Psychology Exam 2- Chapter 6 Multiple Choice
71. Thorndike conducted research on ______________. A) operant conditioning B) classical conditioning C) shaping D) higher-order conditioning
A
89. When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as A) positive punishment. B) negative punishment. C) punishing reinforcement. D) negative reinforcement.
B
99. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement involves giving reinforcement: A) on the first response after a varied amount of time has elapsed. B) on the first response after a specific amount of time has elapsed. C) after a specific number of responses have been completed. D) after a varied number of responses have been completed
C
Before studying conditioning, Ivan Pavlov studied ______________. A) cardiac physiology B) canine anatomy C) digestive processes D) the endocrine system
C
50. Why is it so much easier to learn to fear snakes than to fear guns? A) preparedness B) psychopathy C) taste aversion D) conditioned responses
A
44. The proverb "He who hath been bitten by a snake fears a rope" illustrates ______________. A) stimulus discrimination B) extinction C) spontaneous recovery D) stimulus generalization.
D
105. Which of the following is true concerning partial schedules of reinforcement? A) Interval schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to ratio schedules. B) Ratio schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to interval schedules. C) Fixed schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to variable schedules. D) All combinations of intermittent schedules tend to yield similar rates of responding.
B
1. __________ is a change in an organism's behavior or knowledge brought about by experience. A) Learning B) Adaptation C) Memory enhancement D) Accommodation
A
100. When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a _____________ schedule. A) ratio B) interval C) conditioned D) time-delayed
A
103. Learned behavior is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________ reinforcement. A) partial B) negative C) delayed D) continuous
A
113. Sarah has just received her driver's license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that _________ has occurred. A) latent learning B) classical conditioning C) operant conditioning D) classical and operant conditioning
A
66. The term operant refers to the fact that, in operant conditioning: A) the organism must operate on the environment before consequences can occur. B) reinforcers and punishers operate on the organism to change its behavior. C) the US operates on the CS to change its association with the CR. D) the experimenter operates on the organism to change its behavior.
A
70. Thorndike was known for his work with ______________. A) puzzle boxes B) modeling C) monkeys D) a Skinner box
A
72. Thorndike's research famously led him to conclude that responses followed by satisfaction will occur again, and those that are not followed by satisfaction become less likely. This principle is known as ______________. A) the law of effect B) Thorndike's law C) the puzzle-box principle D) the principle of satisfaction
A
77. A _____________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, motivational need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch. A) primary B) negative C) token D) secondary
A
78. __________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer. A) A cupcake; a certificate of achievement B) Money; receiving an A+ C) Water; food D) A gold star; cupcake
A
87. Presenting a stimulus to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as A) positive punishment. B) negative punishment. C) negative reinforcement. D) vicarious punishment.
A
92. A rat learns that pressing the lever in the operant chamber will only deliver food if a red light above the lever is on. In this scenario, the red light is acting as a _________________. A) discriminative stimulus B) reinforcer C) conditioned stimulus (CS) D) punisher
A
The type of learning students do when studying information for a test is primarily ______________ learning. A) cognitive B) observational C) classical D) associative
A
34. Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when the ________ no longer produces the ________. A) CS; US B) CS; CR C) US; CR D) US; UR
B
Which of the following is a stimulus? A) blinking B) food C) salivation D) fear
B
__________ was one of the first people to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs. A) John Watson B) Ivan Pavlov C) B. F. Skinner D) Albert Bandura
B
108. In general, research on the use of corporal punishments, such as spanking, suggests that: A) despite the common belief, corporal punishment is the preferred method of behavior modification. B) corporal punishment is ineffective in stopping behaviors. C) severe instances of corporal punishment should be avoided because of its negative side effects. D) corporal punishment works best when it is administered randomly.
C
25. Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning, the one the organism learns to respond to is the _____. A) US B) UR C) CS D) CR
C
107. Which of the following statements is true regarding corporal punishment? A) Spanking is generally a very effective punisher when it is used for immediately stopping a behavior. B) There is no evidence that spanking can lead to poor mental health. C) Corporal punishment teaches appropriate behaviors. D) Corporal punishment is best if administered several hours after the target behavior has occurred.
A
112. Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning? A) Rats were able to learn without receiving reinforcement. B) Rats learned when receiving punishment but not when receiving reinforcement. C) Rats were not able to learn if reinforcement was withheld for long periods of time. D) Rats learned only when reinforcement was presented immediately following behavior.
A
115. Researchers use the term desirable difficulty to refer to: A) situations that make acquiring new knowledge more challenging, but help long-term learning. B) events that allow students to "blow off steam" and improve short-term performance. C) obstacles that distract from studying and decrease long-term learning. D) situations that students say improve the effectiveness of their studying, but which really impairs it.
A
121. John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behavior is reflective of ________ learning. A) observational B) conditional C) operant D) conformist
A
124. According to your textbook, which of the following is true about animals teaching other members of their species? A) Researchers have observed members of several different species transmitting new behaviors to others through imitation. B) Humans are the only species known to transmit information through demonstration and imitation. C) Several animals can imitate behaviors demonstrated by humans, but they cannot learn new behaviors from members of their own species. D) Only primates are capable of imitation; hence the phrase "monkey see, monkey do."
A
125. Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo" doll study? A) Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in children. B) Exposure to aggressive models did not influence levels of aggression in children. C) Exposure to aggressive models led to decreased levels of aggression in children. D) Exposure to nonaggressive models led to increased levels of aggression in children.
A
17. The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning is _______________. A) unconditioned stimulus B) unconditioned response C) conditioned stimulus D) conditioned response
A
22. An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the unconditioned response (UR) is the _______________. A) increased heartbeat B) female's picture C) sounds of the buzzer D) viewing of the picture
A
24. Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap. Startled, Samantha jumps at the noise. This happens several times. As the storm moves farther away, Samantha jumps at the sight of a lightning bolt but doesn't hear the thunder until after she jumps! In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the _______________ and the conditioned stimulus is the _______________. A) thunder; lightning B) jumping; lightning C) lightning; thunder D) thunder; jumping
A
26. In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the CR was _____________. A) salivation B) food C) sound D) biting
A
35. Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in ______________. A) extinction B) spontaneous recovery C) stimulus discrimination D) stimulus generalization
A
36. Extinction is believed to be a form of _____________. A) learning B) forgetting C) operant conditioning D) generalization
A
43. Ken's mouth waters every time he hears the ice cream truck's familiar song in the distance. One day a slightly different song is heard in the distance and Ken's mouth waters. Ken's behavior illustrates ____________. A) generalization B) assimilation C) recovery D) discrimination
A
48. Participants exposed to paired experiences of snakes and mild electric shock, then exhibited that they were experiencing palm sweat even when they only saw the pictures of the snakes. The snake photo was the __________. A) CS B) US C) CR D) UR
A
49. Shelly has developed a fear of bridges due to the recent, graphic news coverage of people falling from a collapsed bridge. Which of the following is the CS? A) bridges B) graphic news coverage C) people falling D) collapsed bridges
A
51. People diagnosed with psychopathy show an impaired ability to learn to: A) associate fear with faces when the faces are paired with a shock. B) extinguish responding after the removal of the US. C) associate tastes with illness. D) blink to a tone which precedes a puff of air to the eye.
A
55. Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning? A) classical conditioning B) insight learning C) vicarious learning D) operant conditioning
A
59. Which of the following would be an example of advertisers applying classical conditioning to the marketing of a product? A) The product is shown with stimuli that viewers already view positively, such as attractive people. B) A commercial shows individuals modeling the correct use of the product. C) Customers are rewarded with a free product for every five they purchase. D) Advertisers saturate print and broadcast media with images of the product so people will remember it.
A
63. Riley reports that watching commercials has classically conditioned her to only buy a particular brand of hand lotion and she could not possibly even consider purchasing any other brand. What might you want to remind her about classical conditioning in advertisements? A) Classical conditioning affects emotions, but does not cause us to blindly follow suggestions to purchase products. B) Classical conditioning can be reversed with therapy. C) Classical conditioning can be reversed by exposing oneself to other types of CS. D) Classical conditioning does not have an impact on humans.
A
81. A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is__________ and thus __________the probability of a response. A) removed; increases B) removed; decreases C) presented; increases D) presented; decreases
A
82. Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? A) giving children candy for completing their homework B) removing a child's chores when he or she completes homework C) ending class 10 minutes early if students work hard during class D) taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules
A
85. Nicky tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down. Nicky's behavior is an example of _______________. A) negative reinforcement B) generalization C) classical conditioning D) shaping
A
88. Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of behavior reoccurring? A) negative punishment B) negative reinforcement C) positive reinforcement D) fixed-ratio reinforcement
A
95. ______________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced. A) Shaping B) Spontaneous recovery C) Stimulus generalization D) Stimulus discrimination
A
96. A child receives one homework pass—a coupon that allows her to skip a homework assignment—for every 10 word problems she completes during class. This is an example of both ___________ reinforcement and a ___________ schedule of reinforcement. A) negative; fixed ratio B) positive; variable ratio C) negative; variable ratio D) positive; fixed interval
A
A friend regularly speaks to his children decrease the miss behavior which timent is most accurate in regard to using me as form of corporal punishment Spanking can be an effective method of punishment but carries risk of additional negative outcomes Spanking is an effective method of punishment should always be used Speaking is not an effective method of punishment so it should never be used Do you faxes think you have not been well research so it should not be you
A
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called ______________. A) generalization B) adaptation C) discrimination D) extinction
A
To learn was effectively you should _______ your study time and study material in ______ order Distribute; a different Distribute; the same Mass; a different Mass; missing
A
114. You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of: A) insight. B) the formation of a cognitive map. C) unconscious trial-and-error imagery. D) spontaneous recovery.
B
117. Research indicates that test performance is better if students use study materials that ____________________ and ______________________ A) are well organized; distribute their studying time over several sessions. B) need to be rearranged; distribute their studying time over several sessions. C) are well organized; cram their studying into one long session. D) need to be rearranged; cram their studying into one long session.
B
119. After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick, Julie applies some to her own lips. Julie acquired this behavior through ________________. A) classical conditioning B) observational learning C) operant conditioning D) stimulus generalization
B
127. Which of the following is true about the relationship between media violence and aggression? A) Watching media violence definitely causes children to become more aggressive. B) Watching media violence is positively correlated with aggression, but it is difficult to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. C) Media violence and aggression are unrelated. D) Having an aggressive temperament actually causes children to watch more violent media.
B
37. Which phenomenon supports the theory that extinction is not a form of forgetting? A) conditioned emotional responding B) spontaneous recovery C) discrimination D) generalization
B
41. You train your dog Milo to salivate to the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response? A) latent learning B) spontaneous recovery C) extinction D) stimulus generalization
B
45. You classically condition your dog Milo to salivate when middle C is played on the piano, but you find that he also salivates when a high G is played. You make a point of playing high G and not giving Milo any food afterward, whereas you do give him food after you play C. After a few days, Milo stops salivating when high G is played but continues to salivate to middle C. This phenomenon is known as ________________. A) generalization B) discrimination C) bitonal judgment D) spontaneous recovery
B
53. According to the concept of preparedness, which stimulus would make the most effective CS in a fear conditioning experiment? A) gun B) spider C) flower D) rabbit
B
54. Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, and he now finds the very thought of chili dogs to be repulsive. Walter has experienced ________________. A) discrimination B) conditioned taste aversion C) operant taste conditioning D) negative reinforcement
B
56. People appear to have a biological predisposition to associate nausea with what type of stimuli? A) lights B) tastes C) smells D) sounds
B
74. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research involving ________________. A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) latent learning D) observational learning
B
80. The rewarding property of reinforcing stimuli like food and sex is believed to be related to the activity of which brain structure? A) hippocampus B) nucleus accumbens C) amygdala D) thalamus
B
84. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A) a student is sent to detention for fighting B) a student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework C) a student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment D) a student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness
B
86. Kathy takes her 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Her son screams, demanding that Kathy buys him treats. Although she refuses to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, Kathy yells at the top of her lungs, "QUIET!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story? A) Kathy is using negative reinforcement to increase her son's screaming. B) Kathy is using punishment to suppress the screaming; her use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming. C) Kathy's son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. D) Kathy's son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
B
90. Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants an action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What process is likely to happen as a result? A) generalization B) extinction C) spontaneous recovery D) negative reinforcement
B
93. A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk. It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color. This illustrates the concept of ______________. A) extinction B) discrimination C) avoidance training D) desensitization
B
97. Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly. Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the lawn. Julie is being reinforced using a _____________ schedule of reinforcement. A) continuous B) partial C) classical D) secondary
B
Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus is called ___________________. A) cognitive learning B) classical conditioning C) operant conditioning D) observational learning
B
The initial phase of learning in which a response is first established is known as _________________. A) generalization B) acquisition C) spontaneous recovery D) extinction
B
101. The broken vending machine in Cathy's office dispenses sodas inconsistently. Sometimes Cathy gets a soda after putting in two quarters, but sometimes she only gets a soda after putting in five or six quarters. In operant conditioning terms, Cathy is being reinforced on a ________________ schedule. A) fixed-ratio B) fixed-interval C) variable-ratio D) variable-interval
C
104. Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning? A) Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time. B) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial reinforcement. C) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement. D) Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time.
C
109. The concept of latent learning was developed by ___________. A) Watson B) Skinner C) Tolman D) Thorndike
C
111. Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on learning. A) reinforcement B) associations C) cognitive processes D) punishment
C
116. Which of the following is most likely an example of a desirable difficulty when studying for a test? A) oversleeping and waking up 10 minutes before the test B) having to cram the night before C) having the material in the lecture presented in a different order than in the textbook D) receiving an outline from the professor
C
122. In a demonstration of observational learning, rats can identify food that is safe to eat by: A) observing where humans place poison rat traps. B) feeding small pieces of the food to other rats and observing the result. C) smelling the breath of other rats. D) associating certain tastes with illness.
C
16. When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Luke always wore Old Spice after shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Luke's kiss was the _______________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response
C
18. Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus (US). A) tank B) fish swimming to the top C) fish food D) aquarium light
C
19. Whenever five-year-old Claire goes to the dentist, she becomes anxious and cries. Since she was not afraid of the dentist on her first visit, her fear is a learned behavior. The US in this case was probably _________________. A) the dentist's beard B) sweet toothpaste C) painful teeth cleaning D) small prizes given after the exam
C
20. Because dogs do not need to be conditioned to salivate to food, salivation to food is a(n) ______________. A) conditioned response B) conditioned reflex C) unconditioned response D) neutral response
C
28. Which of the following statements pertaining to the conditioned response is accurate? A) The conditioned response is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. B) The conditioned response is an instinctual behavior. C) The conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus. D) The conditioned response in classical conditioning is always salivation.
C
30. The conditioned stimulus is defined as: A) the stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response. B) the previously neutral stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response. C) the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response. D) the stimulus that remains neutral throughout classical conditioning.
C
31. How do you know you have classically conditioned a person or an animal? A) The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the unconditioned response. B) The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response. C) The conditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response. D) The unconditioned response all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
C
38. The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called ________________. A) generalization B) reacquisition C) spontaneous recovery D) discrimination
C
46. As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ______________. A) operant conditioning B) observational learning C) classical conditioning D) habituation
C
57. Which of the following is one of the ways in which conditioned taste aversions are NOT like other forms of classical conditioning? A) Conditioned taste aversions do not require a CS. B) Conditioned taste aversions only last 1 or 2 days. C) The CS and US can be separated by several hours. D) The subject does not have to respond to develop a taste aversion.
C
58. Which form of classical conditioning is most likely to occur with only a single CS-US pairing? A) salivary conditioning B) conditioned eye blink responding C) conditioned taste aversion D) fear conditioning
C
62. In studies of advertisement-like condition, participants viewed a slide show with attractive visual scenery paired with a brand of toothpaste. Other participants viewed the same images but in an unpaired presentation. Participants in the paired condition ultimately preferred ______. A) another brand of toothpaste B) brushing their teeth outside C) the particular brand of toothpaste paired with the scenery D) the images that did not involve toothpaste
C
65. In which type of learning is an organism's behavior influenced by the consequences of that behavior? A) classical conditioning B) latent learning C) operant conditioning D) consequential learning
C
67. In classical conditioning, the responses involved tend to be __________________, but in operant conditioning they are __________________. A) punished; reinforced B) reinforced; punished C) reflexive; voluntary D) voluntary; reflexive
C
68. In operant conditioning, reinforcement is: A) never presented. B) presented regardless of the organism's behavior. C) presented as a consequence of the organism's behavior. D) presented prior to the organism's behavior
C
73. Operant conditioning is most closely associated with ________________. A) John Watson B) Ivan Pavlov C) B. F. Skinner D) John Garcia
C
76. A punisher is any outcome presented ___________ a behavior that ___________ the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring. A) before; decreases B) before; increases C) after; decreases D) after; increases
C
83. Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true? A) Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog. B) Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog. C) Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog. D) Bill's wife has established bathing the dog as a secondary reinforcer.
C
In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the salivation triggered by the sound or tone was the ________________. A) conditioned stimulus B) unconditioned response C) conditioned response D) unconditioned stimulus
C
In classical conditioning the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response without new learning is called the _____________. A) conditioned stimulus B) reflexive stimulus C) unconditioned stimulus D) orienting stimulus
C
In classical conditioning, the term neutral is used to indicate that a stimulus: A) can never be capable of causing a response. B) is reinforcing for the subject. C) does not initially elicit a response. D) cannot be detected by the subject.
C
Which of the following is true of learning? A) Learning is the process that allows a species to slowly adapt over generations. B) All learning involves the acquisition of new knowledge and information. C) Learning involves a change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience. D) Humans are the only species known to be capable of true learning.
C
102. Kwan checks his email for new messages several times during the day. He realizes that because emails are sent on a ________________ schedule, checking his email more frequently will not increase the number of new emails he receives in a day. Furthermore, he knows that he cannot predict when people will email him, but if an email has been sent to him, he will receive it the next time he checks. A) fixed-ratio B) fixed-interval C) variable-ratio D) variable-interval
D
106. B.F. Skinner rigged the cages of pigeons so that food was delivered every 15 seconds. Within a short time most of the pigeons were practicing some sort of consistent behavior, even though the behavior did not have any effect on the delivery of the reinforcer. The birds were: A) demonstrating spontaneous recovery. B) developing phobias. C) demonstrating the partial reinforcement effect. D) behaving superstitiously
D
110. Learning that is not directly observable is called _____________. A) insight B) innate learning C) vicarious learning D) latent learning
D
118. Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act? A) operant conditioning B) classical conditioning C) insight learning D) observational learning
D
120. Which of the following is the best example of observational learning? A) Greg hears on the radio that a huge storm is blowing in, so he cancels his trip. B) After several hours of staring at the computer screen, Marley suddenly realizes the solution to the puzzle he is trying to solve. C) Carey figures out if she doesn't give her boss a hard time, he's a lot nicer to be around. D) Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is greatly improved.
D
123. Which of the following is NOT one of the processes Albert Bandura identified as supporting observational learning? A) memory B) attention C) motivation D) stress
D
126. Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo" doll study. The term Bobo refers to A) Bandura's pet name for the dog used in the study. B) Bandura's loyal but strange assistant that carried out the study. C) Bandura's nickname that his wife had given him. D) the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study.
D
13. Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½ pound of sour lemon gummy candies even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the: A) little white bag B) allowance money C) puckering and saliva D) sour lemon gummy candy
D
21. Salivation in response to food being placed in the mouth and an eye blink response to a puff of air, are both examples of _______________. A) unconditioned stimuli B) conditioned responses C) conditioned stimuli D) unconditioned responses
D
23. The association or link between which two classical conditioning elements is, by definition, unlearned? A) CS and CR B) US and CR C) CS and UR D) US and UR
D
29. For several weeks Allen had to clean the men's restroom at the restaurant where he worked. The task always made him nauseated. He has since gone on to better things, but still cannot walk by the door to a men's restroom without becoming slightly queasy. For Allen, the door to the men's room has become a(n) ________________. A) unconditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned response. D) conditioned stimulus.
D
33. ________________is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together. A) Generalization B) Forgetting C) Spontaneous recovery D) Extinction
D
39. Spontaneous recovery: A) occurs before the pairing of the CS and US. B) occurs after a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. C) is an unlearned response. D) can occur once a response has been extinguished.
D
40. As a child, Blaine was attacked by a goose and subsequently developed a severe fear of waterfowl. As he got older, the fear gradually faded until it was all but forgotten. Blaine is now in his early twenties and recently went strolling through a park by the river where he came across a flock of geese. The geese stared at him and he felt slightly fearful, though not as afraid as he had been as a child. Blaine's fear response to the geese in the park is an example of _______________. A) stimulus discrimination B) stimulus generalization C) extinction D) spontaneous recovery
D
47. Who was also known as "Little Albert"? A) developer of the concept of classical conditioning B) an animal trained by using operant conditioning procedures C) a creator of methods for teaching children D) a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning
D
52. Which of the following terms refers to the fact that animals and human beings may be evolutionarily predisposed to learn to fear certain stimuli that threaten their survival? A) instinctive drift B) construct survival C) emotional aversions D) preparedness
D
60. Why are heroin users more likely to overdose when they inject heroin someplace other than their usual location? A) Heroin users tend to inject a larger dose in new locations. B) Heroin users learn to associate safe practices with their usual location. C) Heroin users find drug use more rewarding in new locations. D) Cues that normally trigger a conditioned response that helps to prepare the body for the heroin are missing in the new locations.
D
61. Larry has been using heroin for several years. Normally he injects the drug in his basement, but one night on a vacation he injects the drug in his hotel room. Despite the fact that he uses the same heroin and dose that he normally does, Larry overdoses and dies. What phenomenon is likely responsible? A) spontaneous recovery B) preparedness C) negative punishment D) conditioned drug tolerance
D
64. How can learning theory help to explain why diet drinks are ineffective in helping people lose weight? A) Sugar acts as a positive reinforcer, but artificial sweeteners act as a negative reinforcer. B) Stimulus discrimination allows the body to tell the difference between real sugar and artificial sweeteners. C) Extinction occurs when artificial sweeteners are introduced, but spontaneous recovery leads to a return of overeating. D) People normally learn that sweet tastes (CS) predict calories (US), but artificial sweeteners weaken this association.
D
69. The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows is called ______________. A) higher-order conditioning B) latent learning C) classical conditioning D) reinforcement
D
75. A reinforcer is a consequence that ______________ the likelihood of a behavior, and a punisher is a consequence that ____________ the likelihood of a behavior. A) increases; increases B) decreases; decreases C) decreases; increases D) increases; decreases
D
79. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? A) water B) food C) shelter D) a gold star on a test
D
91. Extinction in operant conditioning involves _________________. A) negative reinforcement B) positive reinforcement C) punishment D) withholding reinforcement
D
94. An animal trainer is trying to teach a lion to perform tricks for the circus. First the lion is given food if he sits quietly on a chair. Next the lion is given food if he raises one paw. Finally the lion is given food if he gives the trainer a "high-five." In this example, the lion is being trained by ________________. A) negative reinforcement B) generalization C) punishment D) shaping
D
98. What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally's parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six As on her report card? A) gradual reinforcement B) sporadic reinforcement C) continuous reinforcement D) partial reinforcement
D
For Kyle, the smell of fresh baked cookies will always be connected to the memory of his grandmother. This is an example of which type of learning? A) cognitive B) observational C) latent D) associative
D
In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is: A) the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with a conditioned stimulus. B) the stimulus that triggers a conditioned response. C) the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with another stimulus. D) the stimulus that triggers a response without learning having taken place.
D
Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with ______________. A) vicarious learning B) the Law of Effect C) operant conditioning D) classical conditioning
D
The abbreviation US stands for _______________. A) unconditional statement B) uniform subject C) unconditioned sensation D) unconditioned stimulus
D
Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)? A) blinking when air is blown into your eye B) blinking, when you hear your favorite song C) your favorite song D) a puff of air to your eye
D
Why are human biologically prepared for snakes not guns Gun to kill fewer people than snakes Cons are not natural phone on on where snakes do occur nature Snakes are more predictable than guns Although also potentially involved in injury guns are a more recent addition to our evolutionary history
D
______ create situation that makes acquiring new knowledge more challenging with with beliefs that are less obvious in short term Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Latent learning Desirable difficulty
D
