psychology exam 2

a. syntax

Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect ________ structure. a. syntax b. semantic c. lexicon

B. retroactive

Amy studied German in high school but began studying French once in college. When she meets another German student, she can't seem to find any German words to stay, and instead only remembers French. This is an example of ________ interference. a. inactive b. retroactive c. proactive

c. flashbulb memory

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, such as the Boston Marathon Bombing, is a ________. a. arousal memory b. sensory memory c. flashbulb memory

b. proprioception

Anna is competing on Jeopardy!. She. can accurately judge the distance between her finger and the buzzer and knows just how hard to press because of a. kinesthesia b. proprioception c. somatosensation

a. common ground

Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share ________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details. a. common ground b. audience design c. priming

a. procedural memory.

Arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of a. procedural memory. b. sensory memory. c. explicit memory.

c. fluid

As people age, they hold on to their accumulated knowledge and memories and tend to increase in emotional intelligence. There is typically a decline, however, in their ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. This is a decline in ________ intelligence. a. crystalized b. analytical c. fluid

c. 12 months old.

Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around a. 9-11 months old. b. 6-8 months old. c. 12 months old.

a. Jake and Jack

Jake and Jack are identical twins, but Jake was born almost 15 minutes before Jack. They also have two sisters, Deondra and Daphne, who are 3 years and 6 years younger than them. Who is most likely to have the same IQ score? a. Jake and Jack b. Jack and Deondra. c. Deondra and Daphne

b. acoustic

Jane writes a song to help her remember all of her terms for anatomy class. She is utilizing ________ encoding. a. sensory b. acoustic c. semantic

a. divergent thinking.

Madison needs to wrap a present but doesn't have any wrapping paper. She quickly searches the apartment and finds a brown grocery bag to use instead. This is an example of a. divergent thinking. b. creative-cognitive processing. c. convergent thinking.

b. motivation-decision model.

Mariah is nervous about giving birth to her first baby, but takes a hypnobirthing class and becomes excited about the possibility of having a pain-free birth. The idea that Mariah can control her pain experience in consistent with the a. top-down processing effect. b. motivation-decision model. c. nociceptor model.

c. mnemonic devices.

Memory aids that help us organize information for encoding are called a. chunks. b. peg-words. c. mnemonic devices.

c. when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective.

Mental sets occur a. when you erroneously attribute someone else's behavior to current mental state. b. when you use the same algorithm to solve multiple problems. c. when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective.

a. mechanoreceptors.

Merkel's disks and Ruffini corpuscles are examples of a. mechanoreceptors. b. chemoreceptors. c. thermoreceptors.

c. heuristics.

Miranda has to make a decision, but has a ton of information and not a lot of time. Which problem-solving strategy should she use? a. algorithms. b. trial-and-error. c. heuristics.

c. availability heuristic.

Because Jackie has seen so many documentaries about shark attacks, she is afraid to swim in the ocean. Chris tries to convince her that she's overreacting because more people actually die from bee stings than shark bites. Jackie's belief is an example of the a. functional fixedness. b. confirmation bias. c. availability heuristic.

b. chemical senses.

Because taste and smell have sensory receptors that respond to molecules, they are considered a. mechanical senses. b. chemical senses. c. photochemical senses.

c. audience design.

Cedric tells a new acquaintance that is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing the specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called a. priming. b. social network. c. audience design.

a. David Wechsler.

Most modern intelligence tests, such as the newly developed WISC-V, are based off of work done by a. David Wechsler. b. James Flynn. c. Alfred Binet.

c. various sensory modalities are integrated.

Multi-modal perception is the idea that a. the senses work independently. b. the perception of one sense inhibits the experience of another. c. various sensory modalities are integrated.

c. something someone is born with.

Congenital deafness is a. common in older people, particularly those who had professions surrounded by lots of noise. b. the same thing as Ménière's disease. c. something someone is born with.

a. olfactory bulb

Olfactory receptor cells pick up odor molecules which get turned into electrical impulses that send messages to the brain via the ________. a. olfactory bulb b. primary olfactory cortex c. nasal cavity

c. interpersonal

Oprah is known for her ability to understand others and help them feel comfortable. What type of intelligence does she have a lot of? a. naturalistic b. intrapersonal c. interpersonal

c. neuropathic pain.

Pain that results from damage to neurons of the peripheral or central nervous system is called a. inflammatory pain. b. congenital analgesia. c. neuropathic pain.

a. bodily kinesthetic

Demarco was good at every sport growing up, but decided to focus on just baseball and the discus once he got to college. What area of intelligence is he good at? a. bodily kinesthetic b. intrapersonal c. spatial

a. retrograde

Demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. He has ________ amnesia. a. retrograde b. anterograde c. flashbulb

c. proactive

Derek's email log-in forced him to create a new password, but now when he logs on, he only remembers his old password. This is an example of ________ interference. a. retroactive b. inactive c. proactive

b. spatial

Destiny is excellent at working with shapes and models. Her dream job is to design for Lego one day. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. a. naturalist b. spatial c. logical-mathematical

a. absentmindedness

Doug cannot find his keys, but cannot remember where they are. This is an example of a. absentmindedness b. transience c. blocking

c. explicit

Episodic memories and semantic memories are both examples of ________ memory. a. implicit b. short-term c. explicit

c. semantic

Explicit memories include ________ and episodic memory. a. procedural b. sensory c. semantic

b. proactive

Ezra got a new phone number, but keeps giving out his old phone number on accident when people ask him. This is an example of ________ interference. a. inactive b. proactive c. retroactive

a. inattentional blindness.

Participants in Daniel Simons' and Christopher Chabris' study were asked to watch people pass a basketball. Because they were focused on doing so, the didn't see a gorilla walk across the screen. This phenomenon is called a. inattentional blindness. b. signal detection theory. c. inattentional responsiveness.

c. the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and experienced.

Perception is a. what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor b. the available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts that influence sensation. c. the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and experienced.

c. frequency

Pitch is determined by the ________ of sound waves. a. amplitude b. decibels c. frequency

b. explore what people experience, what parts of the brain are involved in perception, and how to alter the illusion.

Psychologists use illusions to a. prove that the world is not always as it seems and demonstrate how to overcome the effect of an illusion. b. explore what people experience, what parts of the brain are involved in perception, and how to alter the illusion. c. discover ways to improve the perceptual experience and prevent perceptual decline with age.

a. your 16th birthday party

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. a. your 16th birthday party b. what the word "onomatopoeia" means c. how to bake cookies

b. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

Researchers ________ concluded that language determines thoughts. a. Noam Chomsky and B. F. Skinner b. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf c. Charles Spearman and Howard Gardner

a. dyslexia

Rihanna has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? a. dyslexia b. dysgraphia c. dysthymia

c. The individual already has a concept for casual dining restaurants and can apply this concept to Starbucks.

How does someone who has never been to a Starbucks before know to order and pay at the counter and then wait for their food to be ready? a. The individual carefully observes everyone's behavior in the Starbucks and then imitates it. b. The individual carefully observes the Starbucks, creates a new concept for Starbucks, and acts accordingly. c. The individual already has a concept for casual dining restaurants and can apply this concept to Starbucks.

c. availability heuristic.

Hwan is extremely afraid of flying but is looking forward to a Spring Break trip to the coast with his friends. He decides that driving would be safer, so he convinces his roommate to cancel his flight to join him in the car. He is making this decision based on a/an a. confirmation bias. b. functional fixedness. c. availability heuristic.

c. higher correlation

Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit ________ between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together. a. negative correlation b. no correlation c. higher correlation

a. sound loud.

If a sound wave has a high amplitude, it will a. sound loud. b. be at the low end of the human hearing range. c. be a high-pitched sound.

b. the misinformation effect.

If co-witnesses of a crime are permitted to talk to each other, they are prone to contaminate each other's memories. This is an example of a. the misattribution effect. b. the misinformation effect. c. source amnesia.

c. confirmation bias.

If you think baseball is boring and reluctantly agree to join your friend at the ballpark, chances are good you will be ready to go by the seventh inning stretch, even though it has been a high-scoring game. This is an example of a. the availability heuristic. b. functional fixedness. c. confirmation bias.

b. fluid

Learning how to operate new program on your computer would require ________ intelligence. a. analytic b. fluid c. crystallized

c. functional fixedness.

Leini is working on building a bookshelf in her backyard when she gets a terrible itch on her back. She gripes about not being able to reach it, and goes inside to look for a back-scratcher or a kitchen spoon. She could have just used the hammer she was holding in her hand, but she didn't think of that. This is an example of a. salience. b. confirmation bias. c. functional fixedness.

b. dim

Light energy with very low amplitude would be perceived as ________. a. bright b. dim c. blue

a. explicit memories

Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are a. explicit memories b. implicit memories c. sensory memories

b. confirmation bias.

Looking for evidence to back up the way you already feel about something is an example of a. functional fixedness. b. confirmation bias. c. the availability heuristic.

d. mechanoreceptors

If you walk through a busy crowd and feel a few different people bump and push past you as they walk by, which skin receptors would be activated? a. chemoreceptors b. After an unpleasant run-in with some poison ivy, Justin puts ointment on his rash to c. thermoreceptors d. mechanoreceptors

b. bias

If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called a. transience b. bias c. blocking

c. explore what people experience and what parts of the brain are involved in perception.

Illusions are valuable to psychologists because they are used to a. discover ways to improve the perceptual experience and prevent perceptual decline with age. b. prove that the world is not always as it seems and demonstrate how to overcome the effect of an illusion. c. explore what people experience and what parts of the brain are involved in perception.

b. anterograde

In the movie "50 First Dates," the main character wakes up each day not remembering the day before or having met her new boyfriend. She suffers from ________ amnesia. a. retrograde b. anterograde c. graduated

a. she already has a concept for doctors offices and automatically applies that to the new office.

Rylee has moved to a new city and is visiting the doctor for the first time. Even though she's never been before, she goes to the check-in counter first and then waits patiently in the waiting room chairs. She does this because a. she already has a concept for doctors offices and automatically applies that to the new office. b. she observes the layout of the room and creates a new concept for doctor's offices, then acts accordingly. c. she watches everyone else in the room first to ensure that is the appropriate behavior.

b. semantic

Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________ encoding. a. visual b. semantic c. acoustic

b. hindsight bias.

The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is known as a. egocentric bias. b. hindsight bias. c. persistence.

b. basilar membrane; cochlea

The organ of Corti on the ________ within the ________ changes vibrations into impulses that travel to the auditory nerve. a. pinna; cochlea b. basilar membrane; cochlea c. auditory canal; ossicles

c. why children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests.

The pervasive daily stress of poverty and resulting impact on brain development may explain a. why children who live in poverty are rarely tests by legitimate intelligence tests. b. why children who grow up wealthy perform better on intelligence tests. c. why children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests.

a. memory.

The processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over time is known as a. memory. b. effortful processing. c. automatic processing.

a. false memory syndrome.

The recall of false autobiographical memories is known as a. false memory syndrome. b. memory construction. c. misinformation effect paradigm.

b. originality, usefulness, surprise

What are the three criteria that are used to determine whether an idea is creative? a. convergent thinking, divergent thinking, latent inhibition b. originality, usefulness, surprise c. originality, flexibility, elaboration

b. semantic, acoustic, and visual

What are the three types of encoding? a. visual, sensory, and auditory b. semantic, acoustic, and visual c. semantic, visual, and sensory

a. revealed a genetic component to intelligence

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________. a. revealed a genetic component to intelligence b. suggested there is no genetic component to intelligence c. demonstrated that female twins are more intelligent than male twins

a. they all can combine with -house to form a word, and they are part of creativity test.

What do paint, doll, and cat all have in common? a. they all can combine with -house to form a word, and they are part of creativity test. b. they all can combine with -house to form a word, and they are part of an intelligence test. c. they all bring back memories of childhood, and can be used during psychoanalysis.

a. unable to form new semantic memories.

When H.M. had his hippocampus removed, he was a. unable to form new semantic memories. b. unable to retrieve any semantic memories prior to the surgery. c. unable to experience fear.

c. Sensory Adaptation

When Martha first visits her Aunt and Uncle's house, the smell of fish is overwhelming, but after an hour, she doesn't even notice it's there. What explains this? a. bottom-up processing b. top-down processing c. Sensory Adaptation

b. levels of processing theory

Which idea says that if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information? a. chunking b. levels of processing theory c. memory enhancing strategy

a. heuristics

Which is the faster technique for solving a problem? a. heuristics b. trial-and-error c. algorithms

a. Sapir and Whorf

Which linguist(s) proposed that the thoughts that an individual has are determined by the language that he or she uses? a. Sapir and Whorf b. Chomsky c. Lau and Johnston

b. Participants are asked to come up with a word that is related to three seemingly unrelated words.

Which of the following is a description of the Remote Associates Test (RAT)? a. Participants are asked to come up with as many uses for a common object as they can b. Participants are asked to come up with a word that is related to three seemingly unrelated words. c. Participants are asked whether adjectives such as "resourceful" and "unconventional" describe them.

a. Eyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of wrongful convictions.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? a. Eyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of wrongful convictions. b. Eyewitness testimony is the most valuable tool for defense attorneys. c. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable.

c. the vestibular sense

Which sense pertains to balance? a. kinesthesia b. proprioception c. the vestibular sense

c. proprioception

Which sense pertains to body movement and awareness? a. kinesthesia b. the vestibular sense c. proprioception

c. practical

Which type of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"? a. analytic b. creative c. practical

c. recognition

Which type of memory is tested on a multiple choice test? a. recall b. relearning c. recognition

a. syntax

While traveling to the Canada from his home in Europe, Gunther often asks people, "Excuse me, can you please the time tell me?" Even though people understand what he is asking and politely tell him the time, Gunther's incorrect use of ________ threatens his attempts at communicating with others in a language that is foreign to him. a. syntax b. semantics c. lexicon

b. Baddeley and Hitch

Who developed the idea that short-term memories get "filed away" in three different areas of the brain: a visuo-spatial area, a phonological loop for auditory memories, and an episodic buffer for multi-modal memories with storylines? a. Atkinson and Shiffrin b. Baddeley and Hitch c. Stroop

c. Natural

________ concepts are the ones we know through experience. a. Artificial b. Absent c. Natural

a. Monocular

________ cues require only one eye. a. Monocular b. Binocular c. Trichromatic

b. Nociceptors

________ fire in response to any potential tissue-damaging stimuli. a. Thermoreceptors b. Nociceptors c. Chemoreceptors

b. proactive; retroactive

________ interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information, while ________ interference happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information. a. retroactive; proactive b. proactive; retroactive c. inactive; active

a. Interposition

________ is an example of a monocular cue. a. Interposition b. Retinal disparity c. Convergence

b. misattribution.

________ is confusing the source of information. a. suggestibility. b. misattribution. c. false construction.

a. false memory syndrome.

________ is the recall of false autobiographical memories. a. false memory syndrome. b. misinformation effect paradigm. c. memory construction.

a. Algorithms

________ provide step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing a task. a. Algorithms b. Heuristics c. Working backwards

c. David Wechsler.

________ revised the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale to include more subfields. There are now many offshoots of his original test, including the popular WAIS. a. James Flynn. b. Alfred Binet. c. David Wechsler.

b. Alfred Binet

________ was asked by the French government to develop an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school. a. James Flynn b. Alfred Binet c. David Wechsler

c. a mnemonic device.

"Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" (PEMDAS) is a popular way for math teachers to help their students remember the order of operations (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction). This is an example of a. elaborative rehearsal. b. using peg-words. c. a mnemonic device.

a. cochlea

(Picture) Fluid found in the part of the ear pictured here stimulate hair cells in the a. cochlea b. semicircular canal c. ossicles

b. frog.

4-year old Jada is learning about animals. Her prototype for an amphibian is most likely a a. salamander. b. frog. c. newt.

b. timbre.

A sound's purity is called its a. decibel b. timbre. c. pitch.

c. subliminal

A stimulus presented below the absolute threshold is called a. just noticeable b. tranduction c. subliminal

c. the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

According to Gestalt psychology, a. the pattern is different from the sum of its parts. b. the whole is lesser than the sum of its parts. c. the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

a. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. a. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information. b. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color. c. short-term memory itself has different forms.

c. cones

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, ________ in the retina are responsive to red, green, and blue. a. afterimages b. rods c. cones

c. red, green, and blue

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, cones in the retina are responsive to ________. a. afterimages b. yellow, red, and blue c. red, green, and blue

a. basilar membrane; cochlea

Auditory receptor cells are embedded within the ________, which is found in the ________. a. basilar membrane; cochlea b. pinna; cochlea c. auditory canal; ossicles

c. sensory

Before a memory makes it to long-term memory, it must first pass through ________ and short-term memory. a. semantic b. encoding c. sensory

a. vestibular

Braden has a pounding headache and is disoriented after riding a twisting roller coaster. What sense was impacted by the ride? a. vestibular b. somatosensation c. proprioception

c. retrograde; anterograde

Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ________ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have ________ amnesia. a. anterograde; retrograde b. flashbulb; retro-anterograde c. retrograde; anterograde

a. lexicon.

Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper." When the others in the conversations use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same a. lexicon. b. audience design. c. syntax.

c. a mnemonic device.

Caroline met a new friend named Wendy. Wendy was wearing a green shirt, which reminded Caroline of Peter Pan, so Caroline plans to remember Peter Pan when she thinks about her new friend's name. This is an example of a. using peg-words. b. chunking. c. a mnemonic device.

a. chunking

Cillian can remember a great deal of numbers because he groups them all in sets of 3 and thinks of them as batting averages. He is using the technique of ________. a. chunking b. mnemonic device c. elaborative rehearsal

a. dysgraphia

Colton is an average middle school student who has a good group of friends and enjoys practicing the drums and playing baseball. Despite this, he struggles with writing and has a hard time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have? a. dysgraphia b. dyslexia c. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

b. analytical

Comparing which cell phone to buy and contrasting the different contracts that come with each purchase in an example of using ________ intelligence. a. creative b. analytical c. practical

c. misattribution

Confusing the source of information is called a. suggestibility. b. false construction. c. misattribution.

a. relearning

Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. a. relearning b. effortless processing c. encoding

c. ingroups and outgroups

Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining ________ in regulating the social world. a. friendships and ingroups b. social networks and friendships c. ingroups and outgroups

a. creative

Grant and Reid are six-year old twins. They want to find a way to get the frisbee off of the room without asking for help, so Grant climbs a tree in order to push down a branch so that Reid can reach it. They wiggle the branch until it snaps, then use the branch with fan of leaves to sweep down the frisbee. Their solution relies on ________ intelligence. a. creative b. practical c. analytic

b. hippocampus

H.M. was unable to form any new semantic memories because of the removal of his ________. a. amygdala b. hippocampus c. prefrontal cortex

a. encoding specificity principle.

Holly was sitting on her bed when she remembered she needed to call her mom about what to do for her grandma's birthday. She got up and did a few dishes before calling her mom, but then she forgot why she had needed to call. She retraced her steps back to her bed, then suddenly remembered the purpose of the call. This can be explained by the a. encoding specificity principle. b. cue overload principle. c. recall effect.

a. algorithms

Internet search engines use ________ to show the appropriate results. a. algorithms b. trial-and-error c. heuristics

a. heuristics.

Jaimie doesn't have much time before her class, and she still needs to find a ride to the airport, print off her assignment, and text her manager about changing her shift. Her best strategy for solving these problems will be to use a. heuristics. b. trial-and-error. c. algorithms.

b. misinformation effect paradigm

Janet was involved in a car accident when traveling with her mom at age 7. She remembers asking her mom a question, causing her mom to look backwards and hit the car in front of them. While talking about it with her mom, she says that it was, in fact, her brother who asked the question, but he had always blamed it on Janet. This is an example of the ________. a. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm b. misinformation effect paradigm c. false construction hypothesis

c. logical-mathematical

Jonas loves working as a TA for his Physics professor and especially loves the excitement involved in solving problems. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. a. spatial b. interpersonal c. logical-mathematical

a. lexicon.

Kyle from Mississippi asks Brandon from Boston if he wants a "coke," and Brandon says, "No thanks, I'll have a Sprite instead," even though Sprite cans were the only drinks Kyle had to offer. Brandon didn't understand that Kyle refers to all sodas and soft drinks and cokes. This is due to differences in a. lexicon. b. syntax. c. situational models.

c. sensation

Kyle sees a flashing light in the distance. This is an example of a. signal threshold b. perception c. sensation

c. anterograde

Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have? a. retrograde b. flashbulb c. anterograde

c. audience design.

Shianne tells the group of people at the table at her workshop that she's from Salt Lake City. A young man replies that he is also from Salt Lake, so he asks Shianne what area she's from. Shianne admits that she is really from Bountiful, which is north of Salt Lake City. The fact that she gives this additional information is an example of a. priming. b. social network. c. audience design.

c. olfaction.

Smelling the lingering scent of the fish you reheated in the microwave is an example of a. audition. b. gustation. c. olfaction.

a. emotional

Someone who understands their own emotions, shows empathy, and understands social relationships and cues would have high ________ intelligence. a. emotional b. naturalist c. logical

a. students were more likely to report that there was broken glass involved in the accident

Students were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed", ________. a. students were more likely to report that there was broken glass involved in the accident b. students were more less likely to report that the cars were traveling at high speeds c. students were more likely to report that no one was injured in the accident

b. Tammy and Sara have different concepts of dogs.

Tammy and Sara both agree that dogs typically have four legs, a tail, and fur. Tammy thinks that dogs also tend to bite small children while Sara thinks they tend to be friendly. What explains the differences between what Tammy thinks and what Sara thinks? a. Tammy and Sara have different categories of dogs. b. Tammy and Sara have different concepts of dogs. c. Tammy and Sara have different necessary features of dogs.

b. optic nerve

The ________ carries visual information from the retina to the brain. a. fovea b. optic nerve c. cornea

b. Atkinson-Shiffrin model

The ________ says that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information. a. Baddeley-Hitch model b. Atkinson-Shiffrin model c. Stroop model

c. prototype.

The best example of a concept is a a. category. b. archetype. c. prototype.

b. enabled Aron Ralston to be happy about cutting off his arm.

The brain's descending pain modulatory system a. prevented Aron Ralston from feeling any pain while severing his arm. b. enabled Aron Ralston to be happy about cutting off his arm. c. initially increases the awareness of pain, but decreases its lingering effects.

a. Sensory Adaptation

The day Kim is in Nairobi she notices the honking, engine sounds, yelling, and other street noises. By the second day, however, she no longer notices these. Which of the following is the best explanation? a. Sensory Adaptation b. top-down processing c. bottom-up processing

c. place

The fact that the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies supports the ________ theory of hearing. a. temporal b. conductive c. place

c. Alfred Binet.

The first intelligence test, aimed to test for children who might struggle in school, was designed by a. David Wechsler. b. James Flynn. c. Alfred Binet.

b. afterimages.

The opponent-process theory is supported by a. colorblindness. b. afterimages. c. the trichromatic theory.

b. multi-modal perception.

The idea that we perceive the world while utilizing a combination of senses is known as a. gestalt psychology. b. multi-modal perception. c. cross-modal phenomena.

b. opponent-process theory

The idea the color coded in pairs of black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red is the basic premise of the a. trichromatic theory b. opponent-process theory c. binocular theory

b. amplitude

The loudness of a sound is determined by the ________ of sound waves. a. frequency b. amplitude c. decibels

b. umami.

The meaty, savory taste you find in a steak activates your taste receptors for modosodium glutamate. This taste is described as a. sweet. b. umami. c. salty.

c. pinna

The most visible part of the ear is the a. auditory canal b. cochlea c. pinna

a. phoneme, morpheme, syntax.

The units of language from the smallest unit to the largest are a. phoneme, morpheme, syntax. b. morpheme, phoneme, syntax. c. syntax, phoneme, morpheme.

a. lexicon.

The words we use are called a. lexicon. b. morphemes. c. phonemes.

a. semantic

Thinking about the meaning of a word and categorizing it into the context of other words you already know is an example of ________ encoding. a. semantic b. effortful c. acoustic

b. divergent thinking.

Thinking outside of the box is considered a. convergent thinking. b. divergent thinking. c. creative-cognitive processing.

a. Tyler and Eric have different concepts of spiders.

Tyler and Eric agree that spiders have eight legs, but Tyler thinks spiders are scary and gross, while Eric finds them nice and interesting. What explains the differences between what Tyler thinks and what Eric thinks? a. Tyler and Eric have different concepts of spiders. b. Tyler and Eric have different categories of spiders. c. Tyler and Eric hold different core features of spiders.

b. dyslexia

Tyler is learning to read and write but having a difficult time. He sometimes switches up the letters and words in the sentences and almost always writes his name backwards. Which learning disability does he have? a. dysthymia b. dyslexia c. dysgraphia

b. following the instruction manual.

Using algorithms to solve problems can be compared to a. trying to solve it first, then working backwards if you get stuck. b. following the instruction manual. c. following your gut instinct.

c. binocular

Using the different images that each eye receives in order to perceive depth is called using ________ cues. a. monocular b. trichromatic c. binocular

c. natural concept.

Wendy's belief that rabbits are cute, fun, and intelligent animals is an example of a a. category. b. artificial concept. c. natural concept.

c. they drew the hole smaller than the actual hole size if surrounded by larger circles.

What happened when the participants were asked to draw the size of the hole? a. they drew the hole larger than the actual hole size if surrounded by larger circles. b. they drew the hole smaller than the actual hole size if surrounded by smaller circles. c. they drew the hole smaller than the actual hole size if surrounded by larger circles.

c. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? a. In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. b. In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. c. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

b. Some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests.

What is a major problem with intelligence tests mentioned in the text? a. IQ tests administered to the same individuals during their lifespan show dramatically different results. b. Some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests. c. The length and breadth of IQ tests does not sufficiently cover Gardner's multiple intelligences.

b. phoneme

What is the basic sound unit of a language? a. morpheme b. phoneme c. syntax

b. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? a. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. b. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. c. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis.

a. the distance from one wave peak to the next

What is wavelength? a. the distance from one wave peak to the next b. the height of a wave c. the lowest point of a wave

c. misinformation effect paradigm

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stitches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. a. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm b. equipotentiality hypothesis c. misinformation effect paradigm

a. transience.

When a memory fades over time, it is called a. transience. b. absentmindedness. c. blocking.

c. be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.

When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should a. give a lineup of potential suspects and ask which one is the culprit. b. ask specific questions, like, "where did he hurt you?" instead of "did he hurt you?" c. be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.

a. amygdala

When rats had their ________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory. a. amygdala b. hippocampus c. cerebellum

b. they can be blocked by the brain's descending pain modulatory system.

When the brain receives nociceptive signals from the body, a. the experience of pain will be lessened if we focus on the injury. b. they can be blocked by the brain's descending pain modulatory system. c. they can be amplified by focusing on a distraction.

b. misattribution.

When the source of a memory is confused, like you think the storyline of a t.v. show you watched actually happened to you in real life, it is called a. absentmindedness. b. misattribution. c. transience.

b. peg word

When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the ________ technique. a. mnemonic word b. peg word c. word aid

c. Gestalt

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of similarity, and proximity? a. biometric b. somatosensory c. Gestalt