Intrinsic motivation
The desire to behave in a certain way because it is enjoyable or satisfying in itself.
Extrinsic motivation
The desire to behave in a certain way in order to gain some external reward or to avoid some undesirable consequence.
Sexual orientation
The direction of one's sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite, or both sexes.
Sexual response cycle
The four phases- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution- that make up human sexual response in both males and females, according to Masters and Johnson.
Facial-feedback hypothesis
The idea that the muscular movements involved in certain facial expressions produce the corresponding emotions (for example, smiling makes one feel happy).
Homeostasis
The natural tendency of the body to makntain a balanced interval state in order to ensure physical survival.
Need for achievement (n Ach)
The need to accomplish something difficult and to perform at a high standard of excellence.
Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
The part of the hypothalamus that acts as a feeding center to incite eating.
Ventrimedial hypothalamus (VMH)
The part of the hypothalamus that acts as a satiety (fullness) center to inhibit eating.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
The principle that performance on tasks is best when the arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task: higher arousal for simple tasks, moderate arousal for tasks of moderate difficulty, and lower arousal for complex tasks.
Self-actualization
The pursuit of self-defined goals for personal fulfillment and growth.
Metabolic rate
The rate at which the body burns calories to produce energy.
Lazarus Theory
The theory that a cognitive appraisal is the first step in an emotional response and all other aspects of an emotion, including physiological arousal, depend on it.
Cannon-Bard Theory
The theory that an emotion-provoking stimulus is transmitted simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, providing the conscious mental experience of the emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous system, causing the physiological arousal.
James-Lange Theory
The theory that emotional feelings result when an individual becomes aware of the physiological response to an emotion-provoking stimulus (for example, feeling fear because of trembling).
Goal Orientation Theory
The view that achievement motivation depends on which of four goal orientations (mastery/approach, mastery/avoidance, performance/avoidance, performance/approach) an individual adopts.
Positive psychology
The view that psychologists should study and promote the development of human strengths such as optimism.
Set point
The weight the body normally maintains when one is trying neither to gain nor to lose weight.
The ____ is a portion of the brain that seems to be directly involved in experiencing fear.
amygdala
A stimulus from the environment that motivates a behavior is called _____.
an incentive
The ___ assumes that humans are motivated to reduce tension, whereas the ____ assumes humans are sometimes motivated to increase tension.
drive-reduction theory; arousal theory
Basic emotions
emotions that are unlearned and universal, that are reflected in the same facial expressions across cultures, and that emerge in children according to their biological timetable of development; fear, anger, disgust, surprise, happiness, and sadness are usually considered basic emotions.
____ results when the desire to engage in a particular behavior is to gain some reward or to avoid some undesirable consequence.
extrinsic motivation
According to Maslow, the need to ___, must be met before ____.
feel competent and gain respect from others; one can begin to self-actualize.
The drive-reduction theory rests on the idea that our bodies strive to maintain ____.
homeostasis
Affective neuroscience
the study of the neurological foundations of emotion.
