Psychology Chapters 5-6

Who led humanitarian reforms in France to unchain patients in mental hospitals? Dorothea Dix William Tuke Phiippe Pinel Wilhelm Wundt

Phiippe Pinel

If you tend to believe that you can influence when you receive reinforcers, where is your locus of control? external low high internal

internal

Hoarding is most closely related to which disorder? depression obsessive-compulsive disorder generalized anxiety disorder schizophrenia

obsessive-compulsive disorder

In his clinical practice, Dr. Lee believes that the draw-a-person test (DAP) is an excellent way to discover some of his patients' mental health issues. The DAP requires you to draw a person, for instance, your mother or significant other. This type of test would be considered a(n) __________. objective test valid projective test reliable

projective test

Which methods are based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud? Gestalt therapies client-centered therapies psychodynamic therapies behavioral therapies

psychodynamic therapies

0 / 0.5 pts The practice of mindfulness meditation has been shown to do all EXCEPT which of the following? raise one's IQ You Answered increase immune responses to vaccination lower blood pressure lessen feelings of depression

raise one's IQ

What is the term used to describe beliefs that we can accomplish certain things? self-actualization expectations self-concept expectations self-efficacy expectations self-esteem expectations

self-efficacy expectations

The reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior can be called____________. creative selves fixations traits ids

traits

Humor helps people cope with stress by ________. stimulating the output of endorphins positive cognitive shifts that result in positive emotions. enhancing the functioning of the immune system postponing making difficult decisions

stimulating the output of endorphins

Which of the following is true of the immune system? It is typically weakened by short-term stress. It remembers how to battle antigens, often for years. It cannot recognize pathogens in case of a reoccurring infection. It is made stronger by prolonged stress.

It remembers how to battle antigens, often for years.

Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression? Manuel tells people he did not cheat in high school but knows it is untrue. Mina witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now. Malvolio wants to remember what he ate for lunch but is not sure whether it was tuna or hamburger. Midge planned to go to a party, but her mother forced her to stay at home.

Mina witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.

A person with antisocial personality disorder would exhibit which of the following behaviors? You Answered Avoidance of social settings and people in general Often be suspicious of others and think everyone is out to get them Do something to hurt someone's feelings and not feel any regret for their actions Seeking excessive reassurance and praise from those around them

Do something to hurt someone's feelings and not feel any regret for their actions

Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness? Rufus, who believes that stability is normal. Rose, who feels alienated from her co-workers. Robert, who feels helpless at work. Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow.

Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow

Eddie is a person with addiction. After eleven years sober, he became addicted to painkillers. He tried to hide it from his friends and family, but eventually he admitted his problem and took responsibility. Which process did Eddie use in this situation? secondary appraisal active coping passive coping primary appraisal

active coping

Dr. Nadine Burke Harris and her colleagues have studies how childhood stressors can lead to physical and psychological problems well into adulthood. The stressors are known as adverse childhood stressors adverse childhood experiences childhood stressors adverse childhood environmental experiences l

adverse childhood experiences

Aki was beginning to panic as the store began to become crowed with shoppers. Aki most likely has symptoms of ________. claustrophobia acrophobia agoraphobia arachnophobia

agoraphobia

Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor prescribes her a drug. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking? a vitamin an antidepressant a steroid an analgesic

an antidepressant

Jalal is a person with schizophrenia. If his doctor chooses a biological approach, which class of drugs will Jalal most likely be prescribed? antipsychotic antidepressant mood stabilizer anti-anxiety

antipsychotic

Which of these is the type of emotional support that provides feedback from others about how one is doing? instrumental aid socializing appraisal emotional concern

appraisal

Systematic desensitization involves: depriving a client access to an addictive drug. associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences. associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli. associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli.

associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli.

Most antianxiety drugs belong to the chemical class known as ________. benzodiazepines phenothiazine carboxylic acids thiodiphenylamine

benzodiazepines

Pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness are examples of which of the following? psychological factors biological factors sociocultural factors environmental factors

biological factors

Jason meets a psychotherapist for the first time. During their session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. In this case, Jason's therapist is using ________. family therapy behavioral therapy client-centered therapy virtual therapy

client-centered therapy

Which of the following is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives? homeostasis self-actualization conflict self-efficacy

conflict

Misu attains high grades in her college courses and is always very organized with her materials and time. Using the Big Five Model of personality, on which trait would Misu likely score high? conscientiousness extraversion choleric neuroticism

conscientiousness

Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely the __________. conscious, preconscious, and unconscious postconscious, midconscious, and lateral conscious ultraconscious, metaconscious, and superconscious metaconscious, semiconscious, and catatonic

conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

During a severe panic attack, the amount of this specific stress hormone found in saliva will increase. calcitonin cortisol thyroxin amylin

cortisol

Slàine and Angus make a point of taking a nature walk every day when they get home from their stressful jobs. Which type of coping are they using? secondary appraisal primary appraisal problem-focused emotion-focused

emotion-focused

Julio is a great athlete, he plays better when under the stress of a strong opponent. What is the term for the good stress that Julio uses? adaptation pathogen eustress coping

eustress

In America, it is common that people focus on their personal goals rather than a goal that would benefit the group. What type of perspective is exhibited here? acculturation individualistic evolutionary collectivist

individualistic

Dzianis has a client with a phobia of dogs. He shows his client how to safely interact with dogs in a controlled setting to help reduce his fear. Which method did Dzianis use? systematic desensitization modeling ego analysis free association

modeling

In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following traits are characteristic of neuroticism? organization, thoroughness, and reliability talkativeness, assertiveness, and activity nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli kindness, trust, and warmth

nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli

Kata and her family were involved in a road accident. Kata was the only survivor. Her son and husband were declared dead. When Kata returned home, she started having dreams about people dying in tragic accidents. These nightmares left Kata with a rapid heart rate and feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Kata is most likely suffering from ________. body dysmorphic disorder dissociative identity disorder posttraumatic stress disorder somatoform disorder

posttraumatic stress disorder

Which neurotransmitter is most clearly implicated in depression? serotonin acetylcholine histamine acetylcholine

serotonin

Sean's client, Jacob, had quickly become unusually close to him, almost as if they were brothers. The term for this according to psychoanalytic therapy is what? transference free association wish fulfillment catharsis

transference

Bobbie spilled water accidentally on her father's computer, but contrary to Bobbie's expectations, they did not get grounded. Their father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobbie that he still loved her, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobbie's father's response is an example of _____. uncategorical aptitude uncategorical positive aptitude conditional positive regard unconditional positive regard

unconditional positive regard

Obsessions are: persistent, irrational fears of specific objects or situations. false beliefs of persecution or grandeur. periodic episodes of intense dread accompanied by frightening physical sensations. unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person.

unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person.

Which term refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure? projective tests validity reliability objective tests

validity

Since the 1960's, most people suffering from extreme psychological disorders ________. live in asylums live in mental hospitals Answer live in the community are in inpatient facilities

Answer live in the community

When effective, Alcoholics Anonymous is characterized by which of the following? Alcoholics remain in treatment for a few days. Members engage in intense individual therapy. They have an aggravation of feelings of depression. They heighten their confidence so they can face challenges without drinking.

They heighten their confidence so they can face challenges without drinking.

Sam wants to be a clinical psychologist. He has been accepted at two different graduate schools. Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education. However, he is finding it difficult to choose between the two. According to Neal E. Miller, this type of conflict is known as a(n) ________. multiple approach-avoidance conflict approach-avoidance conflict approach-approach conflict avoidance-avoidance conflict

approach-approach conflict

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called __________. self-concept self-actualization self-esteem self-efficacy

self-actualization

According to the humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers, he defines this as the center of experience: the id the ego identity Answer the self the ego

Answer the self

George composed an entire symphony during three weeks of intense, creative energy. During that time, his speech was unusually rapid, he did not seem to need much sleep, and he thought his symphony would be one of the greatest ever written. This pattern of behavior suggests that George may suffer from ______. agoraphobia schizophrenia bipolar disorder dissociative disorder

bipolar disorder

Bettina has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Bettina exhibits __________. positive symptoms but not negative symptoms negative symptoms but not positive symptoms both positive and negative symptoms neither positive nor negative symptoms

both positive and negative symptoms

Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease? sunbathing overeating Type B behavior low blood pressure

overeating

According to Selye's theory, if the alarm reaction mobilizes the body and the related stressor is not removed, which stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)? exhaustion preoperational resistance formal operational

resistance

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory of personality and development? social relationships rewards and punishment self-actualization sexual development

social relationships

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome? the stagnation stage the exhaustion stage the resilience stage the latency stage

the exhaustion stage

Branimira has been sober for 14 years. When she shares her story in her group therapy session, what advantage of group therapy benefits the other members? Her improvement gives them hope. She can help them work on social skills. She can enjoy their praise. They realize that they are not alone.

Her improvement gives them hope.

In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using? aversive conditioning virtual therapy modeling biofeedback training

aversive conditioning

Delmar believes that he has been sent to earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to a female is doomed to be a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are absurd. Delmar's behavior best exemplifies _________. hallucinations waxy flexibility delusions catatonia

delusions

Steve's physician has prescribed him valium for his anxiety attacks. This drug will ________. stop the production of norepinephrine stop the production of dopamine increase sympathetic activity depress the activity of the central nervous system

depress the activity of the central nervous system

Which model of psychological disorders accounts for biological differences in individuals and explains why some people develop certain types of psychological disorders under stress while others do not? biopsychosocial model diathesis-stress model demonological model medical model

diathesis-stress model

Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model. extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and anxiousness psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, argumentativeness, and openness

extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

When compared to hypnosis, Sigmund Freud found __________ to be a more gradual method of breaking through the walls of defense that block a client's insight into unconscious processes. confirmation bias modeling free association aversive conditioning

free association

Phineas Gage was injured when a metal pole he was using to tamp down explosives on a railroad construction project was driven through his eye and out the top of his skill when the explosive detonated. Gage survived a primitive form of which procedure? gamma knife surgery electroshock therapy frontal lobotomy laser ablation

frontal lobotomy

Riley is obsessed with collecting chocolate wrappers. He pick up wrappers from the road and stacks them at his house. Over the years, these wrappers have piled up to such an extent that Riley is left with only a narrow pathway that leads from the entrance of his house to his bedroom. Although Riley has been advised by many to get rid of the clutter, he refuses to do so. Riley is most likely suffering from __________. panic disorder hoarding disorder dissociative identity disorder posttraumatic stress disorder

hoarding disorder

Which of the following can be positive or negative, occur at irregular intervals, and create stress? life changes avoidance-avoidance conflicts daily hassles irrational beliefs

life changes

Cognitive therapy is ________. likely to focus on changing the beliefs and attitudes that create and compound people's problems likely to focus on past experiences that contribute to psychological disorders and not on present attitudes of people unlikely to directly change maladaptive thoughts unlikely to foster self-insight

likely to focus on changing the beliefs and attitudes that create and compound people's problems

People with mood disorders: may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events. insist that they are suffering from a serious physical illness, even though no medical evidence of the illness can be found. experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves or feeling that the world around them is unreal. are incapable of recalling important personal information.

may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events.

Sanchez, an eight-year-old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to his imaginary friends. His mother confesses to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused damage to Sanchez's brain." Which model of psychological disorders is forwarded by this statement? biopsychosocial model diathesis-stress model demonological model medical model

medical model

Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles? job dissatisfaction terrorism noise shopping

noise

Loredo is possessed by the thought that he might develop a severe disease due to germs. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Loredo demonstrates ____________. You Answered illness anxiety disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder dissociative identity disorder posttraumatic stress disorder

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Barry contracted covid-19 from a party where no one wore face masks. The virus that attacked Barry would be classified as which of these? eustress stress health hassle pathogen

pathogen

The reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another is the definition of _______________. self-actualization reaction formation personality creative reciprocal determinism

personality

The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be _________. pervasive worrying about numerous stressors indifference to physical symptoms of anxiety specific phobias during childhood irrational fears of specific objects or situations

pervasive worrying about numerous stressors

What is often suggested as the root cause for the development of dissociative disorders? genetic components physical and sexual abuse during childhood excess amounts of dopamine receptors in the brain conditioned reactions when faced with stress

physical and sexual abuse during childhood

Behavior therapists rely heavily on ________. principles of conditioning and observational learning practices that reject adaptive behavior patterns methods that recover repressed childhood memories the subjective analysis of the mind rather than on measurable behavior

principles of conditioning and observational learning

Which part of the nervous system activates the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome? central nervous system somatic nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

In the classic story of Pinocchio, Jiminy Cricket acts as Pinocchio's conscience. He helps tell him what he should and shouldn't do, guiding him in positive moral decisions. What part of the Freudian psyche does Jiminy Cricket represent? the superego the alter ego the ego You Answered the id

the superego

Derris's mom used to give him gold stars on their refrigerator whenever he would help out around the house. If Derris earned enough gold stars, then he could have some ice cream after dinner. This type of reward system is called a ________. token economy transference unconditional positive reward conditional positive reward

token economy

Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts? Both goals in these conflicts are negative. They involve several alternative courses to resolve conflicts, each with both positive and negative aspects. Both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable. They are the most stressful type of conflicts.

Both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable.

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego? It demands instant gratification without consideration for other people. It holds up models of an ideal self and helps handing out judgments of right and wrong. It develops as one incorporates the moral standards of the members of the community. It stands for rational ways of coping with frustration.

It stands for rational ways of coping with frustration

Which of the following statements about suicide is correct? Most people who die by suicide do give warnings about their intentions. Discussing suicide with a person who is depressed can prompt the person to attempt suicide. People who are suicidal meet the definition of legally insane. People who attempt suicide are seeking attention.

Most people who die by suicide do give warnings about their intentions.

Which of the following is true of cancer? People cannot inherit a disposition toward cancer. People who are less prone to anger are more likely to develop cancer than others. Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States. People whose immune system is damaged may be more likely to develop cancer.

People whose immune system is damaged may be more likely to develop cancer.

In the context of the different behavior-therapy methods, which of the following is true of modeling? It relies on observational learning. It tends to focus on past events that lead to psychological disorders rather than on present behavior. It tends to focus on what people think and feel rather than on what people do. It is included under Gestalt therapy.

It relies on observational learning.

According to behaviorists, personality is formed by __________. mostly our genetics with a little influence by our situational influences an equal contribution of genetic and environmental influences situational or environmental influences genetic influences

situational or environmental influences

Fila has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Fila with __________. delusional disorder conversion disorder major depressive disorder illness anxiety disorder

major depressive disorder