Psychology Exam 2

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink? A. "We have been in agreement on matters in the past and I hope that will continue." B. "Joe, why don't you play devil's advocate and challenge the course of action most of us seem to prefer?" C. "I think we need some outsiders to come in and critique our decision before we proceed." D. "We have made some stupid mistakes in the past. Let's work carefully to not make the same errors again."

A. "We have been in agreement on matters in the past and I hope that will continue."

Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism? A. "Women have a superior moral sensibility." B. "Once a man commits, she puts him on a tight leash." C. "Women are less skilled in mathematics than men." D. "Women are more emotional than men."

A. "Women have a superior moral sensibility."

What percentage of Milgram's participants regretted having participated in the study? A. 1% B. 5% C. 10% D. 20%

A. 1%

Research on group size and conformity has shown that there is more conformity with A. 4 people as a group than 2 people in 2 groups. B. 3 groups of 6 people than 1 group of 6. C. no difference in the number of people or groups. D. more groups of smaller number of people.

A. 4 people as a group than 2 people in 2 groups.

As an example of the liberating effects of group influence, ___ percent of the participants in a variation of Milgram's study conformed to the confederate's behavior when the confederates defied the experimenter. A. 90 B. 45 C. 20 D. 10

A. 90

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Categorization can provide useful information about people with minimum effort. B. It is easy to resist categorizing people into groups. C. Categorization provides no cognitive foundation for prejudice. D. Categorization always leads to discrimination.

A. Categorization can provide useful information about people with minimum effort.

Which of the following would be an example of the group-serving bias? A. Cheryl believes that women are unemployed because of discrimination while men are unemployed because of low motivation. B. Sue believes that members of her own family are prejudiced while her husband's family is tolerant. C. Chuck believes that mistakes made by both men and women are due to low intelligence. D. Bill believes that groups outperform individuals in solving problems.

A. Cheryl believes that women are unemployed because of discrimination while men are unemployed because of low motivation.

Which of the following would be an example of the group-serving bias? A. Cheryl believes that women are unemployed because of discrimination, while men are unemployed because of low motivation. B. Sue believes that members of her own family are prejudiced, while her husband's family is tolerant. C. Chuck believes that mistakes made by both men and women are due to low intelligence. D. Bill believes that groups outperform individuals when solving problems.

A. Cheryl believes that women are unemployed because of discrimination, while men are unemployed because of low motivation.

Which is NOT one of the three ways identified by Brown and Paulus (2002) to enhance group brainstorming? A. Have the individuals then the group brainstorm. B. Have the group and then individuals brainstorm. C. Have group members interact by writing. D. Incorporate electronic brainstorming.

A. Have the individuals then the group brainstorm.

Since the Iraq war, Americans have developed negative views of A. Muslims. B. Iraqis. C. Democrats. D. Jews.

A. Muslims.

Which statement related to roles and conformity is NOT true? A. Social roles vary with culture, but the process of influencing behavior varies less. B. Although countries define teen roles differently, all cultures have role expectations that guide conformity. C. Role reversal is a form of temporary conformity. D. Roles don't have any effect on conformity.

A. Social roles vary with culture, but the process of influencing behavior varies less.

_______ occurs when groups of individuals who do not fit their stereotype are thought of as "exceptions to the rule." A. Subtyping B. Subgrouping C. Prejudice D. Discrimination

A. Subtyping

deindividuated? A. They are immersed in a large group. B. They are physically anonymous. C. They are involved in arousing, distracting activities. D. All of the above

A. They are immersed in a large group.

Karen's idea about what all football players are like is based on her knowledge of Tim Tebow. Which of the following is the problem with Karen's perception? A. Tim Tebow, a vivid case, is not the best basis for judging the entire group B. Karen's perception is based on her meta-stereotype C. Karen is clearly stigma conscious D. Karen's perception is based on an illusory correlation

A. Tim Tebow, a vivid case, is not the best basis for judging the entire group

Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism? A. Women have a superior moral sensibility B. Once a man commits, the woman controls his life C. Men are immoral D. Men are from Mars and women are from Venus

A. Women have a superior moral sensibility

I don't do very well on the task because I'm very worried about appearing incompetent. My reaction is consistent with ____ theory. A. Zajonc's arousal B. Cottrell's evaluation apprehension C. distraction/conflict theory D. Triplett's social process

A. Zajonc's arousal

A social role is A. a cluster of norms. B. separate from culture. C. a weak influence on conformity. D. a role that feels awkward.

A. a cluster of norms.

Palmer (1996) found that since 1975, there is _______ between opposition to immigration and the unemployment rate. A. a positive relationship B. a negative relationship C. a neutral relationship D. no relationship

A. a positive relationship

Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and thus make better speeches than girls do. The girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. The girls are experiencing A. a stereotype threat. B. the just-world phenomenon. C. the scapegoating effect. D. personal/group discrimination discrepancy.

A. a stereotype threat.

When others expect us to perform poorly and our anxiety causes us to confirm their belief, we have reacted to A. a stereotype threat. B. subtyping. C. an out group bias. D. ethnocentrism.

A. a stereotype threat.

Groupthink can be defined as A. a tendency to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony. B. a tendency to sacrifice group cohesiveness in favor of task orientation and problem focus. C. enhancement of problem-solving capacity as a result of several persons joining together to work on the same problem. D. reduced self-awareness as a result of group immersion and social anonymity.

A. a tendency to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony.

Zimbardo reported that women who were masked and hooded in KKK-style hoods and robes tended to _______ than women who were visible and wore name tags. A. administer longer shocks to a victim B. engage in greater social loafing C. make riskier decisions D. make more contact and reveal more personal information

A. administer longer shocks to a victim

Data from 27 countries shows that people everywhere perceive women as more _______ and men as more _______. A. agreeable; outgoing B. outgoing; agreeable C. democratic; emotional D. emotional; collectivistic

A. agreeable; outgoing

In your marketing class, your assignment is to create an advertisement that will encourage people to buy condom X over condom Y. Given your knowledge of persuasion, which strategy would be most effective? A. an ad that reads "AIDS kills," along with a suggestion that condom X prevents it B. an ad that reads" AIDS kills, "along with a suggestion that condom Y does not prevent it C. an ad that suggests condom X prevents AIDS D. an ad that suggests condom Y does not prevent AIDS

A. an ad that reads "AIDS kills," along with a suggestion that condom X prevents it

Although most suspects in cases of incest, child molestation, and sexual abuse are heterosexual males, the local newspaper omits the word "heterosexual" in any related headlines. In contrast, whenever a self-described gaymale is arrested for a crime, the headline proclaims "homosexual arrested." The resulting prejudice that gay males are more likely to commit violent crimes can in part be blamed on A. an illusory correlation. B. in group bias. C. out group homogeneity effects. D. group-serving biases.

A. an illusory correlation.

Between classes, you notice how smokers congregate outside the doors of the building. When interacting with one another, they seem to behave as if they identify as quite different from the non-smokers who happen to be outside the door. What term would best describe the group of smokers? A. an in group B. an out group C. a clan D. an ethnocentric group

A. an in group

Which of the following is NOT one of Janis's (1982) recommendations on how to prevent groupthink? A. assign someone the role of mindguard B. be impartial C. encourage critical evaluation D. bring in outside experts to offer critiques

A. assign someone the role of mindguard

Which of the following must take place before a message is likely to persuade? A. attention to the message B. peripheral processing C. central processing D. education rather than propaganda

A. attention to the message

Which of the following is NOT a reason we yawn? A. calm B. tension release C. sleepy D. see others yawn

A. calm

Rivalry between groups is often most intense when the groups A. closely resemble each other. B. share a common goal. C. are very different. D. are of different ethnic groups.

A. closely resemble each other.

According to Festinger (1954), it is human nature to want to evaluate our opinions by A. comparing ourselves with others. B. designing everyday tests of validity. C. engaging in frequent introspection. D. actively studying the results of scientific research.

A. comparing ourselves with others.

David still thinks that the group is making a big mistake, but he decides to give into the pressure and go along with what they decide. This change is best described as A. compliance. B. obedience. C. acceptance. D. independence.

A. compliance.

One effect of deindividuation is A. diminished self-restraint. B. increased self-awareness. C. social facilitation. D. a risky shift.

A. diminished self-restraint.

In examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers, Archer and his colleagues (1983) found that, relative to the average female photo, the average male photo is more likely to A. emphasize the face. B. emphasize the body. C. include the situational context. D. display a standing posture.

A. emphasize the face.

Milgram's experiment seems to have made use of which technique? A. foot-in-the-door B. role playing C. door-in-the-face D. the fundamental attribution error

A. foot-in-the-door

Which of the following is an example of group polarization in one's community? A. gang delinquency B. cheering wildly at a football game C. an isolated, troubled teenager being aggressive towards his classmates D. a looting mob

A. gang delinquency

Ideas about how men and women ought to behave are called _______, whereas people's ideas about how women and men do behave are called _______. A. gender-role norms;gender stereotypes B. gender stereotypes;gender-role norms C. gender preferences;gender roles D. sexist attitudes; sexists stereotypes

A. gender-role norms;gender stereotypes

In surveys conducted on groups of younger and older people over several years, the results supported the _______ explanation for how age plays a role in persuasion. A. generational B. life cycle C. age D. time

A. generational

People tend to have different social and political attitudes depending on their age because the attitudes older people adopted when they were young persist through life largely unchanged. This refers to the _______ explanation for how age plays a role in persuasion. A. generational B. life cycle C. age D. time

A. generational

Linking _______ with virtue and _______ with moral failure enables fortunate people to feel pride and enables unfortunate people to avoid responsibility. A. good fortune; misfortune B. misfortune; good fortune C. wealth; poverty D. poverty; wealth

A. good fortune; misfortune

Wright (2003) suggested that the Internet is an effective means to rally like-minded people and mobilize lethal consequences, such as recruiting individuals for terror organizations. Which concept in social psychology best explains this trend? A. group polarization B. pluralistic ignorance C. social loafing D. social facilitation

A. group polarization

The text suggests that the extremism of terrorist organizations, such as those involved in the September 11th attacks on the United States, is very likely the result of the naturally occurring process of A. group polarization. B. pluralistic ignorance. C. social loafing. D. social facilitation.

A. group polarization.

Darla wants to persuade her parents to help pay for a study trip abroad. She will have a more difficult time succeeding if A. her parents are forewarned of her intent to convince them. B. she has the trip coordinator call to reassure them. C. her parents are not particularly analytical. D. her parents have a moderate level of self-esteem.

A. her parents are forewarned of her intent to convince them.

Speaking to a huge anti-union retail store, an anti-union political candidate's expertise seems to A. increase. B. decrease. C. stay the same. D. lose credibility.

A. increase.

Speaking to a labor union, a pro-union professor's expertise seems to A. increase. B. decrease. C. stay the same. D. lose credibility.

A. increase.

When Werner and her colleagues (2002) placed signs on a campus with a two-sided message that not only stated the importance of recycling but also acknowledged the inconvenience of it, recycling A. increased to 80 percent. B. increased to 25 percent. C. decreased by 40 percent. D. decreased by 90 percent.

A. increased to 80 percent.

Maggie favors the death penalty. In discussing this issue with some like-minded classmates, she hears arguments for this position that she has never considered before. After the discussion, her opinion is more extreme. This outcome is best explained by A. informational influence processes. B. normative influence processes. C. the reactance theory. D. the social comparison theory.

A. informational influence processes.

The fact that active participation in discussion produces more polarization is best explained by A. informational influence processes. B. normative influence processes. C. the cognitive miser theory. D. a decrease in pluralistic ignorance.

A. informational influence processes.

What underlying processes help to explain the occurrence of group polarization? A. informational influences and normative influences B. minority influences and social facilitation C. psychological reactance and deindividuation D. social comparison and self-censorship

A. informational influences and normative influences

Joe is an American. He views people trying to immigrate into America as nothing more than pests. This is an example of A. infrahumanization. B. ethnocentrism. C. xenophobia. D. terror management.

A. infrahumanization.

A group of people who share a sense of belonging or a feeling of common identity is called a(n) A. ingroup. B. outgroup. C. community. D. clan.

A. ingroup.

Ted is most likely to elicit opinion change from an audience whose opinion is greatly discrepant from his own if Ted A. is credible. B. uses a fear arousing message. C. first puts them in a good mood. D. uses a one-sided argument.

A. is credible.

Julio is a directive leader of a highly cohesive student group on campus. When discussing important policy decisions, the group will be at greatest risk for groupthink if it is also A. isolated from dissenting view points. B. composed of majority and minority students. C. well-informed regarding both sides of the issue. D. aware of the dangers of making wrong decisions.

A. isolated from dissenting view points.

Frank (1982) noted that psychotherapy is similar to cults and zealous self-help groups because they provide all of the following EXCEPT A. isolation from the outside world. B. supportive, confiding social relationships. C. an offer of expertise and hope. D. a set of rituals and learning experiences that promises a new sense of happiness.

A. isolation from the outside world.

According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when A. just one other person also differs from the majority. B. one person differs from the majority. C. no one differs from the majority. D. there is heterogeneity in the group.

A. just one other person also differs from the majority.

Macy prefers classes with professors who are visually appealing and entertaining, rather than classes with professors who are knowledgeable and effective communicators. Macy is probably _______ in the need for cognition. A. low B. average C. high D. slightly above average

A. low

People who are quick to respond to peripheral cues, such as a communicator's attractiveness, are _______ in the need for cognition. A. low B. average C. high D. slightly above average

A. low

Paul is a very tolerant White male. When he meets Bill, an African-American, Paul assumes that Bill will view him as an arrogant spoiled White man. Paul's belief is an example of a(n) A. meta-stereotype. B. prejudice. C. own-racebias. D. outgroup homogeneity.

A. meta-stereotype.

Kiesler (1971) recommended that one way to stimulate people's thinking so that they become more committed to their positions is to A. mildly attack their position. B. strongly attack their position. C. mildly support their position. D. strongly support their position.

A. mildly attack their position.

Research on group polarization began with the erroneous conclusion that group discussion leads to A. more caution than individuals would take. B. more risk than the average individual would take. C. enhanced group members' initial leaning. D. group moderation.

A. more caution than individuals would take.

A consistent finding concerning Christianity in North America is that, in comparison to nonmembers, church members show _______ than nonmembers. A. more racial prejudice B. less racial prejudice C. more sexism but less racism D. more conformity but less authoritarianism

A. more racial prejudice

A review of studies on deindividuation showed that physical anonymity makes one _______ to cues presented in a situation, whether negative or positive. A. more responsive B. less responsive C. suddenly responsive D. ambivalent

A. more responsive

In Gerontology class, your professor gives an assignment that requires you to write two obituaries for yourself, one for if you were to die tomorrow, the other for if you were to die at age 80. Social psychologists accurately predicted that the anxiety associated with this assignment would lead students to be _______ likely to derogate _______ members. A. more; outgroup B. more; ingroup C. less; outgroup D. less; ingroup

A. more; outgroup

A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that A. none had been harmed. B. many were suspicious of all authorities. C. a minority of them had lowered self-esteem. D. most regretted having served in Milgram's study.

A. none had been harmed.

Bill conforms because he fears that he will be rejected by others in the group if he doesn't. His conformity results from A. normative influence. B. informational influence. C. obedience D. interpersonal influence.

A. normative influence.

Acting in accord with a direct order is called A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

A. obedience.

If you clean your room only because your parents order you to, your behavior is a form of A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

A. obedience.

When our behavior is a result of our boss telling us to do something, it is a form of A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

A. obedience.

Milgram's studies explored _______; Asch's studies explored _______. A. obedience; conformity B. conformity; normformation C. obedience; normformation D. conformity; obedience

A. obedience; conformity

Increased arousal enhances performance A. only on easy tasks. B. only on complex tasks. C. on dominant responses. D. on all responses

A. only on easy tasks.

Brock (1965) found that paint store customers were more influenced by the testimony of an A. ordinary person who recently bought the same amount of paint as them. B. expert who recently bought 20 times as much as them. C. ordinary person who recently bought 20 times as much as them. D. expert who recently bought the same amount of paint as them.

A. ordinary person who recently bought the same amount of paint as them.

According to Myers, advertisers for beverages and clothing tend to adopt marketing strategies that use the _______ route to persuasion. A. peripheral B. central C. logical D. image

A. peripheral

Suzy is interested in purchasing a new DVD player and is overwhelmed by the choices. She decides to purchase a shiny, metallic-looking model, as it is the best-looking one in the store. Suzy has been persuaded to purchase this particular DVD player because of the _______ route to persuasion. A. peripheral B. central C. logical D. image

A. peripheral

The _____ route to persuasion occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. A. peripheral B. central C. logical D. image

A. peripheral

We are more likely to be persuaded by the _______ route to persuasion when we are distracted or busy. A. peripheral B. central C. logical D. image

A. peripheral

Miller and his colleagues (1976) reported a _______ relationship between trustworthiness and the rate at which people speak. A. positive B. negative C. neutral D. curvilinear

A. positive

The relationship between the degree to which a group is cohesive and the degree to which the group has power over its members is a _______ one. A. positive B. negative C. neutral D. curvilinear

A. positive

Triplett conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a _______ relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children. A. positive B. negative C. neutral D. curvilinear

A. positive

The relationship between group size and the probability of deindividuation occurring is A. positive. B. negative. C. neutral. D. curvilinear.

A. positive.

Hamilton and Rose's (1980) research in which students read sentences describing accountants, doctors, and salespeople revealed that A. pre-existing stereotypes lead us to "see" correlations that do not exist. B. vivid information is irrelevant too occupational stereotypes. C. positive information is better remembered if it describes doctors. D. distinctive information is ignored when forming impressions.

A. pre-existing stereotypes lead us to "see" correlations that do not exist.

If a message's purpose and content elicits bad judgments we call it A. propaganda. B. education. C. channeled. D. prejudiced.

A. propaganda.

A state police force has set a height requirement of 5 feet 10 inches for all officers. This requirement is irrelevant to job effectiveness but generally excludes Hispanics, Asians, and women from the force. Such a requirement most clearly reflects A. racism and sexism. B. scapegoating and discrimination. C. stereotyping and prejudice. D. the realistic conflict theory.

A. racism and sexism.

An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given race is called A. racism. B. prejudice. C. discrimination. D. a stereotype.

A. racism.

Closed-mindedness is most clearly fostered by which of the following symptoms of groupthink? A. rationalization B. unquestioned belief in the group's morality C. an illusion of unanimity D. conformity pressure

A. rationalization

A motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is called A. reactance. B. normative influence. C. false consensus. D. false uniqueness.

A. reactance.

The _______ effect refers to how information that is presented last can have the most influence. A. recency B. primacy C. channel D. final

A. recency

In experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must _______ than when they must _______. A. respond publicly; write down their responses in private B. commit themselves in writing; announce their responses in public C. think before acting; react spontaneously D. explain their responses; keep silent

A. respond publicly; write down their responses in private

An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given sex is called A. sexism. B. prejudice. C. discrimination. D. a stereotype.

A. sexism.

You are attending a lecture by a banker and you expect her to advocate bank savings accounts. However, she advocates stock investments instead. Since her message goes against her own self-interest, you perceive her as _______ and the message as _______. A. sincere; persuasive B. insincere; not persuasive C. sincere; not persuasive D. insincere; persuasive

A. sincere; persuasive

Your co-worker tells you that she has both a pet snake and a pet dog at home. You are most likely to describe her to new office employees as a A. snake owner. B. dog owner. C. both a snake owner and a dog owner. D. co-worker.

A. snake owner.

Professional athletes often perform better in front of a large crowd during a game than alone during practice. This finding supports the theory of A. social facilitation. B. social loafing. C. social comparison. D. deindividuation.

A. social facilitation.

When being observed increases evaluation concerns, _____ occurs. When being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns _____ occurs. A. social facilitation; social loafing B. social loafing; social facilitation C. groupthink; group polarization D. group polarization; groupthink

A. social facilitation; social loafing

A concern for _______ produces normative influence, while a concern for _______ produces informational influence. A. social image; being correct B. being correct; social image C. being correct; gaining status D. social roles; authority figures

A. social image; being correct

Gina is a highly effective leader who excels in delegating authority, motivating those under her authority, and providing support. Gina excels in A. social leadership. B. laissez faire leadership. C. task leadership. D. feminine leadership.

A. social leadership.

Perceived expertise in a speaker includes all of the following EXCEPT A. someone speaking confidently B. being introduced as knowledgeable C. they begin with things that the audience agrees with D. someone speaking hesitantly

A. someone speaking confidently

Madison's parents comment that the nice new family on the block, who are Black, represent "professional, middle-class Blacks." Madison's parents are engaging in A. subgrouping. B. sub typing C. discrimination. D. prejudice.

A. subgrouping.

People in groups will loaf less when the A. task is challenging, appealing, or involving. B. task is difficult. C. group members do not know each other. D. task is not rewarded.

A. task is challenging, appealing, or involving.

Kevin wants his parents to extend his curfew for one hour this weekend. Kevin is most likely to persuade his parents if he A. tells them about the A he got on his physics test first. B. promises to do his homework before he goes out. C. threatens to run away if they don't agree. D. tells them after he shows them the dent he put in their car the night before.

A. tells them about the A he got on his physics test first.

Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found that participants in an experiment who worked alongside another person who occasionally rubbed her face were unwittingly more likely to rub their face. They called this A. the chameleon effect. B. mood linkage. C. compliance. D. automatic processing.

A. the chameleon effect.

Johnny is talking to his new roommate, Ken, when Ken starts scratching his nose. Within a few seconds, Johnny starts scratching his nose too. This is an example of A. the chameleon effect. B. the Werther effect. C. informational influence. D. normative influence.

A. the chameleon effect.

In follow-up experiments to his initial study, Milgram made the learner's protests more compelling by having him complain of a heart condition, then scream and plead for release, and finally refuse to answer. With this added condition, A. the majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter's demands. B. teachers were more reluctant to deliver initial shocks. C. learners became more real and personal to the teacher. D. fewer participants went to 450 volts.

A. the majority of participants still fully obeyed

Groups tend to loaf less when A. the members of the group are friends. B. they will never see each other again. C. the members are dissimilar. D. the members are strangers.

A. the members of the group are friends.

Albert sees a great deal of difference between all of his fraternity brothers but thinks that all sorority girls are the same. Albert's beliefs are best explained by A. the outgroup homogeneity effect. B. the ingroup bias. C. his social dominance orientation. D. the own-race bias.

A. the outgroup homogeneity effect.

Knowing that someone is trying to coerce you may prompt you to do the opposite of that person's wishes. This response is predicted by A. the reactance theory. B. the theory of normative social influence. C. Milgram's theory of obedience. D. the social norms theory.

A. the reactance theory.

The credibility of a noncredible person may increase over time if people remember the message more than the reason for discounting it in the first place. This is known as A. the sleeper effect. B. the authority effect. C. the primacy effect. D. the recency effect.

A. the sleeper effect.

In light of the Milgram studies, which of the following is NOT one of the factors that determined obedience? A. the victim's similarity to the teacher B. the victim's physical distance C. the authority's closeness and legitimacy D. whether or not the authority was institutionalized

A. the victim's similarity to the teacher

Evaluation apprehension helps explain why people perform best when A. their co-actor is slightly superior. B. their co-actor is dissimilar. C. their co-actor is slightly inferior. D. there is no co-actor present.

A. their co-actor is slightly superior.

Vince and Wanda are both members of the high school band. Vince plays tuba and Wanda plays the flute. Vince believes that the brass section is the strongest section of the band while Wanda believes the woodwinds are the most important section. Vince and Wanda's beliefs are best explained in terms of A. their ingroup biases. B. the outgroup homogeneity effect. C. realistic group conflict theory. D. scapegoat theory.

A. their ingroup biases.

According to Shaw (1981) what is the one thing all groups have in common? A. they interact B. they have at least 5 people C. they have co-actors D. all members operate in close proximity of one another

A. they interact

In a study by Latané and his colleagues (1979), participants were asked to shout and clap as loud as possible. Participants produced the most noise when they A. thought they were shouting alone. B. thought there was one other person shouting with them. C. thought there were five other people shouting with them. D. were not feeling any evaluation apprehension.

A. thought they were shouting alone.

Forgetting creates the recency effect when A. time has separated the two messages. B. there is little time between the two messages. C. the two messages are back to back. D. there are two opposing messages.

A. time has separated the two messages

According to the text, groupthink symptoms can be viewed as a form of dissonance reduction as group members A. try to maintain their positive group feelings. B. try to persuade other group members of their opinions. C. under estimate their group's might. D. discuss their group's vulnerability.

A. try to maintain their positive group feelings.

According to the text, the factor that determines if we call attempts at persuasion "education" or "propaganda" is whether or not A. we believe them. B. we know the communicator. C. the message is emotional in tone. D. the message is one-sided.

A. we believe them.

When the influence of the situation is _______, the consequent behavior is more likely to be a result of _______. A. weak; individual personalities B. weak; external circumstances C. strong; internal forces D. strong; dispositions

A. weak; individual personalities

Who is the most responsive to rational appeals? A. well-educated and analytical people B. well-educated and non-analytical people C. less educated and analytical people D. less educated and non-analytical people

A. well-educated and analytical people

Which one of the following is NOT one of the conditions under which a thinking person would adopt the peripheral route to persuasion? A. when there is a lack of time and interest B. when the speaker is articulate C. when the speaker has several arguments D. when the arguments are strong and compelling

A. when there is a lack of time and interest

In which situation are people LEAST likely to rely on stereotypes? A. when they are very calm B. when they are short on time C. when they are tired D. when they are preoccupied

A. when they are very calm

Social psychologists have accurately predicted that _______ will exhibit less social loafing. A. women B. men C. children D. the elderly

A. women

In conformity research, Stephens (2007) found _____ people tend to prefer being similar to others, while _____ people strongly prefer to see themselves as unique. A. working-class; middle-class B. middle-class; working-class C. upper-class; lower-class D. lower-class;upper-class

A. working-class; middle-class

Chaiken and Eagly (1976) found that when a message was difficult to comprehend, persuasion was greatest when the message was A. written. B. spoken. C. written and spoken. D. videotaped.

A. written.

Which statement illustrates discrimination? A. "White people make me so angry I could scream." B. "I wouldn't hire a woman, even if she was qualified." C. "The government should do more to help the Native Americans." D. "Whites can't dance as well as African Americans can."

B. "I wouldn't hire a woman, even if she was qualified."

The experimenter in Milgram's study used all EXCEPT which of the following verbal prods to encourage participants to continue? A. "It is absolutely essential that you continue." B. "You will be penalized if you refuse to go on." C. "You have no other choice; you must go on." D. "The experiment requires that you continue."

B. "You will be penalized if you refuse to go on."

Research on group size and conformity has shown that there is more conformity with A. 1-2 people than 3-5. B. 3-5 people than 1-2. C. more than 5 people than 3-5. D. 15 or more people (which really increases the conformity).

B. 3-5 people than 1-2.

While control participants were correct about line-length judgments more than 99 percent of the time in Asch's conformity study, his naive participants conformed to the incorrect judgments of others ___ percent of the time. A. 12 B. 37 C. 65 D. 87

B. 37

_______ sometimes follows compliance. A. Obedience B. Acceptance C. Conformity D. Reactance

B. Acceptance

Which researcher asked participants to offer judgments of line lengths to test conformity? A. Milgram B. Asch C. Sherif D. Werther

B. Asch

Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun (rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight). Their results showed that all participants mistakenly shot at more targets who were A. White. B. Black. C. male. D. female.

B. Black.

What is the effect of a fear-arousing communication? A. Fear renders a communication ineffective. B. Generally the more frightened people are, the more they respond. C. Evoking a low level of fear is effective, but producing a high level of fear is not. D. Fear appeals are effective with women but boomerang with men.

B. Generally the more frightened people are, the more they respond.

Which of the following is NOT a prescriptive strategy to prevent groupthink from developing? A. One or more members should be assigned the position of devil's advocate. B. Group members should be kept together as one unit and not divided into separate discussion subgroups. C. Outsiders should attend the meetings and challenge the group's views. D. After reaching a preliminary decision, the group should call a second-chance meeting and ask each member to express remaining doubts.

B. Group members should be kept together as one unit and not divided into separate

Which of the following is true? A. Directive leadership is associated with better decisions. B. Groups prefer supporting over challenging information. C. Groups with diverse perspective under perform groups of like-minded experts. D. In discussion, group members tend to benefit from all that their group members know

B. Groups prefer supporting over challenging information.

The most famous and controversial experiments in social psychology were conducted by A. Sherif. B. Milgram. C. Asch. D. Watson.

B. Milgram.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Women exhibit more social loafing than men do. B. People in Asia exhibit less social loafing than do people in the United States. C. There is no significant difference in the social loafing behaviors of people in the United States and people in Asia. D. People in Asia exhibit more social loafing than do people in the United States.

B. People in Asia exhibit less social loafing than do people in the United States.

What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice? A. People with high self-image tend to be more prejudiced. B. People with low self-image tend to be more prejudiced. C. There is no connection found between a person's self-image and their level of prejudice. D. The connection between a person's self-image and their level of prejudice is a weak one.

B. People with low self-image tend to be more prejudiced.

_____ and _____ convey self-confidence. A. Consistency; mindguards B. Persistence, consistency C. Minority slowness; consistency D. Genuiness; persistence

B. Persistence, consistency

_______ is the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. A. Compliance B. Persuasion C. Inoculation D. Sleeper effect

B. Persuasion

Sally believes that all psychology majors are nosey. When she meets Jonathan she is surprised because, although he is a psychology major, he respects her privacy and doesn't push her to share things if she doesn't want to. What will likely happen to Sally's stereotype of psychology majors? A. She will revise her current stereotype. B. She will say that Jonathan is the exception to the rule. C. She will dislike Jonathan. D. She will assume he is being nice for some other self-serving reason.

B. She will say that Jonathan is the exception to the rule.

_______ refers to the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable. A. Social facilitation B. Social loafing C. Deindividuation D. Mere presence

B. Social loafing

_______ occurs when a new stereotype is formed about groups of individuals who do not fit their stereotype. A. Subtyping B. Subgrouping C. Prejudice D. Discrimination

B. Subgrouping

_______ are exceptions to the group; _______ are acknowledged as part of the overall group. A. Subgroups; subtypes B. Subtypes; subgroups C. Ingroups; outgroups D. Outgroups; ingroups

B. Subtypes; subgroups

Your new roommate introduces himself as having an Irish and Tahitian background. You are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as A. Irish. B. Tahitian. C. both Irish and Tahitian. D. your roommate.

B. Tahitian.

Perceived trustworthiness includes all of the following behaviors EXCEPT A. The communicator uses direct eye contact. B. The audience believes the communicator is trying to persuade them. C. The communicator argues against his or her own self-interest. D. The communicator talks fast.

B. The audience believes the communicator is trying to persuade them.

_______ refers to the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others. A. The groupthink effect B. The social facilitation effect C. Social loafing D. Deindividuation

B. The social facilitation effect

Which class are you MOST likely to enjoy? A. a class of 40 people in a room that holds 45 people B. a class of 30 people in a room that holds 100 people C. a class of 100 people in a room that holds 250 people D. a class of 10 people in a room that holds 50 people

B. a class of 30 people in a room that holds 100 people

Eagly's (1994) "women-are-wonderful" effect is an example of A. a form of prejudice. B. a favorable stereotype. C. hostile sexism. D. discrimination.

B. a favorable stereotype.

In Western individualistic societies, the word "conformity" carries A. a positive value judgment. B. a negative value judgment. C. a neutral value judgment. D. both positive and negative value judgments.

B. a negative value judgment.

An example of someone who is involved with co-actors is A. a runner in a race. B. a runner surrounded by others jogging. C. a group of people working on a class project. D. someone involved with planning a party.

B. a runner surrounded by others jogging.

Jay believes that all Muslims are violent extremists. This is A. discrimination. B. a stereotype. C. a behavioral tendency. D. an example of groupthink.

B. a stereotype.

A review of research on gender attitudes suggests A. that most people have gut-level negative emotions about women even though they describe them favorably. B. a "women-are-wonderful" effect. C. that most people express more admiration than affection for women. D. that men and women are viewed as equally understanding and helpful.

B. a"women-are-wonderful" effect.

After hearing a great deal about the benefits of soy products from your friends, you decide to drink soy milk instead of cow's milk. Your behavior is an example of A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

B. acceptance.

After hearing so much about the dangers of smoking cigarettes from the media and seeing numbers of people who quit the habit, Jacob finally realizes that smoking is dangerous and therefore he quits. His behavior is an example of A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

B. acceptance.

Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure is called A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

B. acceptance.

All of the following factors increase the likelihood of obedience EXCEPT A. the distance of the victim. B. age and gender of the victim. C. the closeness of the authority. D. prestige of the institution/environment.

B. age and gender of the victim.

Research on brainstorming reveals that people working _______ will generate _______ good ideas. A. alone; fewer B. alone; more C. in large groups; more D. in small group; more

B. alone; more

A tendency to favor one's group is called A. ethnocentrism. B. an in-group bias. C. an outgroup bias. D. social dominance.

B. an in-group bias.

Betty and Tina, both third-graders in the same classroom, are assigned by their teacher to different groups that will compete in a spelling bee. Betty and Tina each believe that their own group is composed of the better spellers. The girls' beliefs best illustrate A. the just-world phenomenon. B. an in-group bias. C. the fundamental attribution error. D. an out group bias.

B. an in-group bias.

Sack and Elder (2000) found that more than 80 percent of both Whites and Blacks say race relations are generally good in their neighborhoods, but fewer than 60 percent see relations as generally good in the country as a whole. This is referred to as A. ethno centrism. B. an in-group bias. C. social dominance. D. an out group bias.

B. an in-group bias.

On Halloween night, Diener and her colleagues (1976) conducted a study of trick-or- treat theft at homes scattered throughout the Seattle area. Given a chance to steal candy, the children who were _______ were most likely to commit transgressions. A. anonymous and alone B. anonymous and in a group C. frustrated and alone D. frustrated and in a group

B. anonymous and in a group

Exposing people to weak attacks on their attitudes, which then stimulates thinking in support of the initial attitude, is known as A. central route persuasion. B. attitude inoculation. C. psychological reactance. D. the boomerang effect.

B. attitude inoculation.

When people deferred to credible experts, Cialdini (2008) called this the _______ principle of persuasion. A. liking B. authority C. social proof D. reciprocity

B. authority

Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun (rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight). Their results showed that all participants mistakenly shot at more targets who were Black. The results showed that A. to show prejudice people must be aware of their attitudes. B. automatic, implicit prejudice exists. C. people are not prejudiced. D. some people will always be afraid.

B. automatic, implicit prejudice exists.

Around the world, people tend to prefer A.baby boys, except in the U.S. where girls are preferred. B. baby boys. C. baby girls except in China where boys are preferred. D. baby girls.

B. baby boys.

We tend to feel more sadness when we learn about one person's death on the news than we feel when we hear of thousands killed in a natural disaster. This is A. not true. B. because of personalization of the victim. C. due to the victims' physical distance. D. because we have problems thinking in large numbers.

B. because of personalization of the victim.

People who are made self-aware by acting in front of a mirror or TV camera have been found to A. exhibit increased self-confidence. B. behave more consistently with their attitudes. C. be less thoughtful in analyzing complex social issues. D. be more vulnerable to persuasive appeals that run counter to social norms.

B. behave more consistently with their attitudes.

According to the social facilitation effect, social psychologists can accurately predict that athletes will perform _______ with a large audience. A. much worse B. best C. slightly worse D. better at unlearned tasks

B. best

Consistent with the social facilitation effect, Michaels and his colleagues (1982) found that when good pool players were observed, they did _______ than when they did not know they were being observed. A. much worse B. better C. the same D. slightly worse

B. better

According to Myers, advertisers for computers tend to adopt marketing strategies that use the ____ route to persuasion. A. peripheral B. central C. logical D. image

B. central

Sally is interested in purchasing a DVD player, and is overwhelmed by the many different models available at her local electronics store. She decides to consult a magazine devoted to reviewing the quality of home electronics. After reading a number of articles stating the pros and cons of each model, she decides on a DVD player. Sally has been persuaded to purchase this particular DVD player because of the _______ route to persuasion. A. peripheral B. central C. logical D. image

B. central

The_______route to persuasion occurs when interested people focus on arguments. A. peripheral B. central C. logical D. image

B. central

Which route to persuasion is most likely to create long-lasting attitudes and behavioral changes? A. peripheral B. central C. logical D. image

B. central

In the 1940s, researchers Clark and Clark (1947) gave African American children a choice between Black dolls and White dolls. Results showed that most children A. chose the Black dolls. B. chose the White dolls. C. refused to choose between them. D. used the dolls in aggressive symbolic play.

B. chose the White dolls.

On exam day, a student you do not know sits near you. This person is best described as a(n) A. confederate. B. co-actor. C. ingroup member. D. comrade.

B. co-actor.

You are taking your social psychology test in a room of 75 other students. These other students are best described as A. your group. B. co-actors. C. conglomerates. D. free-riders.

B. co-actors.

The extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction to one another, is called A. conformity. B. cohesion. C. compliance. D. unanimity.

B. cohesion.

Studies of Whites by Pettigrew in South Africa in the 1950s, when apartheid ruled, revealed that those who _______ were also most prejudiced. A. had the most education B. conformed most to other social norms C. were the most disadvantaged D. had the greatest amount of social power

B. conformed most to other social norms

When Milgram's experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport, Connecticut, far from the prestige and authority of Yale University, the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner _______ compared to the Yale rate. A. remained unchanged B. decreased C. increased slightly D. increased significantly

B. decreased

As an example of how persuasion can be used to promote healthier living, the CDC has reported that smoking in the U.S. has ______ over the last 40 years. A. stabilized B. decreased to 21 percent C. become more popular with teens D. increased to 21 percent

B. decreased to 21 percent

Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate _______ in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate. A. increases B. decreases C. stays the same D. increases, then gradually decreases

B. decreases

As a general rule of thumb, persuasion _______ as the significance and familiarity of the issue ______. A. increases; decreases B. decreases; increases C. increases; increases D. decreases; decreases

B. decreases; increases

The names we choose for our children often express our A. social roles. B. desire for uniqueness. C. self concept. D. reaction formation

B. desire for uniqueness.

"Mindguards" protect group leaders from A. unfair criticism. B. disagreeable facts. C. susceptibility to illusions. D. stereotyped views of the opponents.

B. disagreeable facts.

When the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown, we often redirect our hostility. This phenomenon is known as A. discrimination. B. displaced aggression. C. realistic group conflict. D. institutional supports.

B. displaced aggression.

Because of the relationship between crowding and arousal, you are likely to _______ on a difficult exam in a densely packed classroom. A. do well B. do poorly C. do average D. skip questions

B. do poorly

In Milgram's research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person, full obedience A. dropped to zero. B. dropped to 21 percent. C. dropped to 50 percent. D. increased to 73 percent.

B. dropped to 21 percent.

Research on leadership indicates that A. all great leaders share certain traits. B. effective supervisors tend to score high on both task and social leadership. C. the most effective leaders typically deviate significantly from a group's standards or norms. D. great leaders share little in common.

B. effective supervisors tend to score high on both task and social leadership.

Children of _______ have less stereotyped views of men and women. A. authoritarian parents B. employed women C. devoutly religious parents D. stay-at-home mothers

B. employed women

The best way to improve individual performance by a group is to A. evaluate the group output. B. evaluate each person individually. C. average the production of the group members. D. There is no way to do this.

B. evaluate each person individually.

Individuals who believe that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after the discussion the individuals will be A. more likely to question the wisdom of legalizing physician-assisted suicides. B. even more convinced that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized. C. sharply divided over whether physician-assisted suicides should be legalized. D. opposed to the legalization of physician-assisted suicides.

B. even more convinced that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized.

People who are overweight A.face less discrimination than minority racial groups. B. face more discrimination than minority racial groups in employment settings. C. are perceived as happy and content. D. do not face discrimination.

B. face more discrimination than minority racial groups in employment settings.

After President Bush announced his position regarding a possible war with Iraq, he was unlikely to change his mind. This most likely reflects the A. we-they polarity between the political parties. B. fact that public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence. C. fact that the high status of the office elicits a need for uniqueness. D. fact that higher-status people are more susceptible to psychological reactance.

B. fact that public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.

Inoculation research suggests that children A. are not persuaded by television advertising. B. fail to grasp the persuasive intent of commercials. C. use the central route to persuasion. D. are skeptical of television advertising.

B. fail to grasp the persuasive intent of commercials.

Which of the following is NOT a reason your textbook gives for why we yawn? A. tension B. fear C. you saw someone else yawn. D. being tired

B. fear

A lone black female lawyer in a group of black and white male lawyers will be most conscious of being A. black. B. female. C. a lawyer. D. in a group.

B. female.

According to survey research conducted in the U.S., racial prejudice toward African Americans A. is worse than ever today. B. has decreased since the early 1940s. C. has actually increased since the early 1980s. D. decreased from 1940 to 1960, then increased until 1980, and has since stabilized.

B. has decreased since the early 1940s.

Researchers have found that trustworthiness is _______ if the audience believes the communicator is NOT trying to persuade them. A. lower B. higher C. average D. absent

B. higher

Which one of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that listeners typically attribute to fast speakers? A. objective B. humorous C. intelligent D. knowledgeable

B. humorous

Cultural values influence conformity. It is more responsive to others' influences A. in individualistic countries than collectivistic countries. B. in collectivistic countries than individualistic countries. C. in individualistic and collectivistic countries. D. in neither type of country.

B. in collectivistic countries than individualistic countries.

I become more cautious in the group because, when I discuss a personal decision with the group members, they all suggest many interesting, influential arguments favoring a cautious approach. My shift is consistent with the ____ theory of group polarization. A. social loafing B. informational influence C. social comparison D. diffusion of responsibility

B. informational influence

Jim decides to change his answer on his math homework after his friends explain to him why his original answer was incorrect. This is an example of A. normative influence. B. informational influence. C. obedience D. reactance.

B. informational influence.

In the 60s and 70s, researchers observed only weak connections between personal characteristics and conformity. Later research finds A. it always predicts specific actions. B. it can predict average rather than specific actions. C. it seldom predicts average actions. D. there is no prediction of actions.

B. it can predict average rather than specific actions.

Assuming that sick people are responsible for their illnesses is an example of the _______ phenomenon. A. retribution B. just-world C. in group bias D. stereotype invulnerability

B. just-world

Linking good fortune with virtue and misfortune with moral failure enables fortunate people to feel pride and enables unfortunate people to avoid responsibility. This is an example of the _______ phenomenon. A. retribution B. just-world C. ingroupbias D. stereotype invulnerability

B. just-world

Mary tells you that she thinks the reason people live in poverty is because they are lazy. Mary's thinking is an example of the _______ phenomenon. A. retribution B. just-world C. ingroup bias D. stereotype invulnerability

B. just-world

The tendency for people to believe that individuals get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the _______ phenomenon. A. retribution B. just-world C. in group bias D. stereotype invulnerability

B. just-world

The just-world phenomenon may lead us to believe that an unemployed person is A. the victim of discrimination. B. lazy. C. in need of sympathy. D. in need of a retraining program.

B. lazy.

Deindividuation is _____ likely when self-awareness is _____. A. more; high B. less; high C. not ;low D. never; low

B. less; high

People tend to have different social and political attitudes depending on their age because attitudes change as people grow older. This refers to the _______ explanation for how age plays a role in persuasion. A. generational B. life cycle C. age D. time

B. life cycle

Stephanie believes that people become more conservative as they get older. Stephanie would most likely agree with the _____ explanation of attitude change. A. generational B. life cycle C. lifespan D. cohort

B. life cycle

In terms of persuasion, attractive people are A. beautiful. B. likable. C. expert. D. credible.

B. likable.

Bailenson and Yee's research with virtual social reality found a "person" whose expressions and movements echoed the participant was A. not liked but was persuasive. B. liked and was persuasive. C. not liked and was not persuasive. D. liked and was not persuasive.

B. liked and was persuasive.

When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated, evaluation apprehension is _______ and the probability of social loafing is _______. A. high; low B. low; high C. high; high D. low; low

B. low; high

Persuasion can be resisted by A. keeping one's own opinions private. B. making a public commitment to one's own position. C. attacking the opposite position. D. being closed to all arguments.

B. making a public commitment to one's own position.

Asch's studies of conformity show that A. most people are independent, freethinkers. B. many people tend to conform even to temporary groups. C. group norms never affect basic perceptual reports. D. American's are more independent than Asians.

B. many people tend to conform even to temporary groups.

In the spring of 1954, Seattle residents were alarmed by widespread reports of damage by a mysterious windshield-pitting agent. According to the text, the true cause of public concern was most likely A. fall out from recent Pacific testing of the H-bomb. B. mass suggestibility. C. psychological reactance. D. the autokinetic phenomenon.

B. mass suggestibility.

Jackman and Senter (1981) found that both men and women think that women are more "emotional" than men. This shows that A. gender stereotypes are stronger than racial stereotypes. B. members of a stereotype group accept the stereotypes. C. stereotypes persist across time and culture. D. strong gender stereotypes exist.

B. members of a stereotype group accept the stereotypes.

A study conducted by Snyder and Fromkin (1980) revealed that people feel better when they see themselves as A. very unique. B. moderately unique. C. not at all unique. D. collectivistic.

B. moderately unique.

In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received higher evaluations if participants were led to believe they were written by Black students than White students. This finding is an example of A. subtle prejudice. B. modern prejudice. C. racism. D. explicit prejudice.

B. modern prejudice.

Paula was feeling sad so she decided to go to a comedy club. After being around happy people for an hour, Paula left the club in a much better mood. This is an example of A. the autokinetic phenomenon. B. mood linkage. C. acceptance. D. the chameleon effect.

B. mood linkage.

Consistent with what is known about group polarization, Schkade and Sunstein (2003) found that on federal appellate court cases, a Republican judge sitting with two other Republican judges voted _____ than when sitting with one Democratic judge. A. more liberally B. more conservatively C. more predictably D. less predictably

B. more conservatively

Compared to people in individualistic countries, those in collectivist countries are A. more likely to express psychological reactance. B. more responsive to others' influence. C. more susceptible to the fundamental attribution error. D. more likely to be independent.

B. more responsive to others' influence.

Initial research on risk taking found that group discussion leads to A. more caution than individuals would take. B. more risk than the average individual would take. C. enhanced group members' initial leaning. D. group moderation.

B. more risk than the average individual would take.

Research has concluded that stimulating thinking makes stronger messages _______ persuasive and (because of counterarguing) weak messages _______ persuasive. A. less; more B. more; less C. extremely; not at all D. not at all; extremely

B. more; less

According to the text, Asch's experiments lacked _______ but did possess _______. A. experimental realism; mundane realism B. mundane realism; experimental realism C. validity; reliability D. reliability; validity

B. mundane realism; experimental realism

The relationship between self-consciousness and deindividuation is A. positive. B. negative. C. neutral. D. curvilinear.

B. negative.

The degree to which personality predicts our behavior is _______ related to the degree to which social influences predict our behavior. A. positively B. negatively C. somewhat D. not at all

B. negatively

Although Lenny thinks the speed limit of the highway should be 80 instead of 70 miles per hour, when the policeman tells him to slow down to 70 he does. This is an example of A. compliance. B. obedience. C. acceptance. D. reactance.

B. obedience.

The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call A. our group identity. B. our social identity. C. an in group. D. an out group.

B. our social identity.

"Them"—a group that people perceive as being distinctively different or apart from their ingroup—is what social psychologists call a(n) A. ingroup. B. outgroup. C. scapegoat. D. bias group.

B. outgroup.

Douglas and McGarty (2001) reported that the anonymity of Internet chat rooms, newsgroups, and listservs seems to foster more hostile behavior than is observed in face-to-face conversations. This is an example of how _______ contribute(s) to deindividuation. A. groupsize B. physical anonymity C. arousing activities D. culture

B. physical anonymity

During which activity did Ringelmann first observe social loafing? A. watching people job B. playing tug-of-war C. watching people ride their bicycles D. listening to people clap

B. playing tug-of-war

Sally has a crush on Billy but is afraid to ask him out because she does not think he is interested in her. Billy has a crush on Sally but hasn't asked for her phone number because he thinks she'll say "no." This is a case of A. social comparison. B. pluralistic ignorance. C. groupthink. D. group polarization.

B. pluralistic ignorance.

You are hesitant to ask questions in class because you assume everyone else understands and you would therefore seem foolish. Your thinking best exemplifies A. groupthink. B. pluralistic ignorance. C. socialloafing. D. self-handicapping.

B. pluralistic ignorance.

People who have a high need for cognition are likely to A. prefer peripheral routes to persuasion. B. prefer central routes to persuasion. C. support the life cycle explanation for differences in attitudes across age. D. support the generational explanation for differences in attitudes across age.

B. prefer central routes to persuasion.

Norms are _____. Stereotypes are _____. A. descriptive; prescriptive B. prescriptive; descriptive C. worldwide; personal D. personal; worldwide

B. prescriptive; descriptive

The _______ effect refers to how information that is presented first usually has the most influence. A. recency B. primacy C. channel D. initial

B. primacy

When Asch (1946) presented students with a description of someone as "intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious," they rated the person more positively than if the opposite order of adjectives was presented. This demonstrates the _______ effect. A. recency B. primacy C. channel D. sleeper

B. primacy

When two messages are back to back, followed by a time gap, the _______ effect usually occurs. A. recency B. primacy C. channel D. sleeper

B. primacy

The high rate of underage drinking may be related to A. social roles. B. psychological reactance. C. a drive for uniqueness. D. informational influences.

B. psychological reactance.

Ingham (1974) found that when blindfolded participants thought they were pulling a tug of war with other participants, they _______ than when they thought they were pulling alone. A. pulled more B. pulled less C. pulled the same amount D. varied more in their pulling amount

B. pulled less

Alicia has a fairly weak case to present to her supervisor. In order to be more persuasive, she should A. arouse a small amount of fear. B. put him in a good mood. C. convince him that her arguments are strong. D. argue her own self-interests.

B. put him in a good mood.

On the reality television show "Survivor," two tribes compete for luxuries such as food and shelter. During such challenges, one group's success becomes another group's failure. According to _____, such dynamics may breed prejudice. A. socialization theory B. realistic group conflict theory C. authoritarianism D. scapegoat theory

B. realistic group conflict theory

When Regina returned to the U.S. after two years in Madagascar, she felt uncomfortable and out of place. She was experiencing A. normative social influence. B. reentry distress. C. psychological reactance. D. anticonformity.

B. reentry distress.

Gordon Allport has concluded that "The role of _______ is paradoxical. It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice." A. power B. religion C. self-esteem D. education

B. religion

Targets for displaced aggression are commonly referred to as A. stereotypes. B. scapegoats. C. outgroups. D. bigits.

B. scapegoats.

We tend to like people who are like us. This exemplifies which characteristic of attractiveness? A. liking B. similarity C. consistency D. physical appeal

B. similarity

Your psychology professor has assigned group projects to your class. She has chosen to individually grade each student's contribution to the assignment as an attempt to reduce A. social facilitation. B. social loafing. C. minority influence. D. group polarization.

B. social loafing.

Which concept can explain the following facts: Patricia Hearst became a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army and later a homemaker; people randomly assigned to be the "boss" in a study solved fewer problems than did those assigned to be the "assistant"; in Zimbardo's study guards tended to become more coercive over time. A. dissonance B. social roles C. group structure D. self-perception

B. social roles

People who move to a region of the country where racism is unknown, students who attend a college that prizes multicultural values, and children raised by open- minded parents all become less prejudiced. These findings support a(n) ____ explanation of prejudice. A. scapegoat B. socialization C. authoritarianism D. realistic group conflict

B. socialization

According to the text, physical anonymity _______ results in antisocial behavior. A. always B. sometimes C. never D. almost never

B. sometimes

Bearman and Bruckner (2001) found that teens who made a public virginity-till- marriage pledge became _______ likely to remain sexually abstinent than similar teens who do not make the pledge. A. somewhat less B. somewhat more C. extremely less D. extremely more

B. somewhat more

Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate decreases in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate, especially if the non- jaywalker is well dressed. This is an example of the power of _______ on conformity. A. unanimity B. status C. cohesiveness D. co-morbidity

B. status

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is a(n) A. prejudice. B. stereotype. C. discrimination. D. emotion.

B. stereotype.

Kevin has just met Fred, a White American teenage boy. Kevin assumes that Fred would not be a good basketball player because "white men can't jump." This is an example of A. prejudice. B. stereotyping. C. discrimination. D. sexism.

B. stereotyping.

Central route processing often _____ explicit attitudes. A. has no effect on B. swiftly changes C. slowly changes D. never changes

B. swiftly changes

Allison is a middle child, grew up in a middle-income household, has a 3.0 GPA, has red hair, and is 5'4". Which of the following is Allison most likely to mention when her blind date calls her for the first time? A. that she is the middle child B. that she has red hair C. that she is a B-student D. that she is 5'4"

B. that she has red hair

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary elements of persuasion that social psychologists have studied? A. the communicator B. the context C. the message D. how the message is communicated

B. the context

If two messages are presented back to back, which message will likely hold the most influence? A. the last message B. the first message C. it depends on the communicator D. it depends on the channel of communication

B. the first message

Cults like Jim Jones's People's Temple typically recruit and retain members by using A. the sleeper effect. B. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. C. the recency effect. D. the attitude inoculation.

B. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Studies involving _______ most clearly demonstrate how social influence can take the form of acceptance. A. the judgments of the length of lines B. the judgments of the autokinetic phenomenon C. the shocking of innocent victims D. personality factors

B. the judgments of the autokinetic phenomenon

Jeremy's belief that earthquake victims are being punished by God for their own sins best illustrates A. Gause'slaw. B. the just-world phenomenon. C. an in group bias. D. stereotype vulnerability.

B. the just-world phenomenon.

The phrase "they are all alike, but we are diverse" reflects A. an out group bias. B. the out group homogeneity effect. C. ethnocentrism. D. a categorization bias.

B. the out group homogeneity effect.

Billboards and television commercials tend to use A. the central route to persuasion. B. the peripheral route to persuasion. C. the sleeper effect D. the direct route to persuasion.

B. the peripheral route to persuasion.

When the output of collective farms and private plots were compared, A. the collective farms were more productive. B. the private plots were more productive. C. there was little difference between the two. D. the output depended on the relationships within the group.

B. the private plots were more productive.

The tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present is the original meaning of A. the groupthink effect. B. the social facilitation effect. C. social loafing. D. deindividuation.

B. the social facilitation effect.

Triplett (1898) conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a positive relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children. Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it A. the groupthink effect. B. the social facilitation effect. C. social loafing. D. deindividuation.

B. the social facilitation effect.

In a variation of the Milgram study, teachers were required to force the learner's hand into contact with a shock plate. Under these conditions, A. there was no change in resulting shocks. B. there was a decrease in compliance to shock. C. there was an increase in compliance to shock. D. this study did not take place.

B. there was a decrease in compliance to shock.

In a variation of the Milgram study, the learner was in the same room as the teacher. Under these conditions A. there was no change in resulting shocks. B. there was a decrease in compliance to shock. C. there was an increase in compliance to shock. D. this study did not take place.

B. there was a decrease in compliance to shock.

When Milgram asked 100 psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults to predict the results of his experiment, the respondents said that they thought _______ would _______. A. they themselves; never begin to administer the shocks B. they themselves; disobey by about 135 volts C. other people; disobey by about 210 volts D. other people; would go all the way to 450 volts

B. they themselves; disobey by about 135 volts

A person who is able to motivate others to identify with and commit themselves to the group's mission would be best described as a(n) A. task leader. B. transformational leader. C. social leader. D. impact leader.

B. transformational leader.

Fear-arousing messages work best when they A. do not suggest a solution. B. try to prevent a bad outcome, such as cancer. C. try to promote a good outcome, such as fitness. D. are framed in a positive manner.

B. try to prevent a bad outcome, such as cancer.

Studies have shown that if people are aware of opposing arguments, a _______ presentation is more persuasive and enduring. A. one-sided B. two-sided C. discrepant D. clear and unambiguous

B. two-sided

Werner and her colleagues (2002) conducted a study on aluminum can recycling at the University of Utah and found that the most effective message was a A. one-sided one. B. two-sided one. C. discrepant one. D. clear and unambiguous one

B. two-sided one.

Eagly, Wood, and Chaiken (1978) found that when an anti-business speech was said to be given by a pro-environmentalist, it was perceived as _______ and _______. A. biased; persuasive B. unbiased; persuasive C. biased; unpersuasive D. unbiased; unpersuasive

B. unbiased; persuasive

Myers indicates that, until recently, prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practiced. This fact is consistent with the principle that _______ breeds prejudice. A. frustration B. unequal status C. conformity D. authoritarianism

B. unequal status

Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they A. make use of two-sided rather than one-sided appeals. B. unswervingly stick to their position. C. argue positions that are greatly discrepant from the majority position. D. show respect for the majority position.

B. unswervingly stick to their position.

Stereotype threat explains why A. individuals hide their prejudicial biases in most social situations. B.individuals sometimes perform poorly when apprehensive about being stereotyped. C. people evaluate individuals more positively than groups. D. stereotypes can be unwarranted generalizations across situations.

B.individuals sometimes perform poorly when apprehensive about being stereotyped.

Which of the following is a comment you are LEAST likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink? A. "Our critics are not very smart." B. "Our past decisions have always been right." C. "Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed." D. "It seems to me we are all in agreement on this, so let's proceed."

C. "Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed."

_______ in discussion produces more attitude change than does _______. A. Arguing; agreeing B. Agreeing; arguing C. Active participation; passive listening D. Passive listening; active participation

C. Active participation; passive listening

Who is most likely to be pleased with being called a "conformist?" A. Becky who lives in NewYork. B. Ingrid who lives in England. C. Amy who lives in Japan. D. Deborah who lives in Paris.

C. Amy who lives in Japan.

How did Asch's studies of conformity differ from those of Sherif? A. Asch's participants faced a more ambiguous task. B. Sherif's participants were dealing with facts rather than opinions. C. Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment. D. Sherif's participants were in the physical presence of the pressuring group, while Asch's participants were not.

C. Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment.

_____ exposes people to weak attacks on their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they have refutations available. A. Attitude reactance B. Central route persuasion C. Attitude inoculation D. Peripheral route persuasion

C. Attitude inoculation

Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Motivations not only lead people to be prejudiced but also lead people to avoid prejudice. B. Automatic prejudices subside when people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal rather than external. C. Automatic prejudices subside when people's motivation to avoid prejudice is external rather than internal. D. Categorization is necessary for prejudice.

C. Automatic prejudices subside when people's motivation to avoid prejudice is external rather than internal.

How did Burger's (2009) replication differ from Milgram's original research? A. Fewer people obeyed until the experimenter and administered 450 volts B. More participants were still obeying at the1 50-volt point C. Burger ended the experiment at the 150-volt point D. Burger's participants reported greater distress following the study

C. Burger ended the experiment at the 150-volt point

Which statement represents a symptom of groupthink? A. Group members feel that they are on the brink of making a bad decision. B. Members question the morality of their proposed solution. C. Everyone in the group seems to agree with everyone else. D. Deviants surface in the group and disrupt discussion.

C. Everyone in the group seems to agree with everyone else

Elvis is a gay man. He believes that every time he speaks people interpret his opinions in terms of his homosexuality and expects to be the victim of prejudice of discrimination. Which of the following best describes Elvis? A. He would score high in social dominance orientation. B. He would score high in a measure of authoritarianism. C. He is very stigma conscious. D. He has a self-perpetuating stereotype.

C. He is very stigma conscious.

Which statement is true? A. Surveys indicate that Americans are becoming more prejudiced. B. Prejudice is more overt now than in the past. C. Measures of automatic attitudes suggest that surveys may underestimate the amount of prejudice in America. D. Prejudices, since they are attitudes, have three components: beliefs, opinions, and sentiments.

C. Measures of automatic attitudes suggest that surveys may underestimate the amount of prejudice in America.

Based on research cited in the text, who is most likely to honk aggressively at someone stopped at a green light? A. The driver of a moped B. The driver of a convertible with the top down C. The drive of a convertible with the top up D. The driver of a motorcycle

C. The driver of a convertible with the top up

The Eldersveld and Dodge (1954) study identified which group casting the most votes in an election? A. The one that was exposed to mass media and mailings. B. The one that was exposed to mass media. C. The one that was exposed to mass media and visited personally. D. There were no differences in the voting groups.

C. The one that was exposed to mass media and visited personally.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of conformity and obedience? A. They are primarily collectivistic phenomena. B. They are primarily individualistic phenomena. C. They are universal phenomena that vary by culture. D. They are universal phenomena that are uninfluenced by culture.

C. They are universal phenomena that vary by culture.

Which of the following is true? A. Faithful church attenders are more prejudiced than occasional attenders B. Those who score highest on Gallup's "spiritual commitment" index are less accepting of a person of another race moving in next door C. Those for whom religion is an end in itself express less prejudice than those for whom religion is more a means to an end D. all of the above

C. Those for whom religion is an end in itself express less prejudice than those for whom religion is more a means to an end

Which of the following is TRUE? A. Faithful church attendees are more prejudiced than occasional attendees. B. Those who scored highest on Gallup's "spiritual commitment" index were less accepting of a person of another race moving in next door. C. Those for whom religion is an end in itself express less prejudice than those for whom religion is more a means to an end. D. All of the above

C. Those for whom religion is an end in itself express less prejudice than those for whom religion is more a means to an end.

Who is most likely to support a policy, such as tax cuts for the wealthy, that maintains hierarchies? A. a male B. a female C. a person high in social dominance D. a person low in social dominance

C. a person high in social dominance

Who is most likely to support a policy, such as tax cuts for the wealthy, that maintains hierarchies? A. male B. female C. a person high in social dominance D. a person low is social dominance

C. a person high in social dominance

Mr. Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of _______. His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of _______. A. a stereotype; racism B. discrimination; prejudice C. a stereotype; discrimination D. racism; prejudice

C. a stereotype; discrimination

A person who both acts and believes in accord with social pressure is demonstrating A. compliance. B. obedience. C. acceptance. D. conformity.

C. acceptance.

When people learn about others' positions, without making a prior commitment and without discussing their own position, they will A. often take a reverse position. B. not adjust their own position. C. adjust their responses to be more inline with the others' position. D. pretend they "knew it all along."

C. adjust their responses to be more inline with the others' position.

When your audience ____, a one-sided argument is most effective for changing attitudes. A. has experienced reactance B. already knows that there are two sides to the argument C. already agrees with you D. is highly educated

C. already agrees with you

According to social psychologists, a group exists when two or more people interact with and influence each other, and A. a real so in the same place. B. also work together. C. also perceive themselves as "us." D. also facilitate each other.

C. also perceive themselves as "us."

Milgram found that A. very few people are willing to obey another person if it will lead to harm. B. only authoritarian persons are willing to obey. C. approximately 65% of his subjects were highly obedient. D. most people who obeyed did so happily.

C. approximately 65% of his subjects were highly obedient.

Prejudice is a(n) A. behavior. B. cognition. C. attitude. D. affect.

C. attitude.

Which of the following is NOT an example of subtle prejudice? A. exaggerating ethnic differences B.feeling less admiration and affection for immigrant minorities C. believing one race to be better at certain tasks than others D. rejecting minorities for supposedly nonracial reasons

C. believing one race to be better at certain tasks than others

The _____-route process is more likely to lead to long-term attitude and behavior changes than is the _____-route process. A. cognitive; emotional B. internal; external C. central; peripheral D. peripheral; central

C. central; peripheral

The way a message is delivered is what social psychologists refer to as the _______ of communication. A. mode B. route C. channel D. Method

C. channel

You are more likely to be persuaded when a message is A. clear and easy to comprehend and the arguments are unconvincing. B. difficult to comprehend and the arguments are unconvincing. C. clear and easy to comprehend and the arguments are convincing. D. difficult to comprehend and the arguments are convincing.

C. clear and easy to comprehend and the arguments are convincing.

The motivation to think and analyze is referred to as the need for A. contemplation. B. thinking. C. cognition. D. central routes.

C. cognition.

Group members who feel attracted to the group are more responsive to its influence. This fact illustrates the impact of _______ on conformity. A. unanimity B. status C. cohesiveness D. co-morbidity

C. cohesiveness

According to your text, people in _______ cultures exhibit less social loafing than people in _______ cultures. A. independent; dependent B. dependent; independent C. collectivistic; individualistic D. individualistic; collectivistic

C. collectivistic; individualistic

Consistent with what is known about personalization, Lydon and Dunkel-Schetter (1994) found that expectant women expressed more _______ to their pregnancies after seeing an ultrasound photo of the fetus. A. apathy B. resentment C. commitment D. hostility

C. commitment

According to Aronson, Turner, and Carlsmith (1963), the effect of a large versus a small discrepancy between the communicator and the receiver of a message depends on whether or not the A. receiver of the message is emotionally invested in the topic. B. receiver of the message is interested in the topic. C. communicator of the message is credible. D. communicator of the message is articulate.

C. communicator of the message is credible.

During the 1970s, the military junta in power in Greece initially selected candidates for officers based on their submission to authority. The candidates were first asked to guard prisoners, then to observe torture, and then to eventually practice torture. This process demonstrates how _______ can breed _______. A. obedience; conformity B. conformity; obedience C. compliance; acceptance D. acceptance; compliance

C. compliance; acceptance

A change in behavior or belief to accord with others is called A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

C. conformity.

A person's perceived expertise and trustworthiness comprise their overall A. convinceability. B. intelligence. C. credibility. D. persuasiveness

C. credibility.

A looting mob is a good example of A. social loafing. B. groupthink. C. deindividuation. D. a risky shift.

C. deindividuation.

When people experience a loss of self-awareness as well as evaluation apprehension, they are in a state of A. social facilitation. B. social loafing. C. deindividuation. D. groupthink.

C. deindividuation.

Elena's boss told her that she is being let go due to company downsizing. Later that day when she gets home, she is critical of her girlfriend's choice of restaurant for dinner. What term best describes Elena's behavior? A. institutionalized aggression B. just-world action C. displaced aggression D. authoritarian regression

C. displaced aggression

John has just failed a chemistry test. He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate's choice of music. What term best describes John's behavior? A. institutionalized aggression B. just-world action C. displaced aggression D. authoritarian regression

C. displaced aggression

More lynching of Blacks took place in the old South during years when cotton prices were low, suggesting that prejudice is partly explained by A. in group bias. B. the just-world hypothesis. C. displaced aggression. D. institutional supports.

C. displaced aggression.

When William McGuire and his Yale University colleagues invited children to "tell us about yourself," they found that the children were most likely to mention their A. gender. B. nationality. C. distinctive attributes. D. most common personal characteristics.

C. distinctive attributes.

When giving a speech in class, you spend most of the first five minutes wondering what your audience is thinking of you. This is a good example of _____ instead of thinking about what you are saying. A. evaluation apprehension B. social distortion C. driven by distraction D. deindividuation

C. driven by distraction

Sanders, Baron, and Moore (1978) explained social facilitation by noting that a conflict occurs between paying attention to others and paying attention to the task at hand. They named this explanation A. evaluation apprehension. B. social distortion. C. driven by distraction. D. deindividuation.

C. driven by distraction.

Later research on risk taking found that group discussion leads to A. more caution than individuals would take. B. more risk than the average individual would take. C. enhanced group members' initial leaning. D. group moderation.

C. enhanced group members' initial leaning.

Kayla's grandparents emigrated from Europe. Kayla holds such a strong belief that her ethnic group is superior to all others that she could accurately be described as being A. prejudiced. B. discriminatory. C. ethnocentric. D. arrogant.

C. ethnocentric.

A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group is called A. prejudice. B. discrimination. C. ethnocentrism. D. arrogance.

C. ethnocentrism.

You have noticed that when you are at the gym, your exercise routine is not affected by how many other people are there. However, it is affected when other people are watching you exercise. This pattern in your behavior is what social psychologists call A. social facilitation. B. mere presence. C. evaluation apprehension. D. social loafing.

C. evaluation apprehension.

By the definitions in the book, education is more _____, whereas propaganda is more _____. A. coercive; factual B. important; useful C. factual; coercive D. useful; important

C. factual; coercive

Research has found that _______ speakers are rated as more objective, intelligent, and knowledgeable. A. dull B. exciting C. fast D. slow

C. fast

Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. Social psychologists would call Sam a A. social facilitator. B. freeloafer. C. freerider. D. freeloader.

C. freerider.

All the following factors help to make a leader effective EXCEPT A. defection. B. consistency. C. gender. D. self-confidence.

C. gender.

According to Myers, the most effective instructors A. present information as simply as possible. B. use fear-provoking tests to encourage study. C. get their students to think actively. D. are attractive and engaging.

C. get their students to think actively.

When group discussion strengthens members' initial inclinations we say that _____ has occurred. A. groupthink B. a risk shift C. group polarization D. social leadership

C. group polarization

Two or more people who interact with and influence one another for longer than a few moments is what social psychologists call a A. clan. B. crowd. C. group. D. mob.

C. group.

The illusion of unanimity in a group is one aspect of A. social facilitation. B. deindividuation. C. groupthink. D. rationalization.

C. groupthink.

Which of the following is NOT a determinant of minority influence? A. consistency B. self-confidence C. illusions of morality D. detection from the majority

C. illusions of morality

The Werther effect is most likely to occur A. in older adults. B. two to three months later. C. in places where the suicide story is publicized. D. during the winter.

C. in places where the suicide story is publicized.

If people remember the message better than the reason for discounting it, the impact of a noncredible person may _______ over time. A. change B. stay the same C. increase D. decrease

C. increase

According to Myers, an unchallenged assumption in individualistic Western nations is that _______ is good and _______ is bad. A. uniqueness; similarity B. similarity; uniqueness C. individualism; conformity D. conformity; individualism

C. individualism; conformity

Social loafing can be minimized if A. rewards for work are divided equally. B. the task requires dominant responses. C. individuals are identifiable. D. people work with co-workers rather than friends.

C. individuals are identifiable.

Shaw (1981) argued that the one thing that all groups have in common is that the members A. reside in the same location. B. agree on most topics. C. interact. D. facilitate each other.

C. interact.

Amanda, thirty-five year-old Black woman, has witnessed a crime. When shown a lineup of suspects, Amanda is most likely to recognize the culprit if the culprit A. is White. B. is a senior citizen. C. is in his 30's. D. is Asian.

C. is in his 30's.

A cult has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A. a distinctive ritual and beliefs that are related to its devotion to a god or a person. B. the use of mind-altering drugs. C. isolation from the surrounding culture. D. a charismatic leader.

C. isolation from the surrounding culture.

The tendency of people to get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the A. group-servingbias. B. stigma consciousness. C. just-world phenomenon. D. outgroup homogeneity effect.

C. just-world phenomenon.

The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group is called A. central route persuasion. B. peripheral route persuasion. C. leadership. D. the foot-in-the-door principle

C. leadership.

Studies comparing different sources of media found that the more _______ the media, the more persuasive the message. A. positive B. negative C. lifelike D. intense

C. lifelike

People high in social dominance orientation tend to support policies that _______ hierarchies and oppose policies that _______ hierarchies. A. establish; eliminate B. eliminate; establish C. maintain; undermine D. undermine; maintain

C. maintain; undermine

All of the below are needed for "groupthink" to occur EXCEPT A. group cohesiveness. B. isolation of the group from dissenting views. C. members being well-informed regarding the issues. D. a directive leader who signals what they favor.

C. members being well-informed regarding the issues.

Although Marcia says she is not prejudiced against Blacks, she votes against interviewing a job applicant with an African name for a flimsy reason. She is exhibiting what some social science researchers call A. overt discrimination. B. automatic processing. C. modern racism. D. hidden racism.

C. modern racism.

Darley and Cooper (1972) found that when students were invited to write essays advocating a strict dress code, which was against the students' own positions, the students were not willing to write the essays even if they were paid. After turning down the money, the students became A. agitated. B. less confident in their decision. C. more confident in their decision. D. annoyed at those students who were willing to write the essay.

C. more confident in their decision.

The larger the crowd, the _______ a person tends to be _______. A. more; calm B. less; calm C. more; aroused D. less; aroused

C. more; aroused

Another term for a cult is a(n) A. spin off from a major religion. B. sect. C. new religious movement. D. evil culture.

C. new religious movement.

In his classic study of _______, Sherif had participants in groups call out estimates of the distance that a small point of light appeared to move in a dark room. A. obedience B. group cohesiveness C. norm formation D. psychological reactance

C. norm formation

Although he made a promise to himself to not take illegal drugs, Tom gave into peer pressure at a party to smoke marijuana because he did not want to be rejected by the others. Tom's conformity is a result of A. compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

C. normative influence.

Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain their acceptance, is called A. compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

C. normative influence.

Conformity is greater when people respond publicly before a group. This pattern reflects A. compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

C. normative influence.

When we go along with the crowd and act counter to our own beliefs and values, we are conforming because of A. compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

C. normative influence.

Fear-arousing messages are most effective when they A. cause only mild fear. B. involve pleasurable activities. C. offer a protective strategy. D. are overwhelming.

C. offer a protective strategy.

The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race is called the A. ingroup heterogeneity effect. B. out group homogeneity effect. C. own-race bias. D. faceism effect.

C. own-race bias.

You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery. This is an example of A. a group-serving bias. B. an out group effect. C. own-race bias. D. distinctive case.

C. own-race bias.

Altemeyer (2004) reported that _______ are among the most prejudiced persons in our society. A. people high in social dominance B. right wing authoritarians C. people high in social dominance and authoritarianism D. highly religious people

C. people high in social dominance and authoritarianism

A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding is what social psychologists call A. an imaginary audience. B. social comparison. C. pluralistic ignorance. D. groupthink.

C. pluralistic ignorance.

Ahmed generally likes to go home to visit his family during vacation. However, after his father tells him that he must be home during spring vacation, Ahmed decides to remain at college. Ahmed's behavior is best understood in terms of A. reaction formation. B. regression. C. psychological reactance. D. self-serving bias.

C. psychological reactance.

Kleck and Strenta (1980) had women who falsely believed that they appeared disfigured by theatrical makeup interact with a female partner. Results indicated that women who thought they were disfigured A. interacted for a longer period of time with their partners. B. interacted for a shorter period of time with their partners. C. rated their partners as more tense, distant, and patronizing. D. rated their partners as warmer, more open, and friendlier.

C. rated their partners as more tense, distant, and patronizing.

We tend to _______ the competence of those in high-status positions and _______ those who agreeably accept a lower-status position. A. like; respect B. devalue; admire C. respect; like D. admire; ignore

C. respect; like

People are more likely to exhibit social loafing if A. their efforts are not rewarded. B. rewards are divided according to individual effort. C. rewards are divided equally regardless of individual effort. D. they are individually monitored.

C. rewards are divided equally regardless of individual effort.

While sitting in a meeting, John is becoming more and more uncomfortable with the group consensus. Not wanting to make waves, though, he withholds his opinion in favor of the group's comfort. This is an example of A. having a mindguard. B. being a free-rider. C. self-censorship. D. rationalization.

C. self-censorship.

The benefit of being high in stigma consciousness is that it can buffer individual A. autonomy. B. freedom. C. self-esteem. D. confidence.

C. self-esteem

When a choice concerns matters of personal value or ways of life, _______ communicators have more influence. A. dissimilar B. expert C. similar D. disinterested

C. similar

The _______ effect occurs when we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it. A. delayed reaction B. short-term memory C. sleeper D. longevity

C. sleeper

When an initially discounted message becomes effective, a delayed impact of the message occurs. This is called the _______ effect. A. delayed reaction B. short-term memory C. sleeper D. longevity

C. sleeper

Persons high in _____ tend to view people in terms of status hierarchies—with themselves being at the top. A. sexism B. racism C. social dominance orientation D. bigotry

C. social dominance orientation

Which one of the following is NOT an explanation for group polarization? A. informational influence B. normative influence C. social facilitation D. desire to be accepted

C. social facilitation

Which of the following best explains why students typically dislike group projects in their classes? A. deindividuation B. social facilitation C. social loafing D. groupthink

C. social loafing

At your factory job, output was measured at the end of every day by how much the team of workers you belonged to produced. Because of this evaluation procedure, your behavior was characterized by _______; now that a new manager has taken over and each individual worker's output is measured by a computer, your behavior is now characterized by _______. A. deindividuation; groupthink B. groupthink;deindividuation C. social loafing; social facilitation D. social facilitation; social loafing

C. social loafing; social facilitation

When people allowed the example of others to validate how to think, feel, and act, Cialdini (2008) called this the _______ principle of persuasion. A. liking B. authority C. social proof D. scarcity

C. social proof

Bob is high in social dominance. Which of the following majors is he UNLIKELY to choose in college? A. business B. politics C. social work D. law

C. social work

Which factor decreases the persuasiveness of the source of a message? A. appearing to be credible B. speaking confidently C. speaking slowly and carefully D. arguing against one's own self-interest

C. speaking slowly and carefully

People vary in how likely they are to expect that others will stereotype them. This is called A. discrimination expectation. B. prejudice anticipation. C. stigma consciousness. D. stereotype threat.

C. stigma consciousness.

According to the text, personality predicts behavior when social influences are A. obvious. B. covert. C. strong. D. weak.

C. strong.

Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. After meeting Kim who as a 4.0 GPA and spends 20 hours each week volunteering to help the disabled children Beth says "well, she's the exception to the rule." This is an example of A. terror management theory. B. a stereotype threat. C. subtyping. D. the just-world phenomenon.

C. subtyping.

The increased number of office buildings with large open spaces rather than private offices is an example of how social facilitation research has A. helped confirm the theory. B. guided new exploration of research topics. C. suggested practical applications. D. been misused by industries.

C. suggested practical applications.

Martha is excellent at organizing her employees, setting goals, and focusing on achieving those goals for the company. Martha excels in A. social leadership. B. laissez faire leadership. C. task leadership. D. masculine leadership.

C. task leadership.

Asch's conformity experiments showed that most people A. go along with others' decisions. B. conform even when wrong. C. tell the truth even when others do not. D. become confused when confronted.

C. tell the truth even when others do not.

Attitudes regarding the war with Iraq differ significantly depending on A. the personality factors. B. the gender. C. the differing information received. D. the type of persuasion used.

C. the differing information received.

Individuals who are typically regarded as thinking people may be inclined to use the peripheral route to persuasion if A. the speaker is young and vibrant. B. the speaker seems to have ulterior motives. C. the speaker has apparently good motives. D. they are paid to do so.

C. the speaker has apparently good motives.

A consistent finding is that no matter how religious commitment is assessed, A. the less devout are less prejudiced. B. commitment bears no relation to prejudice. C. the very devout are less prejudiced. D. the very devout are the most prejudiced.

C. the very devout are less prejudiced.

People are LEAST likely to conform when A. they are in a group of four people. B. the group is unanimous. C. they have made a prior public commitment. D. when the group is cohesive.

C. they have made a prior public commitment.

According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when it loses its A. agenda. B. anonymity. C. unanimity. D. heterogeneity.

C. unanimity.

When participants in Milgram's experiments wanted to quit, they were given A. shocks to keep them going. B. money as an incentive to keep going. C. up to four verbal prods to keep them going. D. a reward for being one of the few to disobey.

C. up to four verbal prods to keep them going.

Leaders of cults who get individuals to engage in unusual types of behavior A. possess a powerful, mysterious control over followers. B. prey upon weak-willed individuals who are easy victims. C. use common, but multiple, methods of persuasion. D. rely heavily on fear appeals.

C. use common, but multiple, methods of persuasion.

Social comparison is more likely to sway responses on A. issues that have a factual element. B. moderate, rather than severe, issues. C. value-laden judgments. D. complex, rather than simple issues.

C. value-laden judgments.

When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20- to 50- year-old men, he found that over 60 percent of them A. refused to deliver shocks beyond 150 volts. B. refused to deliver shocks past the 300-volt level. C. went all the way to 450 volts. D. asked to be released from the experiment by 135 volts.

C. went all the way to 450 volts.

When is personality most likely to predict behavior? A. in familiar situations B. when looking at specific instances of behavior C. when situations are weak D. in collectivist cultures

C. when situations are weak

Which of the following is NOT an example of informational influence? A. when participants feel incompetent B. when the task is difficult C. when subjects are bilingual D. when people care about being right

C. when subjects are bilingual

Whether a one-sided or two-sided message is more persuasive depends on all of the following EXCEPT A. whether the audience already agrees with the message. B. whether the audience is unaware of opposing arguments. C. whether the audience thinks information is being shared in an appropriate way. D. whether the audience is unlikely later to consider the opposition.

C. whether the audience thinks information is being shared in an appropriate way.

Normative influence leads to compliance, especially for those A. in ambiguous situations. B. who are comfortable in their roles. C. who are seeking to climb a status ladder. D. who are in positions of authority.

C. who are seeking to climb a status ladder.

Kevin flosses twice a week. If told that other students at his college floss 10 times a week, research by Schmiege et al. (2010) suggests that Kevin A. will not believe the researchers. B. will intend to floss more often but ultimately continue to floss twice a week. C. will begin flossing more often. D. will floss less often.

C. will begin flossing more often.

What activity did Norman Triplett ask children to perform in his first laboratory study of social facilitation? A. ride a bicycle B. clap C. wind string on a fishing reel D. play tug-of-war

C. wind string on a fishing reel

Nora, a single mom, needs to ask her parents for money. To minimize their objections to her request, she should A. warn them ahead of time of her need. B. have her busy, distracting little toddler along when she makes her request. C. write out her request for them to consider. D. ask them on the telephone.

C. write out her request for them to consider.

Messages are best understood and remembered when they are A. audiotaped. B. live. C. written. D. videotaped.

C. written.

Researchers found that difficult messages are most persuasive when _______, and easy messages are most persuasive when _______. A. audiotaped; videotaped B. spoken; written C. written; videotaped D. given slowly; given quickly

C. written; videotaped

At what point in the study does the "learner" in Milgram's study refuse to answer any additional questions? A. 75 volts B. 150 volts C. 270 volts D. 300 volts

D. 300 volts

At what point does adding additional group members yield diminishing returns in conformity research? A. 3 group members B. 4 group members C. 5 group members D. 6 group members

D. 6 group members

In one variation of his original experiment, Milgram arranged for a confederate "clerk" (posing as a fellow participant) to assume command in the experimenter's absence. As a result of this manipulation, A. most teachers agreed to comply with the orders of their fellow group member. B. the teachers competed with him and with each other for the role of leader. C. participants became more positive about their roles in this cohesive group, and some even became enthusiastic. D. 80 percent of the teachers refused to comply fully.

D. 80 percent of the teachers refused to comply fully.

What percentage of nurses in Hofling et al.'s (1966) study administered an obvious drug overdose when it was called in by an unknown physician? A. 27% B. 50% C. 75% D. 95%

D. 95%

Which of the following illustrates media influence through a two-step flow of communication? A. A teenager buys a video game she saw advertised both on television and in her favorite magazine. B. A domestic car manufacturer sponsors a television program about the defectiveness of many foreign imports. C. A candidate for political office answers questions from members of a studio audience on live television. D. A man buys a new laundry detergent after having it recommended by a friend, who had read that it was both effective and environmentally safe in a consumer magazine article.

D. A man buys a new laundry detergent after having it recommended by a friend, who had read that it was both effective and environmentally safe in a consumer magazine article.

Cultural attitudes, including prejudice, are embodied and reinforced in A. schools. B. government. C. the media. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

The psychological reactance theory may help explain why A. drinking on campus is heavier for underage drinkers than for legal-age drinkers. B. a toddler, ignoring a toy, protests and demands the toy back when a playmate begins to play with it. C. the demand for and value placed on an object is greater when the object is perceived to be rare or hard to get. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received higher evaluations if participants were led to believe they were written by A. White students. B. Male students. C. Female students. D. Black students.

D. Black students.

Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. He believes in strict obedience to authority and is intolerant of weakness in others. Which of the following statements would likely be true of Bill? A. He suffers from antisocial personality disorder. B. He scores highly on modern racism scales. C. He has a social identity disorder. D. He has an authoritarian personality.

D. He has an authoritarian personality.

Which of the following is NOT one of the verbal prods used in Milgram's studies to keep participants going? A. Please continue. B. The experiment requires that you continue. C. You have no other choice; you must go on. D. If you do not continue, you will need to take the "learner's" place.

D. If you do not continue, you will need to take the "learner's" place.

Which statement is NOT true about the best way to deal with media information? A. The more life like the medium, the more persuasive the message. B. Messages are best comprehended and recalled when written. C. When the message is difficult to comprehend it is best written. D. Messages are best comprehended and recalled when spoken.

D. Messages are best comprehended and recalled when spoken.

_______ is a negative attitude; _______ is a negative behavior. A. A stereotype;racism B. Racism; stereotyping C. Discrimination; prejudice D. Prejudice; discrimination

D. Prejudice; discrimination

Which statement is FALSE? A. Strong gender stereotypes exist. B. Members of a stereotyped group accept the stereotypes. C. Worldwide, women are perceived as more agreeable. D. Racial stereotypes are stronger than gender stereotypes.

D. Racial stereotypes are stronger than gender stereotypes.

All of the following statements are social sources of prejudice EXCEPT A. A group that enjoys social and economic superiority often uses prejudicial beliefs to justify its privileged position. B. Children are brought up in ways that foster or reduce prejudice. C. Religious communities can sustain or reduce prejudice. D. Social institutions and policies don't support prejudice.

D. Social institutions and policies don't support prejudice.

Sharon wants to talk to her teenage daughter about the dangers of smoking. Which of the following suggestions is LEAST likely to persuade Sharon's daughter to resist the pressure to smoke? A. Askher to think about the negative effects of smoking(e.g.,cancer). B. Askher to make a public commitment to not smoke. C. Increase her fear of smoking by showing her pictures of lung cancer. D. Tell her she is forbidden from smoking and threaten to take away her car if she ever tries it.

D. Tell her she is forbidden from smoking and threaten to take away her car if she ever tries it.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The greater our familiarity with a social group, the more we see its diversity. B. The less our familiarity with a social group, the more we stereotype. C. We are likely to exaggerate the similarities within a group we are not a part of. D. The larger and more powerful the group, the less we attend to them and the more we stereotype.

D. The larger and more powerful the group, the less we attend to them and the more we stereotype.

Which statement is true? A. On simple, individualistic tasks people work better when alone rather than in the presence of others. B. Because competition motivates, people working on complicated tasks are more efficient when they work in the same room rather than in isolation. C. For both simple and complex tasks, environmental distractions invariably undermine the quality of performance. D. The presence of others speeds up the performance of simple, well-learned tasks.

D. The presence of others speeds up the performance of simple, well-learned tasks.

According to research on deindividuation and self-awareness, what should people who want to lose weight put on their refrigerator? A. alock B. pictures of models whose bodies they admire C. pictures of people who are overweight D. a mirror

D. a mirror

The process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others, is referred to as A. the sleeper effect. B. an indirect channel of communication. C. the opinion leader effect. D. a two-step flow of communication.

D. a two-step flow of communication.

Apparently, fear arousal facilitates persuasion when A. fear is extremely high. B. fear is moderately high. C. the target has low self-esteem. D. a way to avoid the almost certain danger is available.

D. a way to avoid the almost certain danger is available.

A year after his original study, Sherif's participants were retested alone and gave answers that supported the original group's norm. This suggests that the process involved was really A. reactance. B. compliance. C. obedience. D. acceptance.

D. acceptance.

In a study by Hofling and his colleagues (1966), 22 hospital nurses were telephoned by an unknown physician and ordered to administer an obvious drug overdose. Results showed that A. most would not act on the order unless the caller named a familiar physician as a reference. B. most nurses refused to comply unless given the order in writing. C. less experienced nurses complied but more experienced ones challenged the order. D. all but one proceeded to comply without delay.

D. all but one proceeded to comply without delay.

The just-world phenomenon can lead people to think A. that the winners of a lottery actually deserved their good fortune. B. that sick people are responsible for their illness. C. that poor people don't deserve better. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which two symptoms of groupthink lead group members to overestimate their group's right and might? A. rationalization and conformity pressure B. rationalization and a stereotyped view of the opponent C. an illusion of invulnerability and self-censorship D. an illusion of invulnerability and an unquestioned belief in the group's morality

D. an illusion of invulnerability and an unquestioned belief in the group's morality

Credible communicators have the best success in persuading. These are people that do all of the following EXCEPT A. speak unhesitatingly. B. look listeners in the eye. C. use appropriate taste and personal values. D. argue with their own self-interest.

D. argue with their own self-interest.

In a study by Snyder (1980), students who were told that their personal attitudes were nearly identical to those of 10,000 other students _______ when they participated in a conformity experiment. A. were judged most attractive by their fellow participants B. were more willing to obey the experimenter's request to make a public commitment to a popular cause C. took on additional attitudes as well as the mannerisms of the majority D. asserted their individuality by being nonconformist

D. asserted their individuality by being nonconformist

Research concerning automatic prejudices reveals that A. automatic processing is associated with the frontal cortex. B. pictures of outgrips that elicit the most disgust elicit more frontal lobe activity. C. automatic processing is a conscious activity. D. automatic processing involves primitive areas of the brain associated with fear.

D. automatic processing involves primitive areas of the brain associated with fear.

Myers and Bishop (1970) organized groups of prejudiced and unprejudiced high school students and asked them to respond to issues involving racial attitudes, both before and after group discussion. Results showed that after within-group discussion, _______ became _______. A. all students; more prejudiced B. all students; less prejudiced C. between-group differences; smaller D. between-group differences; greater

D. between-group differences; greater

Recent research confirms that prejudiced and stereotyped evaluations A. are more widespread than formerly believed. B. are higher among females than males. C. are higher among males than females. D. can occur outside of one's conscious awareness.

D. can occur outside of one's conscious awareness.

Company A describes its cars' reliability, mileage, and durability. Company B's ads show people having a good time driving around in their cars. A's ads focus on ____- route processing; B's ads use ____-route processing. A. cognitive; emotional B. internal; external C. stable; unstable D. central; peripheral

D. central; peripheral

The presence of other improves an individual's performance on all of the following tasks EXCEPT A. riding a bicycle. B. crossing out designated letters. C. eating. D. completing mazes.

D. completing mazes.

Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request, while privately disagreeing, is called A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. cohesiveness. D. compliance.

D. compliance.

Even though you really dislike wearing a dress, you decide to wear one to your cousin's wedding. This is an example of A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

D. compliance.

When people tended to honor their public commitments, Cialdini (2008) called this the _______ principle of persuasion. A. liking B. authority C. social proof D. consistency

D. consistency

Since Carmen is not a particularly prestigious or authoritative source on exercise, she should encourage her father to exercise by suggesting he A. completely overhaul his lifestyle. B. complete a fitness program. C. begin doing some limited exercises. D. consult with a local gym.

D. consult with a local gym.

Research on attitude inoculation suggests that religious educators are wise to avoid A. the two-step flow of communication. B. forewarnings to their followers that outsiders will question their beliefs. C. using charismatic leaders to attract new converts. D. creating a "germ-free ideological environment."

D. creating a "germ-free ideological environment."

A communicator is said to be _______ when he or she is perceived as both an expert and trustworthy. A. honest B. guileless C. honorable D. credible

D. credible

A loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension, which can occur in group situations, is called A. groupthink. B. social loafing. C. group polarization. D. deindividuation.

D. deindividuation.

Dave is a clinical psychologist with a specialization in clinical depression and suicidal ideation. One day he is walking home from work when he notices a group of 20 people standing and staring up at the sky. Curious, he joins the group and sees a person on the roof of a 30-story building—seemingly preparing to jump. Suddenly, someone in the crowd starts chanting "jump." Soon the other 20 people start chanting as well—Dave included. Dave's behavior is likely the result of A. social facilitation. B. groupthink. C. group polarization. D. deindividuation.

D. deindividuation.

Abelson and his colleagues (1982) found that voting preferences in the United States could be reasonably predicted from voters' A. political party of choice. B. geographical residence. C. beliefs about the candidates' traits and likely behaviors. D. emotional reactions to the candidates.

D. emotional reactions to the candidates.

A person is labeled as ______ if they believe in the superiority of his/her own ethnic and cultural group and shows disdain for all other groups. A. discriminatory B. high in social dominance orientation C. xenophobic D. ethnocentric

D. ethnocentric

The concern for how others are evaluating us is called A. distraction. B. arousal. C. mere presence. D. evaluation apprehension.

D. evaluation apprehension.

Under the definition that is in the text, which of the following is NOT a group? A. a doctor with her patient B. three people who share the same taxi and decide who gets dropped off first C. four people working together on a class project D. five people riding the city bus

D. five people riding the city bus

People who benefit from the group but give little in return are called A. social facilitators. B. deindividuators. C. group polarizers D. free riders

D. free riders

Students who join extracurricular groups on campus tend to find their attitudes regarding the groups' purpose increase if they stay in the group. This is an example of A. social facilitation. B. groupthink. C. minority influence. D. group polarization.

D. group polarization.

Teresa has joined the campus Amnesty International Group, and after attending a few of the meetings now feels even more passionate about human rights. Social psychologists would explain the change in Teresa's opinions using A. social facilitation. B. groupthink. C. minority influence. D. group polarization.

D. group polarization.

The fact that people associate mostly with others whose attitudes are similar to their own suggests the prevalence of naturally occurring A. social facilitation. B. groupthink. C. minority influence. D. group polarization.

D. group polarization.

Dismissing outgroup members' positive behaviors and attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions is known as A. the scape goat theory of prejudice. B. the just-world bias. C. out group discrimination. D. group-serving bias.

D. group-serving bias.

Julia strongly disbelieves with her group members. As the others discuss the issue, Julia hesitates to state her opinion which so differs from theirs. This is an example of A. the minority slowness effect. B. social comparison. C. pluralistic ignorance. D. groupthink.

D. groupthink.

Because we are sensitive to distinctive events, the simultaneous occurrence of two such events is especially noticeable. Our attentiveness to unusual occurrences can create A. the group-serving bias. B. authoritarianism. C. the out group homogeneity effect. D. illusory correlations.

D. illusory correlations.

All of these issues contribute to deindividuation EXCEPT A. group size. B. physical anonymity. C. arousing activities. D. individual values.

D. individual values.

Conformity is greater when people feel incompetent. This pattern reflects A. compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

D. informational influence.

Conformity that occurs when people accept evidence about reality that is provided by other people is called A. compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

D. informational influence.

Describing positive behaviors by an ingroup member in terms of their general disposition, but describing the same behavior by an outgroup member as a specific isolated act, has been called the A. overgeneralization bias. B. in group homogeneity effect. C. out group specificity phenomenon. D. linguistic intergroup bias.

D. linguistic intergroup bias.

When the British made a group of German civilians walk through a concentration camp at the end of World War II, one German individual stated, "What terrible criminals these people must have been to receive such treatment." This comment is an example of A. overgeneralization bias. B. in-group homogeneity effect. C. outgroup specificity phenomenon. D. linguistic intergroup bias.

D. linguistic intergroup bias.

Generally speaking, the most persuasive channel of communication seems to be A. written. B. audiotaped. C. videotaped. D. live.

D. live.

The spread of bodily complaints within a school or workplace with no organic basis for the symptoms is called A. mass influence. B. social influence. C. mass delusion. D. mass hysteria.

D. mass hysteria.

Schwarz and Kurz's (1989) research in Germany has confirmed that people whose faces are prominent in photos seem A. more physically attractive. B. less powerful. C. younger. D. more intelligent and ambitious.

D. more intelligent and ambitious.

Watson (1973) found that cultures with depersonalized warriors were A. more likely to be victorious. B. less likely to be victorious. C. less likely to brutalize their victims. D. more likely to brutalize their victims.

D. more likely to brutalize their victims.

Taylor and Fiske (1978) found that a Black in an otherwise White group, a man in an otherwise female group, or a woman in an otherwise male group seem A. less prominent than the others in the group. B. less influential. C. to be uninvolved in the group. D. more prominent and influential.

D. more prominent and influential.

In an extensive review of studies on gender bias in the evaluation of men's and women's work, the most common result was A. higher ratings of women's work by women. B. higher ratings of women's work by men. C. high ratings of men's work by women. D. no differences in the ratings of men's or women's work by either sex.

D. no differences in the ratings of men's or women's work by either sex.

Porter, Geis, and Jennings showed participants a picture of a group of graduate students working together on a project and asked participants to guess which member contributed the most to the group. When the pictured group was mixed sex, the participants usually chose... A. a woman if she was seated at the head of the table. B. a woman if she appeared to be the oldest member of the group. C. a woman if women in the group outnumbered the men. D. none of the above.

D. none of the above.

Sherif is to the study of _______ as Asch is to the study of _______. A. conformity; compliance B. compliance;conformity C. norm formation; obedience D. norm formation; conformity

D. norm formation; conformity

Darley and Cooper (1972) found that when students were invited to write essays advocating a strict dress code, which was against the students' own positions, the students were A. willing to write the essays. B. willing to write the essays if they were paid. C. not willing to write the essays. D. not willing to write the essays even if they were paid.

D. not willing to write the essays even if they were paid.

The results of both the Sherif and Asch studies are startling because their studies did not employ any A. judgments about ambiguous stimuli. B. groups larger than four persons. C. experimental realism. D. open, obvious pressure to conform

D. open, obvious pressure to conform

Which of the following does NOT strengthen the group minority influence? A. defections from the majority B. self-confidence C. consistency D. open-mindedness

D. open-mindedness

Sherif's study of groups watching a pinpoint of light indicated that A. Americans conform less than do persons born in other countries. B. social influence is strongest among friends rather than strangers. C. group behavior can be predicted from individual behavior. D. people conform when they face ambiguous situations.

D. people conform when they face ambiguous situations.

Lately you have noticed that your favorite athlete is on your cereal box, highway billboards for sports beverages, and television commercials for running shoes. What type of marketing strategy is being used to persuade you to purchase these products? A. intelligent B. savvy C. central route D. peripheral route

D. peripheral route

Americans' support for the Iraq war increased after the war began mainly because of the A. national support for our troops. B. opposition from European countries. C. discovery of weapons of mass destruction. D. persuasive messages in the U.S. media.

D. persuasive messages in the U.S. media.

Arguments, especially emotional ones, are often more influential when they come from beautiful people. This exemplifies which characteristic of attractiveness? A. liking B. similarity C. consistency D. physical appeal

D. physical appeal

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called A. racism. B. discrimination. C. sexism. D. prejudice.

D. prejudice.

High school students Aisha and Jared have been dating each other casually. When Aisha's parents tell her to stop seeing Jared and ask her to go out with "nicer boys," Aisha announces that she and Jared are actually "in love" and have decided to go steady. Aisha's behavior most likely illustrates the effects of A. the false uniqueness effect. B. the fundamental attribution error. C. the self-serving bias. D. psychological reactance.

D. psychological reactance.

Bearman and Bruckner (2001) found that teens who made a public virginity-till- marriage pledge became somewhat more likely to remain sexually abstinent than similar teens who do not make the pledge. This is an example of how A. status produces psychological reactance. B. there is cohesion in a group. C. the teen seeks to maintain emotional distance from would-be sexual partners. D. public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.

D. public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.

In calling sports decisions, umpires and referees rarely change their decisions as a result of a player's objection. This may be an example of how A. status produces psychological reactance. B. awe-they feeling has evolved between professional sports players and officials. C. the umpire or referee seeks to maintain emotional distance from players. D. public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.

D. public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.

The just-world phenomenon can lead people to think that A. the winners of a lottery actually deserved their good fortune. B. sick people are not responsible for their illness. C. poor people deserve better. D. rape victims acted in a provocative manner.

D. rape victims acted in a provocative manner.

Stephanie is campaigning for the conservation of fossil fuels to a group of NASA engineers. To be the most successful, Stephanie should incorporate which type of arguments into her speech? A. emotional B. peripheral C. neutral D. rational

D. rational

The motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is known as A. rebellion. B. disobedience. C. resistance. D. reactance.

D. reactance.

According to Myers, many disadvantaged youths find pride and identity in gang affiliations, which is their way of A. justifying the irracial discrimination. B. justifying their religious discrimination. C. establishing social dominance. D. seeking self-esteem.

D. seeking self-esteem.

According to Johnson (2006), different groups help us meet different needs EXCEPT to A. affiliate. B. achieve. C. gain social identity. D. set group norms.

D. set group norms.

Research on social influence points out the key issues EXCEPT A. immediate situational forces are powerful. B. normative pressures influence our behavior. C. it is hard to predict our behavior. D. situations can't induce ordinary people to be cruel.

D. situations can't induce ordinary people to be cruel.

We are more prone to ingroup biases when our group is _______ and _______ relative to the outgroup. A. large; higher in status B. large; lower in status C. small; higher in status D. small; lower in status

D. small; lower in status

A motivation to have one's group be dominant over other social groups is what social psychologists call A. prejudice. B. discrimination. C. unequal status. D. social dominance orientation.

D. social dominance orientation.

When being observed increases evaluation concerns, _______ occurs; when being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns, _______ occurs. A. deindividuation; groupthink B. groupthink; deindividuation C. social loafing; socialf acilitation D. social facilitation; social loafing

D. social facilitation; social loafing

Which of the following is NOT a social source of prejudice? A. unequal status B. socialization C. institutional support D. social identity theory

D. social identity theory

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n) A. affect. B. behavioral tendency. C. cognition. D. stereotype.

D. stereotype.

Attitudes contain all of the following EXCEPT A. affect. B. behavioral tendencies. C. cognitions. D. stereotypes.

D. stereotypes.

Attitudes contain all of the following EXCEPT A. affects. B. behavioral tendencies. C. cognitions. D. stereotypes.

D. stereotypes.

Group polarization occurs when group discussion _______ group members' initial inclinations. A. challenges B. reverses C. neutralizes D. strengthens

D. strengthens

Sherif's study took advantage of A. the phi phenomenon. B. natural selection. C. obedience. D. the autokinetic phenomenon.

D. the autokinetic phenomenon.

A classmate across the room yawns and then several other students yawn. This is an example of A. informational influence. B. psychological reactance. C. group cohesion. D. the chameleon effect

D. the chameleon effect

Several restaurant managers complied with orders from a telephone caller, posing as a police officer, to strip search a customer or employee. This is an example of the power of _______ on compliance. A. group influence B. personality factors C. the closeness of the authority D. the legitimacy of authority

D. the legitimacy of authority

Which is NOT an element of persuasion? A. the communicator B. the channel C. the audience D. the medium

D. the medium

In our American culture we want to be _____ a group and _____ everyone else. A. different from; different from B. different from; the same as C. the same as; the same as D. the same as; different from

D. the same as; different from

Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself to others is called A. informational influence processing. B. normative influence processing. C. the reactance theory. D. the social comparison theory.

D. the social comparison theory.

An audience is more likely to perceive a speaker as sincere when A. they avert their eyes. B. they talk slowly. C. the speaker argues an expected position. D. the speaker argues against their own self-interest.

D. the speaker argues against their own self-interest.

All of the following are true of societies with large income disparity except A. they exhibit less communal health. B. they have more instances of drug use. C. they have a more obese population. D. they have fewer prisons.

D. they have fewer prisons.

Most Americans agree that A. the activities of married women are best confined to the home and family. B. they would probably move if Black people came to live in great numbers in their neighborhood. C. the two sexes are equally emotional. D. they would vote for a qualified woman whom their party nominated for president.

D. they would vote for a qualified woman whom their party nominated for president.

People most vulnerable to cults are usually A. under the age of 15. B. over the age of 30. C. lower-class. D. under the age of 25 and facing a personal crisis.

D. under the age of 25 and facing a personal crisis.

Which is NOT a factor in why other people create arousal in us? A. apprehension B. distraction C. mere presence D. vanity

D. vanity

The Bennington College study revealed that A. views embraced at an impressionable time fade over a lifetime of experience. B. college makes" good little liberals" out of us all. C. college produces liberals out of 75 percent of its students. D. views embraced at an impressionable time often survive a lifetime of experience.

D. views embraced at an impressionable time often survive a lifetime of experience.

The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises A. whenever people try to live together. B. when a new group moves into an area. C. between groups who fail to communicate clearly with each other. D. when groups compete for scarce resources.

D. when groups compete for scarce resources.

In which of the following situations are people LEAST likely to experience ingroup bias? A. when the ingroup is small B. when the in-group is lower in status than the outgroup C. when our in-group is successful D. when the ingroup is in the majority

D. when the ingroup is in the majority

Which of the following is true about men compared to women? A. they are more likely to be murdered B.they are more likely to be diagnosed with autism C. they are more likely to commit suicide D. they are more likely to suffer from anxiety disorders E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Mere repetition of a message can a. increase its fluency and make the message more believable. b. decrease its fluency and believability. c. decrease its impact but increase its believability. d. Increase its impact but decrease its fluency.

a. increase its fluency and make the message more believable.

When are vivid stories most useful? a. when they convey the central message b. when they distract from the central message c. when they are opposite the central message d. when they convey the peripheral message

a. when they convey the central message

Which of the following is an example of a gain-framed message? a. an anti-smoking ad that states "smoking will lead to lung cancer" b. a safe-sex ad that states "unprotected sex increases your risk of contacting AIDS" c. a dental-floss ad that states "if you don't floss you'll have stained teeth" d. a sunscreen ad that states "if you wear sunscreen you'll have youthful skin"

d. a sunscreen ad that states "if you wear sunscreen you'll have youthful skin"

Persuasive speakers must deliver messages that do all of the following except a. are understandable. b. are memorable. c. are compelling. d. are fear inducing.

d. are fear inducing.