Psychology Exam 3

Joe has an incredible ability to memorize whatever he reads in a book, and he can recite all the cities in the United States alphabetically. However, he has difficulty doing simple tasks like taking the bus. Joe most likely

is a savant.

Using an analogy to help solve a problem is most likely to occur when the problem

is similar to another problem.

Ming is hiking around a lake to photograph it from a variety of angles, but she forgot to bring water with her. Soon, she cannot concentrate and goes back to her car to satisfy her thirst. Which of the following factors is most likely influencing Ming's behavior in this situation? A. drive reduction B. incentive C. optimal arousal D. the pleasure principle

A. drive reduction

Which of the following can be categorized as a secondary emotion? A. shame B. sadness C. surprise D. digust

A. shame

Which of the following is NOT an example of thinking? A. translating your Spanish homework into English B. calculating the tip on your dinner bill C. taking a nap with soft music playing D. using a map to drive to a new store

C. taking a nap with soft music playing

Daria is writing a lecture and wants to explain the difference between being motivated by states of biological deficiency versus being motivated by incentives. Which of the following should she include as an example of an incentive that can motivate behavior even though it is NOT related to a so-called need? A. water B. sleep C. achievement D. money

D. money

Which of the following best describes reasoning? A. finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal B. selecting the best option among a set of alternatives C. choosing between general information and specific information D. using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

D. using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

Our ability to learn quickly, understand complex ideas, and use knowledge to solve problems demonstrates

Intelligence

Behaving in a way that confirms your own or other people's expectations is referred to as

a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Winona has difficulty determining how fearful someone is based on the person's facial expressions. Her friends worry that she can no longer process the emotional significance of stimuli due to brain damage and think there is a problem with Winona's

amygdala

Isaac is baking a cake by following the instructions in the recipe exactly. Isaac is using ________ to make the cake, which means that his cake will turn out correctly.

an algorithm

When you use a city map to find your way to a restaurant, it has some physical characteristics of the actual objects—streets and their locations. Because of this, the map is a(n) ________ representation.

analogical

According to the paradox of choice, having some choice is good, and having even more choice

can be frustrating and impair thinking.

According to the elaboration likelihood model, persuasion occurs through the ________ routes.

central and peripheral

If someone wants to create an attitude that will last a long time, he or she should use the ________ route of persuasion. If someone wants to create an attitude that will last only a short time, he or she should use the ________ route of persuasion.

central; peripheral

When love develops slowly and is based on friendship, it is considered to be ________ love.

companionate

After an earthquake in one city, people were caught up in an overwhelming situation and were not paying attention to their personal standards. As a result, mobs of people looted the damaged shops and homes. This behavior is most likely a result of

deindividuation.

Blake is waiting to hear whether he has been accepted to medical school. He is so anxious that he is having trouble working. To cope with the situation, he tries to keep himself from thinking about it by practicing the guitar. In doing so, Blake is dealing with his feelings through

distraction

Jie recently got out of a bad relationship and she is excited to be single again. Jie's friend, Nico, suggests that he would interpret that excitement negatively, if it were he. Excitement, in this example, is a(n) ________ because it is subjective and personal relative to the individual experiencing it.

emotion

The idea that one single intelligence factor contributes to performance on all intellectual tasks is known as the ________ intelligence theory.

general

When Seth becomes interested in a new hobby, he completely invests his time, money, and talents into that hobby. However, Seth always seems to lose his passion for the hobby in the middle of completing a project. He gets sidetracked and discouraged and chooses to focus on a new hobby. On which of the four factors related to long-term goal achievement is Seth low?

grit

When attitudes influence feelings and behavior on an unconscious level they are called ________ attitudes.

implicit

While attending a concert, Brian hears a loud explosion in the crowd. Seeing that the majority of the concertgoers run in one direction, Brian believes that people are running to that direction for a good reason and conforms by running in the same direction. Brian's reaction is based on

informational influence.

According to the theory of multiple intelligences, the famous authors Mark Twain and Dr. Seuss most likely possessed high ________ intelligence.

linguistic

Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year. His brother tries to get him to go to some social events, but Hugh does not want to do anything. Hugh's behavior is not energized, directed, or sustained, and he is lacking

motivation

When we conform or go along with what the group does because we want to be liked, it is often due to ________ influence.

normative

Stanley Milgram's shock experiment illustrates the phenomenon of

obedience.

When intense longing and sexual desire characterize love, it is considered to be ________ love.

passionate

An active and conscious effort to change an attitude by sending a message is referred to as

persuasion

If you have a higher level of general intelligence, you are also likely to have better

physical health.

Terry's home was destroyed in a hurricane. It is hard to find food, so he is constantly hungry. However, he feels lucky because his family survived and he is together with his loved ones. According to Maslow's theory, Terry's ________ needs are not met, but his ________ needs are being met.

physiological; belonging

Gwen has always experienced extreme anxiety regarding tests. After seeing a counselor, she learned how to regulate her emotions during exam week. Instead of thinking about the exams as a threat, she thinks of the exams as an opportunity to show how thoroughly she studied and how much she knows. Which strategy is Gwen using to regulate her emotions?

reappraisal

When we encounter a difficult problem, thinking about the problem in a new way can help solve it. This technique is known as

restructuring.

After he was robbed, Marcus kept replaying the incident in his mind. "Why did I leave the door unlocked? Some of my stuff was irreplaceable and I can never get it back." By continually focusing on this negative event, Marcus is exhibiting

rumination.

When the presence of others leads to enhanced performance, it is an example of

social facilitation.

Cognitive schemas allow for easy, fast processing of information about people, events, or groups that are related in some way. However, when we make generalizations about these people, events, or groups, we are using

stereotypes

When you encounter a person who does not fit into a stereotype, you may create a special category for that person instead of revising your stereotype. This practice is called

subtyping

The more that Edward sees Bella on campus, the more positive his attitude becomes toward her. Edward's attitude is becoming more positive with every encounter because of

the mere exposure effect.

Marco wants to get an A on his exam. To do this, he divides up the material into small sections and focuses on learning a different section every day until he knows all of the material for the exam. Marco is ________ to achieve his goal of getting an A on his exam.

using subgoals

You get to your car and realize you have lost your keys. So you think of the last time you saw your keys and retrace your steps from that point. You are using the problem-solving technique of ________ to help find your keys.

working backward

Which of the following best describes problem solving? A. finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal B. selecting the best option among a set of alternatives C. reasoning from general information to specific information D. using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

A. finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal

A number of criticisms of the Milgram studies have emerged since the studies were conducted in the 1970s. Which of the following criticisms is INACCURATE? A. Participants might have obeyed because they did not really believe that the learner was receiving a life-threatening shock. B. Participants might have obeyed because they believed in the value of the scientific enterprise and wanted to help the experimenter. C. Participants reported that they regretted having delivering the shock to the learner after receiving debriefing of the experiment. D. Some participants might have obeyed because they received stronger orders than others did.

C. Participants reported that they regretted having delivering the shock to the learner after receiving debriefing of the experiment.

Ekman and colleagues found that several emotions are common to people around the world, including all of the following EXCEPT A. fear B. guilt C. sadness D. digest

D. disgust

Which of the following can be categorized as a primary emotion? A. guilt B. shame C. remorse D. disgust

D. disgust

The final exam for your psychology class is a(n) ________ test.

achievement

When Larry forgets to buy milk at the grocery store, he says, "I forgot milk because I was thinking about picking my daughter up from school." When Larry's wife forgets to buy milk, Larry says, "She forgot milk at the store because she's an airhead." This is an example of

actor/observer bias.

Shyla is considering going to the Halloween dance. She thinks about how she would feel regret if she did not attend, and she thinks about how she would be happy and excited to hang out with her friends if she did attend, so she decides to go. This example illustrates how

anticipating emotions helps us make decisions.

Research on interpersonal attraction has shown evidence that physically attractive individuals, compared to physically unattractive individuals, tend to

be better at socializing.

As you walk into class, you notice that everyone is sitting on the floor. You consequently sit on the floor, too. In this situation, the fact that you choose to act in a way that matches the people around you is an example of

conformity

Timo does not have many memories of his early childhood. However, one thing he remembers clearly is when he broke his favorite toy. He remembers crying for days when his parents would not replace it. This childhood memory may be especially clear for Timo because

emotional events are more likely to be stored in long-term memory.

Sarah wants to do well in class because she is earning credit toward graduation. Joe wants to do well in class because he gets pleasure from learning new material. Sarah is influenced by ________ motivation. Joe is influenced by ________ motivation.

extrinsic; intrinsic

People from a variety of cultures are able to look at facial expressions and identify emotions like happiness and surprise. This evidence that facial expressions for emotions are universal suggests that

facial expression of emotions is biologically built in.

Maya finds her customer service job to be frustrating and stressful. She tells her friend Jeff about her negative experience at work, and he tells her to force herself to smile while she is at work, an idea he learned in his psychology class. When Maya tries smiling at work, she finds her job less frustrating and even begins to enjoy it some days. The idea that Jeff shared with Maya is most likely the

facial-feedback hypothesis.

Terri is an experienced matchmaker. She tells her clients who are looking for romantic connections that good first dates should be active experiences that make your heart race, resulting in excitement or fear. When her clients follow her advice, they are more likely to feel a romantic connection with a new partner on the first date. On what psychological concept is Terri relying when giving this advice?

misattribution of arousal

Even though Brendan does not like psychology, he is still taking an introductory psychology class because it's a prerequisite for his intended major and he doesn't want to drop the course. According to cognitive dissonance theory, Brendan will probably have a(n) ________ attitude toward psychology by the end of the semester.

more positive

A man is skiing skillfully down a mountain. This man would most likely score high on bodily kinesthetic intelligence, according to the ________ theory.

multiple intelligences

After finishing elementary school, Mia moved to a new school district for middle school. Almost none of her friends from elementary school came with her to the new school. She feels anxious and quickly joins an after-school club. What motive may be driving Mia's behavior?

need to belong

Expected standards of conduct, which influence behaviors, are known as

social norms.

When solving a problem using insight, the solution is reached

suddenly when it just pops into one's head.

When you brainstorm a list of words and concepts that are related to your personality traits, you are writing words that are related to an abstract mental concept. Because of this you are using a(n) ________ representation.

symbolic