Psychology

Identical (MZ) twins have the same sexual orientation about ________ percent of the time

52

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner used conditioning to teach a boy who is known as "Little ______" to fear rats.

Albert

________ nervosa is a life-threatening eating disorder characterized by dramatic weight loss and a distorted body image.

Anorexia

Johnny was tormented in the schoolyard every day by a bully with bright red frizzy hair. One day, Johnny's father brought his boss, Mr. Dale, home. The boss had bright red frizzy hair, and Johnny ran to his room, crying. Mr. Dale's hair functioned as a ___________, and Johnny's fear was a __________.

CS, CR

Which of the following is most likely to be prescribed for use with hyperactive children?

Ritalin

According to _____________ theory, learning occurs because a CS indicates that the UCS is likely to follow

contingency

Performance goals are to _______ reward as learning goals are to ________ rewards

extrinsic, intrinsic

A(n) __________ is an object, person, or situation that is perceived as capable to satisfying a need.

incentive

which of the following quotes supports the research regarding socioeconomic factor and happiness

"having money is better than poverty if for only financial reasons."

Which of the following best illustrates operant conditioning according to Skinner?

A dolphin is given a fish every time it jumps through a hoop

Physiological dependance is evidenced by tolerance or by an ______________ syndrome when one discontinues use of the substance

abstinence

Substance _____________ is characterized by repeated use of a substance although it is impairing functioning.

abuse

According to the James-Lange theory, emotions have specific patterns of arousal and _____________

action

According to the __________-synthesis model, dream reflect neural activity

activation

Which of the following are children most likely to outgrow

bed-wetting

Whenever Farah eats, she immediately excuses herself and goes to the rest room and vomits. Farah is most likely to be diagnosed with

bulimia nervosa

Breaking THUNSTOFAM into three syllables THUN-STO-FAM and then repeating them many times in an effort to remember the ten letters is an example of using the technique of

chunking and maintenance rehearsal

The most popular drug on college campuses is

alcohol

Repeated presentation of a CS (such as a tone) without the UCS (such as meat) will __________ the CR (salivation)

extinguish

In meditation, one focuses on ____________ to alter the normal person-environment relationship

mantra

In ____________ interference, new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning

retroactive

Maslow argued that people have a hierarchy of needs, the highest of which is the need for

self-actualizaiton

__________ memories concern generalized knowledge

semantic

You recall what you ate for breakfast this morning, but you know who wrote Hamlet. Your knowledge that Shakespeare wrote Hamlet is an example of

semantic memory

Elyse is a college student who has developed a tolerance to heroin and experiences withdrawal symptoms whever she doesn't have a "fix" at least every eight hours. She feels that she has lost control and has to organize her life around her habit. She would be classified as having

substance dependence

Fear involves activation of the __________ nervous system, but depression involves activation of the ___________ nervous system.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Experience enhances the avenues of communication among brain cells by development of dendrites and _____________.

synapses

According to the text, which of the following hormones is most strongly connected with the sex drive in women?

testosterone

Evan met Lesley at a party 3 weeks ago. He bums into her on the way to class. he feels as though he knows her name but he just can't retrieve the information. This experience is referred to as`

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Allegra is said to have hypnotic suggestibility. She is likely to

to be prone to fantasy

Hypnosis an altered state of consciousness in which people are suggestible and behave as though they are in a ___________

trance

______________ is a stimulant that boosts self-confidence but also triggers rises in blood pressure and constricts the coronary arteries

Cocaine

_________ substances distort perception

Hallucinogenic

___________ are hypothetical states that activate behavior and direct organisms toward goals.

Motives

___________ reinforcers increase the probability that operants will occur when they are removed

Negative

Which of the following is correct concerning relationships and happiness?

People who are married or in enduring relationships report the highest level of happiness

If you learn how to do something once, and then forget it, what is most likely to happen if you attempt to relearn it

You will relearn it more quickly then you originally learned it

IN his classic study of transcendental meditation, Benson found that meditation leads to

a relaxation response

When Clay joined AA in order to stop drinking, he received a pamphlet that described the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. These included

all of the above high blood pressure and rapid pulse, restlessness and tremors, anxiety and weakness

McClelland used the Thematic ____________ Test to measure achievement motivation.

apperception

While attempting to identify neural receptors that trigger salivary glands, Ivan Pavlov inadvertently found that responses can be learned through

association

Consciousness has several meanings, including sensory awareness, the selective aspect of attention, direct inner ___________, personal unity, and the waking state.

awareness

A response to a conditioned stimulus is termed a(n)

conditioned response

Roberto kept seeing signs on the highway advertising Pizza Hut. He started to salivate at the possibility of having a pizza. The signs were

conditioned stimuli

From the clinical evidence on the rain injury, it appears that storage bins for long term memories are located in

different brain areas

____________ imagery is the ability to retain exact mental representations of visual stimuli over long periods of time.

eidetic

Another way of storing information is by ____________ rehearsal, when we relate new information to things we already know

elaborative

The process of modifying information so that we can place it in memory is called

encoding

Memories of the events that happen to a person are ____________ memories

episodic

Remembering what you had for dinner is an example of _________ memory.

episodic

The notion that animals that are most at risk from predators sleep less is taken from which of the following perspectives?

evolutionary

masters and Johnson divide the sexual response cycle into four phases: the ___________ plateau, orgasm, and resolution phases.

excitement

Spotted Zebras learn to stop going to a particular water hole after approaching it several times and finding that it is dry. However, after a mont or two passes, they may return to the water hole. Learning to stop going to the water hole because it is dry, but they returning to it after time passes is an example of _________ followed by ___________.

extinction, spontaneous recovery

During a typical 8-hour night, we undergo (how many?) ____________ trips through the different stages of sleep

five

In a _________-__________ schedule, a specific amount of time must elapse since a previous correct response before reinforcement again becomes available

fixed-interval

Detailed memories of surprising, important, and emotional events are termed ___________ memories.

flashbulb

In the behavior-therapy method of __________, a client is continuously exposed to a fear-evoking stimulus until the fear response is extinguished

flooding

Which of the following statements is correct concerning brain waves and the sleep cycle?

high-frequency brain waves are associated with being awake

Drives help the body maintain a steady state, a tendency that is called

homeostasis

The ________ is signaled when there is a drop in blood sugar due to food deprivation

hypothalamus

Tracy took tennis lessons when she was very young but had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. A moment after she picked up her racket, she realized with surprise that she shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's __________ memory made this possible.

implicit

Money, food, and a sexually attractive person can all be viewed as

incentives

When a behavior is followed by negative reinforcement, the behavior is most likely to

increase

Johnny watches TV violence for an hour or two a day, but he is not violent outside the home. Then one day Billy attacks him on the way home from school, and Johnny imitates the behavior he saw on TV to fight Billy off and teach Billy never to attack him again. Although Johnny had not shown violent behavior until he was attacked, we can assume that when watching TV, he was engaging in

latent learning

According to behaviorists, _________ is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior that occurs because of experience

learning

One way of storing information is by ___________ rehearsal, or by mentally repeating it

maintenance

Mentally repeating a list or saying it to yourself refers to

maintenance rehearsal

Sex hormones have activating and ______ effects on sexual behavior.

organizing

Because EEG patterns during REM sleep resemble those of the waking state, REM sleep is also called

paradoxical

Students with ____________ goals are mainly motivated by factors such as good grades, rewards from parents, and the prospect of landing a good job.

performance

Drive-reduction theory defines hunger, pain, and thirst as

primary drives

In ____________ interference, older learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material.

proactive

___________ learning breaks down learning tasks into small steps and reinforces correct performance of each step

programmed

Hamilton told himself to remember to get three things at the corner deli. On the way to the story, he ran into Jason and chatted for a few minutes. Afterward, he could only remember two of the items. Chatting with Jason had apparently interfered with Hamilton's

prospective memory

When we say that we are "conscious of" seeing something or hearing a sound, we are referring to consciousness as

sensory awareness

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model hypothesizes three stages of memory: ___________, ___________-_________, and _____________-____________.

sensory; short-term; long-term

Extinguished responses often show _________ recovery as a function of the passage of time

spontaneous

Professor Fournier gives a quiz every Monday. His students would then tend to ________ because they are on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

study on Sunday nights; fixed-interval

A response to an unconditioned stimulus is called a(n)

unconditioned response

Slot machines tend to keep gamblers playing by using a ___________ schedule of reinforcement

variable-ratio