Psychology Exam 2 Review

Positive reinforcement involves__________________; negative reinforcement involves __________________.

Adding a stimulus to the environment; removing a stimulus from the environment

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast are characteristics of _____ intelligence.

analytical

Retrieval is the process of _____.

bringing information to mind whenever needed

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

What theory was advanced by Festinger?

cognitive dissonance

The sleep debt is the result of ________.

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.

lucid

Eyewitness accounts of crimes are _____.

prone to errors

If a consequence increases the likelihood of a response in the future, that consequence is called?

reinforcer

The technique of __________increases the likelihood of a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer steps toward that behavior; it can be used in training animals to perform complex behaviors.

shaping

Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?

short-term memory

Motivated forgetting and repressed memories are usually associated with what type of memories?

traumatic memories

_______________ is the tendency for people to pay attention only to evidence that supports their beliefs.

confirmation bias

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Which is a shortcut used in problem-solving that will give the right answer most of the time, but is not guaranteed?

heuristic

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

homeostasis

According to Noam Chomsky, the fact that children all over the world acquire language at the same time indicates that ______.

humans are biologically prewired to acquire language

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and thus ________ the probability of a response.

removed; increases

Chunking involves _____.

reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into more meaningful units

Which of these is a shortcut based on resemblance to a prototype? it leads us to think that TTTTTT is a less likely sequence of coin flips than THHTHT.

representativeness heuristic

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

A good test of intelligence should be ______.

valid, reliable, and standardized

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

Slot machines reward an average number of times, but on an unpredictable basis. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

In what type of reasoning are pros and cons given in weighing possible conclusions?

Dialectical reasoning

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

If a person is reinforced for every 100 times they do a certain behavior, which schedule of reinforcement is in effect?

Fixed ratio

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Freud

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which of the following three systems?

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

College students were questioned about the explosion of the Challenger space shuttle the day after it happened and then again 2 ½ years later. What did the results tell us about their flashbulb memories?

Three years later, few of the students got all the details correct, and many were completely wrong

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

Which problem-solving strategy is guaranteed to give a correct solution?

algorithm

___________ is a state of tension that occurs when you either hold two conflicting beliefs, or hold a belief that is inconsistent with your behavior.

cognitive dissonance

Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the _____ of sports

concept

In classical conditioning, the ________ stimulus elicits the learned response after several associations.

conditioned

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________.

cupboard door opening

Being able to consciously recall information from the past and recite it involves what type of memory?

declarative memory

_____ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance.

deductive reasoning

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

A form of intelligence that refers to how effectively people perceive and understand their own feelings and the feelings of others is __________ intelligence.

emotional

Priming is a phenomenon that has been found to result in _____.

enhanced memory retrieval

Sleep apnea is defined by ________.

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer? Praise, money, food, attention

food

An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the:

increased heartbeat

Learning_________.

involves a systematic change, involves a relatively permanent change in behavior, and is central to behaviorist theories

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

language

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as __________.

learning

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

_____ involves retaining information over time.

memory

Which barrier to rational thinking happens when you rely too much on procedures that worked before for similar problems?

mental set

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________

narcolepsy

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through _____.

operant conditioning

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

opiod

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

A parent has a child who is misbehaving; the parent gives the child a candy bar to get them to be quiet. If the plan is to add something to the environment (candy bar) in order to decrease the response (bad behavior), what form of operant conditioning is the parent trying to use?

positive punishment

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

Children often build categories by comparing the similarity of something new to an ideal version they already know. Which way of defining concepts and categories relies on comparison to an ideal example:

prototype resemblence

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's ____ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing ____ abilities.

recognition/recall

Although behaviorists maintain that the principles of learning are the same for all species, _____.

secondary reinforcers are likely to be more effective with humans than with animals.

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

sleep

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

When comparing algorithms and heuristics, what is the advantage of using heuristics for solving real-life problems?

speed and convenience

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

In conditioning, sometimes the conditioned response will be elicited by stimuli that are similar, but not identical to the one that was initially conditioned. For instance, a dog that is conditioned to salivate to a high-pitched bell might then also salivate at the sound of a lower-pitched bell. What phenomenon have I defined and described?

stimulus generalization

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

taste aversion

According to the serial position effect, if you are a waiter trying to remember all the orders for a table of 7, you should pay particular attention to the __________ orders, because these are the ones you are most likely to forget.

third, fourth, and fifth

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

In classical conditioning, the ________ stimulus elicits a response automatically, even without training.

unconditioned

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________.

was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

Positive punishment _____. Negative reinforcement _____.

weakens behaviors/strengthens behaviors