PSYCHOLOGY FINAL 1
Pons
The larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal
Tolerance
____ occurs when people require larger amounts of a drug to experience the same effects experienced during their initial usage.
Encoding
_____ is the first process of getting info into memory.
According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves
behavior motivated by doing what is best for the greatest number of people.
A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. The person is engaging in ______.
divergent thinking
Researchers studying infant stress levels using the "Strange Situation" method have found that
most infants are upset with the mom when she departs but are happy when she returns.
Raven's Progressive Matrices
most widely used
reflexes
motor behaviors
Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory
nvolves no deliberate attention or effort.
fetus
period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change
Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development, whereas at other times those same influences would have little impact, are called____.
Critical periods
What is Phonology?
A structure of the sound of the words in a laungage
A morpheme has only one phoneme.
False
Children in the concrete operational stage cannot reason with hypothetical entities such as variables.
In one elementary school curriculum, mathematical variables first appear in the sixth grade. Why are they not introduced in the fourth or fifth grade?
Young Pemba is being observed as he plays in a room with his mother. Pemba frequently goes to the toys in the room, but occasionally looks back at his mother to make sure she is there. After a quick smile is exchanged between mother and child, Pemba goes back to the task of building with the toys. When Pemba's mother leaves the room, he becomes moderately upset, but is easily soothed when she returns. Which type of attachment does Pemba seem to have with his mother?
Secure
The application of mathematics to describe and analyse data is known as
Statistics
the misinformation effect
Sue May witnessed a bicycle crash and heard one of the bystanders say that it appeared one of the biker's tires was wobbling before the accident. Even though the bike appeared new, Sue May tells the police officer who is investigating the accident that the bike's tire had been "wobbling like crazy!" Sue May's faulty recall illustrates
Regarding the effects of coaching on standardized test scores, which of the following statements is most representative of current research?
The best predictor of increased test scores could be "number of times tested" and not "coaching."
onomatopoeia.
Using words like hee-haw or cocka-a-doodle-doo to describe the sound that a donkey or rooster might make provides us with examples of
stimulus generalization
While on a cruise ship, Kevin became sick after eating a seafood dinner. His food poisoning coupled with sea sickness led to a terrible vacation. Now Kevin feels sick at the sight of the ocean. Kevin's behavior illustrates the process of
Scheme
a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events
Jayne is a 26-month-old toddler. She is most likely in the _____ stage.
anal
According to Sternberg, ________ intelligence is akin to the ability to reason logically.
analytical
Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in nursery school children.
Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" study?
Motor skills tend to develop in the same sequence from child to child, although the ages of each milestone vary.
Which of the following is true with regard to the order of development of motor skills?
Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use manipulatives and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piaget's ________ stage.
concrete operational
As compared to Piaget's theory, Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development best explains how a child learns to
cross a street safely for the first time.
Whose theory suggests that Tiger Woods's ability to hit a golf ball might be considered a form of intelligence? a. Spearman b. Galton c. Binet d. Gardner
d
When people are asked to say how many windows they have in their dwelling, the amount of time people take to come up with the answer ______________.
depends on the number of windows
For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in
distributed practice.
Binet and Simon's intelligence test included ________ items as one subtest area
drawing pictures from memory
The term ________ refers to the most intermediate level of specificity that is likely to be applied to an object.
basic level
Solving a problem critically depends on ________.
how you represent it
Conservation
A child masters ________ when she understands that an object retains its quantity even if its appearance changes.
mind
A child's ability to understand that others' perspectives can differ from theirs is called theory of ________.
schema
A conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world
sucking reflex
an automatic response to oral stimulation
Psychoactive drugs
substances that alter thinking, perception, memory, or some combination of those abilities
Standardized Tests
such as the SAT, correlate highly (0.7 - 0.8) with IQ tests, but attempt to emphasize achievement
The misinformation effect is most similar to which example below from the "Seven Sins of Memory"?
suggestibility
seven sins of memory
suggestibility, misattribution, bias, transcience, persistence, blocking, and absentmindedness
Americans tend to view intelligence as:
the capacity to reason well and learn quickly ("to think on one's feet")
object permanence
the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
__________ studies collect data from the same individuals over a period of time to track age changes.
longitudinal
Talia, a psychology major, just conducted a survey for class where she asked students about their opinions regarding evolution. When Talia thinks back on this experience, which of the following statements is accurate?
Talia's ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates semantic memory, while her recollections of talking with the students illustrates episodic memory.
Object permanence
Tamara was playing "roll the ball" with her father, who rolled the ball past Tamara and it went into the next room. Immediately Tamara went searching for it. This indicates that she understands:
IQ =
mental age ÷ chronological age x 100
In an examination of the relationship between SAT scores and college performance, your authors note that one of the factors that may contribute to the appearance of a low correlation is _________.
restriction of range
During the ________ stage of development, a child will not have developed object permanence.
sensorimotor
primary sex characteristics
physical features such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes
Thinking
synonym for cognition
Each of the following statements is true EXCEPT____.
the ability of some primates to use signs to refer to an object is proof of their mastery of human-like language
People typically experience declines in vision, hearing, and smell at about age
60-69
3. You brush your finger across the left cheek of your new neighbor's baby. The baby turns toward your finger. This is known as the _____ . A) rooting reflex B) motor reflex C) sucking reflex D) stepping reflex
A) rooting reflex
The depth of processing concept of Craik and Lockhart would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog?
"Would it be found in a pond?"
An IQ score below ____ may lead to classification of mental retardation.
70
An IQ score below ________ may lead to a classification of mental retardation
70
An IQ score below ________ may lead to a classification of mental retardation.
70
Preconventional
A typical statement of someone in the __________ level of Kohlberg's moral development would be, "I'm not going to steal because I'll probably be punished if I do
Which of th following people can expect to live the longest, on average?
A white female
1. Janie hits her brother, Sam, and he starts to cry. Her mother hears Sam crying and asks Janie if she hit Sam. Janie doesn't believe that lying to her mother (or anyone, for that matter) will work, so she says she did. What milestone does this scenario suggest that Janie has not yet reached? A) egocentrism B) object permanence C) language D) animistic thinking
A) egocentrism
Rachel attended an informational meeting about diabetes. She learned that diabetes causes more deaths per year than all accidents combined. Rachel was surprised by this information because deaths by accidents are reported in the news all the time. Rachel's surprise in this scenario is due to her reliance on the
Availability heuristic.
Stacie is interested in researching the effects of catharsis on health. What will she likely find in the literature?
Catharsis can be harmful when it reinforces a sense of helplessness
Who has the highest IQ?
Cecilee with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 7
Who has the highest IQ?
Cecilee, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 7.
small head, malformed face, heart defects, hyperactivity
Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
What point did the authors make regarding claims of recovered memories of childhood abuse?
Childhood abuse claims need to be supported by supporting evidence in order to be believed as real.
Katherine is nice to Sally, even though she doesn't like Sally at all, because most of her friends like Sally. Katherine is in which stage or moral development according to Kohlberg?
Conventional
What is the name of thick band of axons that connect the two cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus Callosum
memory consists of different processes
Clive Wearing's story illustrates that:
Although those with high IQs are found across professional fields, which professional group tends to obtain the highest average IQs?
College Professors
1. Which claim was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow? A) Babies become attached to adults who are pleasant to touch. B) Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment. C) Babies become attached to adults who smile at them. D) Babies become attached to adults who talk in quiet voices.
B) Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.
2. Sarah has developed a sucking schema as a way of understanding objects around her. Sarah's behavior of sucking on a harmonica to make music is an example of _________________. A) accommodation B) assimilation C) conservation D) abstract thinking
B) assimilation
theory of mind
At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends' feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring what Developmental Psychologists call ____________________.
Extinction
Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI Joe action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen?
linguistic determinism view
Helen Keller's writings suggest support for the
Which of the following children is most likely to have a temper tantrum when her father leaves the room?
Ilsa, who has an insecure-anxious attachment to her father
preoperational stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
organism
In S-O-R learning, what does the "O" stand for?
These two conditions are most commonly associated with mental retardation
Fragile X and Down syndrome
________ is genetic and inherited and is much more likely to occur in males than females.
Fragile X syndrome
Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world. The idea of such testing came from _____________.
France
_______was a cousin of Charles Darwin, and he propose that intelligence is the by-product of sensory capacity."
Francis Galton
children exhibit universal adaptability
In lecture, we saw a video of researcher Janet Werker studying the capacity of infants to detect speech sounds. She trained them to turn their head at a sound change (such as "ba" to "pa"), then exposed them to speech sounds that do not exist in English. What were her findings?
the representativeness heuristic
In one study, 95% of subjects judged that Tom W. was more likely to study computer science than education after reading a character sketch that described him with adjectives used to stereotype people in computer science (orderly, intelligent, more interested in things than people, unimaginative and practical.) The subjects in this study did not consider that there are three times more education students than computer science students! This failure to consider base rates and to judge someone based on a stereotype is typical of which of the following:
Types of Variables?
Independent Variables (IV):A variable used to influence, predict, or explain variations in another variable. Dependent Variables (DV): A variable that is influenced, explained or predicted by the independent variable.
Which one of the following children would most likely be described as "independent"?
James, who has an insecure-avoidant attachment to his mother
______ studies collect data from the same individuals over a period of time to track age changes.
Longitudinal
correlation versus causation
Low birth weight is directly linked to many complications in babies, including a high risk of death, infection, developmental delays, and even psychological disorders. It is not known, however, if these symptoms are a direct effect of low birth weight or if the low birth weight may be a result of other pregnancy-related complications. This is an important demonstration of the critical thinking concept of
Which of the following is not a known symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome?
NOT facial malformations
Which of the following skills/abilities show relatively little decline as adults age?
Recalling information that is pertinent to everyday life
A researcher decided to study cognitive change in children by tracking a group of 3-year-olds until they reach the age of 18. This researcher is conducting a ___ study.
Longitudinal
motor behaviors
bodily motions that occur as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles
Experience...bilingual children concentrate the language functions of their dominant language in the left side of the brain but continue to process their secondary language in both sides of the brain.
The evidence that language specialization is driven by ___________________ is provided by _________________________________________.
The REM stage of sleep occurs approximately every _________ during the night. a. 2-4 hours b. 45 minutes c. 90 minutes d. 100 minutes
c
Which of the following is true with regard to the order of development of motor skills?
Motor skills tend to develop in the same sequence from child to child, although the ages of each milestone vary.
Opie, a 20 year old college student, has just taken a modern version of an IQ test and received a score of 150. With this information we can conclude that he
Outperformed the average 20 year old test taker.
Which of the following kinds of items would most likely be found on a culture-fair IQ test?
Picture completion
Cognition is a synonym for ___.
Thinking
If Shannon learned French before she learned Latin, retroactive interference would predict that Latin would interfere with her French.
True
If you speak two languages, when you name a picture in one language, you'll initially also activate its name in the other.
True
are similar to those found naturally in our brains
Psychoactive drugs are drugs that____
the duration and capacity of iconic memory.
Sperling's study used a fixation point, three lines of letters, and a time interval to test:
Which of the following are the leading indicators of coronary heart disease?
Stress and personality type
social facilitation
Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Individualism-Collectivism (Hofstede dimensions)
The degree of intergration f individuals within groups
Uncertainty avoidance(Hofstede dimensions)
The degree of tolerance of the unknown
In the research on false memories, why was it easier to implant some memories and not others?
The emotion evoked by the potentially implanted memory played a role.
Adrenal glands
The endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence
Which of the following is true of motor development?
There is variability in both the age children reach motor milestones and the progression of motor milestones.
The hypothalamus sits atop a mind-body link known as the hypothalamus-pituitary-________ axis that controls that way the body responds to the presence of a stressor.
adrenal
When does consolidation occur?
after a couple of years, but it may continue for much longer
One of the problems with the trichromatic theory of color vision is that it cannot explain why negative afterimages (i.e., afterimages that appear in complementary colors) occur. The opponent process theory of color vision, however, neatly explains this phenomenon. Which principle of critical thinking does this remind us to consider? a. Falsifiability b. Ruling out rival hypotheses c. Occam's Razor d. Extraordinary claims
b
Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion?
arousal and context
The ABC of Attitudes?
attitudes comprise Affective, Cognitive and Behavioural components
Which of the following is true concerning IQ correlations?
b. There is a positive correlation between IQ scores and social class.
Computer programmers often use binary codes (strings of 1s and 0s) to write programs for computers. These codes are then changed into patterns that the computer recognizes as words, pictures, sounds, and so forth. Which process does this most resemble in humans and other animals?
Transduction
According to your textbook, intelligence is ________.
a concept
The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be _________.
a filing cabinet
mnemonic
a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall
Greta's child, as it has grown, has developed facial deformities, heart defects, cognitive impairments, and stunted growth. If these defects can be traced to drug use by Greta when she was prego what drug was she abusing?
alcohol
Howard Gardner (1983)
alternatively suggests there are eight separate intelligences
How many morphemes are there in the sentence "I wanted it"?
four
According to the ______, repeated exposure to stimulus leads to increased liking of the stimulus.
mere exposure effect
A child's ability to understand that others' perspectives can differ from theirs is called theory of ______.
mind
During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a(n)
obsession
language
system of communication that combines symbols, such as words or gestural signs, in rule-based ways to create meaning
sensory memory
brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short term memory
retrieval
reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores
The emotion "alarm," a mixture of fear and surprise, is one example of a _____.
secondary emotion
recognition
selecting previously remembered information from an array of options
During the ______ stage of development, a child will not have developed object
sensorimotor
The highest levels of moral resigning, called ______ morality, are based on internal principles that transcend society
postconventional
"Becoming what one ought to be" is one way to define _______. a. achievement potential b. peak experience c. self-actualization d. self-concept
c
A frequently prescribed medication for managing one's attention problems is a. Lithium. b. Prozac. c. Ritalin. d. Thorazine.
c
In the Middle Ages, people accused of being witches were often tested by being dunked in a river or pond. If they floated to the surface, they were condemned as witches. If they sank and drowned, they were posthumously acquitted. This test obviously lacks __________
c. validity.
Retrograde amnesia
cannot remember what happened immediately prior to the accident
If a scientific finding has been replicated, it demonstrates that it was
capable of being consistently duplicated
One important indicator of an IQ test's validity is its
capacity to predict future outcomes
Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"?
car
Sarah, a graduate student in psychology, just heard about a five-year-old child who has already learned calculus. She is thinking about doing an in-depth study of the child for her dissertation because such early-life math skill is so rare. Sarah is considering which research method?
case study
Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds?
case study research designs
Suppose you're pitching in a baseball game facing a good hitter. You remember that you struck him out with a fastball the last time he was up. You also remember that your coach told you always to try to be unpredictable, so you decide to throw a curve ball this time. In making this decision, you are primarily using your ________.
central executive
Wavelength
characteristic of both light waves and sound waves
secure attachment
checks to make sure mom is watching, returns to mom when stranger enters, becomes upset when mom leaves (about 60 percent of U.S. infants)
Antagonists
chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters
During Piaget's concrete-operational stages,
children are first able to represent objects mentally in different ways and to perform mental operations
Flashbulb memories
clear and vivid memories of where one was and what one was doing when a special event occurred
Motion parallax
close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away
Studies have suggested that personal space in many Middle Eastern countries is ____ than in the US, and women, in general, tend to have a ____ personal space than men.
closer, closer
Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development.
cognitive
According to Piaget, one's level of moral development is linked to one's level of ________.
cognitive development
A criticism of Sternberg's theory is that ________.
even his own data provide only weak support for his theory
Which of the following is the MOST effective way to lose weight?
exercise and make proper dietary changes
Spearman developed a new statistical tool to analyze scores on intelligence tests. This method is called ________.
factor analysis
hippocampus
factual component of memories
decay
fading of information from memory
Seth loves to eat at McDonald's. Whenever he eats there, he always supersizes his meals. This is an example of
failing to control portion size.
cryptomnesia
failure to recognize our ideas originated with someone else
Scientists can study genetic influences on psycholical characteristics in three major ways through
family, twin, and adaoption studies
The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was
faulty eyewitness identification.
Which of the following is an example of a test using recall?
fill-in-the-blank
Alfred Binet and Henri Simon (1904)
first intelligence test
The type of intelligence that allows you to learn to play your first few notes on a saxophone is called crystallized intelligence. abstract intelligence. fluid intelligence. emotional intelligence.
fluid intelligence
Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that ______.
follows the bell curve
According to Spearman, it is one's ________ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between vocabulary, spatial ability, and verbal reasoning tests.
general
According to Spearman, it is one's ________ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between vocabulary, spatial ability, and verbal reasoning tests. crystallized general fluid emotional
general
According to Spearman, it's one's ___ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between vocabulary, spatial ability, and verbal reasoning tests.
general
The stress-response pattern proposed by Hans Selye that consists of three stages— alarm, resistance, and exhaustion—is called the _____ syndrome.
general adaptation
One explanation for schizophrenia holds that schizophrenic individuals have difficulty in filtering their attention. This is most closely related to the concept of
cognitive economy
authoritative parenting
combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children
According to Piaget, students begin to successfully complete division and multiplication problems during the ________ stage.
concrete operational
According to humanistic theories of personality, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviors are called
conditions of worth
Leon Festinger
created terms cognitive dissonance and the social comparison theory; said that when people are induced to act in ways inconsistent with their beliefs, a tension is created, and they will change their beliefs to fit their behavior
Piaget's theory applies to such topics as
creating lesson plans for first grade students.
misinformation effect
creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place
According to Robert Sternberg, _______ is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems.
creative intelligence
According to Robert Sternberg, ____________ is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems (divergent thinking, in other words).
creative intelligence
The ability to produce solutions to problems that are novel, and successful is called ___________
creativity
A __________ period refers to the specific time period when the development of a particular skill must take place.
critical
__________ studies observe different individuals at different ages at a single point in time to track age differences.
cross-sectional
__________ is the process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives
decision making
Which of the following emotions would be most difficult to read from facial expression alone?
envy
Personal facts and memories of one's personal history are parts of ___________.
episodic memory
Researcher Konrad Lorenz explored the concept of __________ by being the first moving thing a clutch of newly hatched goslings saw. The result, as he predicted, was that the young animals followed him around religiously, clearly demonstrating their belief that he was their mother.
imprinting
The expressed purpose of the eugenics movement was to
improve a population's genetic stock by implementing sterilization plans for those low IQ to prevent them from breeding
The expressed purpose of the eugenics movement was to
improve a population's genetic stock by implementing sterilization plans for those of low IQ to prevent them from breeding.
he expressed purpose of the eugenics movement was to
improve a population's genetic stock by implementing sterilization plans for those of low IQ to prevent them from breeding.
A person who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is most likely to exhibit
impulsitivity and unpredictability in his or her interactions with others
After dinner, Sophia started to read a cookbook that is full of colorful pictures of desserts. She decided to make a cake. After the cake was ready she felt hungry again, so she ate the whole cake! This phenomenon can best be explained by the ________ theory.
internal-external
The extent to which it is possible to draw cause-and-effect conclusions from a given research project describes the study's _____ validity.
internal
Corrie is well liked by all her classmates. She has lots of friends and is always one of the first people chosen whenever there are group projects. According to Gardner, at which type of intelligence does Corrie likely excel? Spatial Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalistic
interpersonal
Stephanie's friends describe her as someone who has the uncanny ability to say the right thing at the right time whenever someone is in need. According to Gardner, Stephanie's skills may reflect a type of _____ intelligence.
interpersonal
According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one's sense of self, is called ________.
intimacy
representativeness heuristic
judging the probability of an even by its superficial similarity to a prototype. Failure to consider base rates and judge someone based on a stereotype
meta memory
knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations
duration
length of time for which a memory system can retain information
Kayla has experienced a decrease in the need for sleep for the past three nights, is extremely talkative and creative, and has been very irresponsible with money during this time. Kayla is in the midst of a(n)
manic episode
After presenting groups of research participants words like thread, eye, pin, syringe, sewing, sharp, and thimble, a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle. The fact that many participants do is an example of
memory illusion
Emotional attachment to others is to _____ as sexual desire is to _____.
oxytocin; testosterone and estrogen
problem solving
generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal
recall
generating previously remembered information
Group brainstorming is less effective than individual brainstorming because
group members may be anxious about being evaluated by others and because of social loafing
The student council at Really Rich High School is meeting to decide on the theme for the upcoming school dance. At the beginning of the discussion there is an even split on which theme should be used: Finger Food Frolic or Dog Catcher Disco. As the discussion progresses only three people out of 20 still want the Dog Catcher Disco theme. According to your textbook, this scenario BEST describes
group polarization
The test is based on the assumption that criminals usually possess concealed knowledge about the crime is
guilty knowledge test
The test that is based on the assumption that criminals usually conceal knowledge about the crime is known as the _____.
guilty knowledge test
When we consider intelligence, it is important to remember that although _______ sets limits on a child's potential, it is the _______ that permits that potential to be actualized.
heredity; environment
In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ______________.
heuristics
What problem-solving strategies don't guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time?
heuristics
People who are more likely to attempt and stick with new challenges usually have _____ self-esteem.
high
Using the ________ paradigm, researchers have found that infants can recognize sounds to which they were exposed in utero.
high-amplitude sucking
Rosenthal's "bloomers" study demonstrated that
higher teacher expectations of students led to higher academic performance.
The correlation of IQs for adult identical twins raised apart is ________.
higher than for fraternal twins raised together
Adrianna is trying to memorize the names of the bones in the hand. She had gone through a list of them when her phone rang. After she gets off the phone, she is MOST likely to remember the first few bone names because of the ________.
primacy effect
Mary just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about. Mary just made a___________.
primary appraisal
The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects
pronurture perspective
The sentence, "Colorless ideas sleep furiously" has ________.
proper syntax but poor semantics
uninvolved parenting
provides neither warmth nor control
The zone of __________ development from the theory of Lev Vygotsky refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what a child can do together with a more competent person.
proximal
Traditionally, what are repressed memories?
real memories pushed out of consciousness because they are emotionally threatening
An essay exam question or a fill-in-the-blank question with no word bank is similar to the ________ method of assessing one's memory.
recall
Among the major principles guiding attraction and relationship formation, _____ plays a more important role when a relationship moves to deeper levels.
reciprocity
The phenomenon whereby we are more likely to believe something we've heard many times is known as the
recognition heuristic
Each of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa EXCEPT____.
recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging of the food just eaten.
Assuming that a series of coin tosses is random because the ratio of heads and tails look randomly distributed is an example of ________.
representativeness heuristic
Recognition test
requires one to pick the correct answer from among several possible ones provided
longitudinal design
research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
cross-sectional design
research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
memory
retention of information over time
In the game show Jeopardy! contestants are tested on general information. The type of memory used to answer these kinds of questions is _________.
semantic
The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called ________.
semantics
On your lunch break you decide to try a new restaurant that you've been hearing about. Once you are seated, a family with a young infant who looks to be about one year old sits next to you. As you smile at the child, thinking how adorable she is, she breaks into tears, screams, and reaches for her father. You should:
smile and order your lunch because stranger anxiety is common at this age
Morphemes
smallest units of meaning in a language
algorithms
step-by-step learned procedure used to solve a problem
Jackie Robinson, the first African-American to play in the major leagues, was told all his life that he was inferior. Yet time after time he was able to outperform many of the other players on the field. Which potential problem did Jackie Robinson overcome? Low self-esteem Test bias Stereotype threat Heritability
stereotype threat
Behaviorists attempted to explain thinking in the narrow terms of
stimulus and response
Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the ________ test in order to assess the different types of attachment that might exist between a child and his or her primary caregiver.
strange situation
Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the __________ test in order to assess the different types of attachment that might exist between a child and his or her primary caregiver.
strange situation
Authoritarian parents are ____ disciplinarians and they are _____ with punishment.
strick; quick
Authoritarian parents are ________ disciplinarians and they are ________ with punishment.
strict; quick
Kevin is a 45-year-old college professor. Compared to when he was 20, Kevin is now likely to
struggle hearing students' questions during lecture.
Harlow's rhesus monkeys study
studied infant rhesus monkeys separated from mothers hours after birth. Provided two 'surrogate' mothers: one wire with milk and one warm cloth covered with no milk. Monkeys spent more time with cloth mother especially when scared
Distributed practice in studying means to ________.
study in short sessions spread out over time
Temporal lobe
the area of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech
As you sit in class, the words to your favorite song keep running through your head. You are using what part of working memory?
the articulatory loop
The end of the germinal stage of prenatal development is marked by
the attachment to the uterine wall
Neetu attempts to identify correctly the colors in the Stroop task interference list, but has difficulty doing so. This illustrates
the automaticity of language
Convergent thinking:
the capacity to find the single best solution to a given problem
Divergent thinking:
the capacity to generate many solutions to problems
Your text authors make the computer analogy that short-term memory is similar to ________ and long-term memory is similar to information ________.
the computer's RAM (random access memory); stored on the hard drive
An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is ________.
the heuristic can be quicker
The crucial difference between having a "good" memory and having a "bad" memory among most people is ________.
the strategies used when storing and retrieving information
menopause
the termination of menstruation, marking the end of a woman's reproductive potential
Gardner and his associates are known for proposing ______.
the theory of multiple intelligences
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
Robert Sternberg argued that intelligence involves more than"g" and devised a model involiving three kinds of intelligence. This model is called
the triarchic model
An important criticism of the depth-of-processing model is that it is
unfalsifiable.
Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________.
visual is to auditory
iconic memory
visual sensory memory
Recent findings associated with aging and cognitive functioning show that older adults outscore younger adults on
vocabulary tests
The theory of multiple intelligences was proposed by ___.
Gardner
Lucid
____ dreaming is a phenomenon in which a person achieves an awareness of a dream as a dream while dreaming.
Corticosteriods are stress hormones that
activate the body and prepare it to respond to stressful circumstances
If you have used a variety of operations when processing information, you have utilized ________.
depth of processing
slow-to-warm-up infants
disturbed by new stimuli at first but gradually adjust to them (about 15 percent of babies)
Inductive reasoning always converges on the correct answer.
false
memory illusion
false but subjectively compelling memory
Any environmental factor that can cause a birth defect is known as a __________.
teratogen
Any environmental factor that can cause a birth defect is known as a(n) _______.
teratogen
Any environmental factor that can cause a birth defect is known as a(n) __________.
teratogen
Marijuana
tetrahydrocannabinol
concrete operations
7-11 years old, egocentrism wanes gradually
stimulus and response
Behaviorists attempted to explain thinking in the narrow terms of
In humans, the effects of stress on the hippocampus ________.
Can be reversed
scenic
Capacity of sensory memory is
Most cohabiting relationships last____.
No longer than 2 years
Classical is to __________ as operant is to __________.
Pavlov; Skinner
Punishment
Will decrease the likelihood of behavior reoccurring
Puberty is associated with the onset of
menarche
prenatal
prior to birth
Wisdom:
the application of intelligence toward a common good
The most sensitive measure of memory is
relearning.
The difference between the scores of African Americans and Caucasians has been estimated to be as high as ___ points.
15
In order to qualify for membership in an organization called Mensa, you would need to have an intelligence quotient that is in the top ________ percent of the IQ range
2
In order to qualify for membership in an organization called Mensa, you would need to have an intelligence quotient that is in the top ________ percent of the IQ range.
2
Which of the stages of the general adaption syndrome is most indicated by activation of the fight-or-flight system?
Alarm
What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaption syndrome?
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Which of following is the assumption that the polygraph test is based upon?
Pinocchio response
A child is unable to see the world from others' point of view.
What is meant by the term "egocentrism?"
Changes in brain wave activity
What is the biggest difference between the different stages of the sleep cycle?
True or Flase? Are Sleep disturbances, nightmares, waking "flashbacks" of events one of Oberg's concept of culture shock symptoms?
False
plausible
False memories are easier to implant when the events that are said to have occurred are perceived as
Which of the following statements is true?
Hassles are minor annoyances or nuisances that tax one's ability to cope.
The emotional connection that a newborn baby shares with his or her caregiver(s) is called __________.
attachment
Culture-Fair Tests
attempt to eliminate biases for people who speak language differently than how the WAIS is written
The sentences "The dog bit the boy" and "The boy was bit by the dog" have the same meaning, but differ in ________.
Syntax
50%
What percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100
heuristics
What problem-solving strategies are essentially mental shortcuts?
proactive inhibition
interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of new information
REM behavior disorder
What relatively rare sleep disorder involves people acting out the movements and events of their dreams?
Lawrence Kohlberg
1927-1987; Field: cognition, moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior
Which of the following would NOT be an example of a psychophysiological illness?
-Diabetes -Asthma -Headaches -AIDS
Which of the following stressors is likely to lead to disruption in the immune system?
-Going on a mild diet -Having a party for several people this coming weekend. -Having some work done on your home * Unemployment
The fetal brain begins as a long structure that develops into a variety of different structures. What does the original shape of the fetal brain most resemble?
A Tube
Which of the following symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is most likely to diminish as children mature and reach adolescence?
-Impulsivity -Problems with peers *High levels of physical activity -Academic difficulties
rooting
A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
circadian
A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n)_____rhythm.
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?
•Ingroup bias? •Outgroup Homogeneity?
-Tendency to favour ingroup members over outgroup members -Tendency to view all outgroup members as highly similar
Research has found that the body's immune system can attack your own body parts, leading to all but which of the following conditions?
-arthritis *Diabetes -multiple sclerosis -AIDS
retroactive inhibition
interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information
Sherif study
-studied informational social influence with a study on the autokinetic effect. participants stared at a bright light in a uniformly dark environment which makes the light appear to move. all people saw it as moving a different amount of space so they came up with a group estimate to see how much it moved.
The period of transition from childhood to adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years is called __________.
. puberty b. adolescence d. the teens
ESSAY EXAMPLES...
...
Lena answered true to most of the questions that asked her about her participation in outdoor activities or social gatherings. When she received her results, she was amazed that the test had accurately described her extraverted personality. What may Lena be a victim of?
...
MORE EXAMPLE QUESTIONS...
...
MULTIPLE CHOICE EXAMPLES...
...
Sheila is taking a personality test for a waitress job at a new restaurant in town. Despite her shy nature, she wants to answer the questions in such a way that she appears outgoing. What aspect of this test will give her problems if it is low?
...
Which perspective on personality development is most concerned with how one's learning history influences who they later become?
...
If the correlation between SAT and college grades is ________ for women and ________ for men, the SAT would be termed a "test biased" measure.
.7; .3
Married couples report having sex __ often and being __ satisfied with their sex lives than unmarried persons.
.More;more
According to research noted in your textbook, children as young as _____ of age already demonstrate a preference for different types of toys, even if they have been exposed only to gender-neutral toys or have had equal access to toys commonly associated with both genders.
1 year
Three stages of memory;
1)encoding 2)storage 3)retrieval
4. Ken is able to perform mathematical operations as long as he can use real objects and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piaget's ________ stage.
1-C; 2-B; 3-D; 4-C; 5-C; 6-B 8-A; 9-B; 10-C; 11-C; 12-D; 13-A C. concrete operational
CHAPTER 10: Developmental psychology
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
the median age of an American man marrying for the first time was___ years in 2005.
27.1
In the 1980s political scientist James Flynn observed that the IQs of Americans were rising at a rate of about ________ point(s) per decade.
3
Current reasearch indicates that between __ percent of the young adult population in the United Statesis homosexual.
3 to 4
arbitrariness of
A key difficulty in explaining how language evolved is the ________ phonemes, words, and rules of syntax.
Extraordinary Claims
A learning strategy called Suggestive Accelerative Learning and Teaching Techniques has suggested that people using this method can learn anywhere from 25 to several hundred times their normal learning speeds .When this set of techniques is subjected to scientific scrutiny, however, such results are not achieved. Which critical thinking concept should this bring to mind?
Spinal cord
A long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain that is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes
If you wanted to study developmental effects, which type of research would be the best to conduct?
A longitudinal study c. A quasi-experimental study d. A naturalistic observation
concrete-operations ... formal-operations
A psychologist might evaluate a child's ability to answer abstract and hypothetical questions to determine whether the child is in the ________ or the ________ stage of cognitive development.
variable-ratio schedule
A rat receives a food pellet as reinforcement sometimes after his third lever press, sometimes after his fourth lever press, sometimes not for ten lever presses. Which type of schedule of reinforcement is this?
strengthens; weakens
A reinforcer is a consequence that _____ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that _____ a behavior.
reflexes
A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.
13. In Festinger & Carlsmith's (1959) study, insufficient justification referred to the idea that sometimes we do not have a good enough reason for:
A. displaying a behavior that contradicts our attitudes or beliefs.
8. When Jacob's girlfriend and her friends stopped by his house during a basketball game with his friends, Jacob's performance increased slightly due to:
A. social facilitation.
heuristic; algorithm
A/An ___________ is a rule of thumb we use to simplify some types of problem solving, and a/an ___________ is a step-by-step, analytic formula we use for other types of problem solving.
is different from feeble mindedness
According to Leo Kanner, the grandfather of autism research, infantile autistic disorder _______________________.
the CS produces the CR
Acquisition can be described as the process which
________ is the ancient Chinese practice of inserting thin needles into more than 2,000 points in the body to alter energy forces.
Acupuncture
Which of these is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation?
Adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the person's age
conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
sleep apnea
Albert is extremely obese and his family often complains of his snoring. During the night as he sleeps, he often stops breathing for a few seconds. As a result, his sleep is less restful because he awakens gasping for air. Albert clearly suffers form...
functional fixedness
Alex and Nicole just got married. They move into their new apartment and realize they need a coffee table. Alex takes four stacks of old textbooks and forms the legs of the table. He then takes an old piece of cardboard and lays it across the four "legs." Which cognitive tendency has Alex clearly mastered?
Problem-solving methods that guarantee solutions if approproiate and properly executed are called_____.
Algoithms
what is an Attitude?
An attitude is an evaluation... "Attitudes are associations between attitude objects (virtually any aspect of the social world) and evaluations of those objects"
source monitoring confusion
An important source of false memories comes from
schema
An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event stored in memory is known as _________________________.
According to Sternberg's theory, which statement is true?
Analytical intelligence is similar to Spearman's G factor of intelligence
tells us how people actually solve problems
As discussed in lecture, a descriptive approach to problem solving:
The finding that babies of eight months or less can discriminate among all speech sounds in all languages.
As discussed in lectures, "Universal Adaptability" refers to what ?
Being a single mom, Lisa has to work two part-time jobs to pay the rent and buy the diapers. According to the research on happiness, which of the following ideas could most likely benefit her?
As long as she believes in the future, she will be happy.
The area of the frontal lobe that is devoted to the production of fluent speech is ________ area.
Broca's
Which of the following brain areas is primarily involved in speech production?
Broca's area
Attachment
Building on pioneering work with nonhumans such as Lorenz's and Harlow's, developmental psychologists have suggested that human _____ grows through responsiveness of infants' caregivers to the signals that babies provide, such as, crying, smiling, reaching, and clinging.
Conditioned taste aversions typically require only one trial to develop.
Conditioned taste aversions differ from other examples of classical conditioning in which one of the following ways? Select one: a. Conditioned taste aversions are acquired rapidly, within minutes of eating tainted food. b. Conditioned taste aversions usually occur with foods that have an unusual taste or that are rarely eaten. c. Conditioned taste aversions typically require only one trial to develop. d. Conditioned taste aversions generalize rapidly to other similar kinds of foods.
classical conditioning
Conditioning techniques are used in advertising to sell products. Pairing a neutral stimulus (like a handbag) with a naturally exciting stimulus (like an attractive model) is an example of:
Types of social influence
Conformity Compliance Obedience
Xiao is gathering research on the number of meals people eat. He gathers data about the number of daily meals eaten by 25 people at each of the following ages - 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years - over the course of one week, and looks for developmental differences. What type of research design is Xiao using?
Cross-sectional
________ studies observe different individuals at different ages at a single point in time to track age differences.
Cross-sectional
Numerical characterisations that describe data are known as
Descriptive Statistics
Milgram studies
Done in 1960s. Subjects administered shocks of increasing voltage for wrong answers. Milgram predicted that most people would stop giving shocks once the "learner" started feeling pain. Predictions were wrong and 65% of the subjects delivered full course of shocks.
Antergrade amnesia
Dori in Finding Nemo keeps complaining that she has short term memory loss because she can't remember the name of the friend she just met. What is more likely explanation for her memory failure?
The most common cause of mental retardation is ________.
Down syndrome
Dr. Agnew takes a "nurture" position; Dr. Blaine, a "nature" position.
Dr. Agnew remarks that cross-culturally, rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females, because males have higher status than do females in most cultures. Dr. Blaine counters by suggesting that rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females, because unlike females, males do not experience the onset of menstruation, a well-defined event marking the end of childhood. How might you characterize the views of the two professors on the nature vs. nurture issue?
secondary reinforcer
Dr. Peterson teaches a lab course on applied behavior modification in which students teach chickens. The student's first assignment involves observing the chicken's behavior. After a hungry chicken exhibits a target behavior, its student makes a click with a clicker and follows the click with food. Soon the chickens associate the clicker with food and will repeat any behavior followed by a click. The click sound now serves as:
Drs. Sheridan and Kwon are psychologists. Dr. Sheridan works with teachers, parents, and children to help alleviate children's behavioral problems. Dr. Kwon works with individuals experiencing life problems such as marital conflict, career uncertainty, or job stress. According to what you have learned about psychologists, which of the following best characterizes Drs. Sheridan and Kwon?
Dr. Sheridan is a school psychologist, Dr. Kwon is a counseling psychologist
Informed consent from the parents
Dr. Silverberg conducted a study in which she tests infants for memory ability. Before she can begin her study, she must obtain
Th state of tesion created by biological needs is called a(n)____.
Drive
Narcotics
Duplicate the actions of endorphins
linking the info to be remembered to other info
Elaborative rehearsal involves
More__ attempt suicide. More ___ make successful suicide attempts.
Females; Males
The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the __________ period.
Fetal
In general, older people interact with ___ people and preform ___ social roles.
Fewer; fewer
habituation
Fun-loving Sally decides to go to a concert at First Avenue - a music venue in Minneapolis - with her boyfriend, daring Dan. When the first band starts to play, Sally covers her ears because the noise is so deafening, but as the show continues, she no longer finds the music so loud. Sally's change in reaction to the noise is an example of ______.
hot flashes
Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing
Which of the following is representative of Sir Francis Galton's perspective on the causes of IQ?
Galton placed a lot of stock in heredity and believed that genes significantly influenced IQ.
A theory of intelligence with eight components (and one tentative addition) was postulated by ________.
Gardner
________ proposed the theory of multiple intelligences.
Gardner
Which of the following individuals is least likely to engage in an attribution that demonstrates the fundamental attribution error?
Hiroki, who is from Japan
Which Type A personality characteristics is the key trait that is linked to heart disease?
Hostility
Baillargeon found that babies show object permanence earlier than Piaget hypothesized.
How does Renee Baillargeon's research on object permanence compare to Piaget's
Six
How many identifiable developmental constructive stages did Kohlberg claim that moral reasoning had?
four
How many morphemes are there in the sentence "I wanted it"?
5
How many stages of sleep are there in human beings?
above 140
IQ must be above what to be considered a genius
Regarding the stability of IQ test scores throughout the lifespan, which is generally assumed to be true?
IQ scores in infancy are not strongly correlated with IQ scores in adulthood
Regarding the stability of IQ test scores throughout the lifespan, which is generally assumed to be true?
IQ scores in infancy are not strongly correlated with IQ scores in adulthood.
The idea that heredity affects IQ is BEST supported by the very high correlation between IQ scores of ___.
Identical twins reared together
retrieval
In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of
unfamiliar
In classical conditioning, it is generally easier to establish a new association if the stimulus which is used as the conditioned stimulus is _________________________.
Identity
In order to make the transition from dependence on parents to dependence on one's self, the adolescent must develop a stable sense of
A general term referring to the ability or abilities involved in learning ans adaptive behavior is ___.
Intelligence
Concerning intelligence and memory, which statement is true?
Intelligence test scores tend to be positively correlated with scores on short-term memory tests.
Manifest; latent
Interpretation of the____ content of a dream is expected to reveal the _____ content.
The phrase "know thyself" most accurately reflects____ intelligence.
Intrapersonal
A desire to preform a behavior that originates within the individual is known as ____ motivation.
Intrinsic
At the level of the brain, what effect does the stress hormone cortisol have on memory?
It can kill neurons in the hippocampus
fear at the pet rat
JB Watson trained sweet Little Albert to fear his pet rat by making a loud thunderclap noise just after Albert saw the rat. At first, when he heard the loud thunderclap, Albert would cry in alarm. Eventually, when seeing the rat, Albert would cry in fear. In this example, the conditioned response was:
obedience and punishment orientation
Jenny does her homework because she is afraid that if she doesn't, her parents will get angry with her and she will get in trouble. According to Kohlberg, Jenny's actions exemplify what stage of moral reasoning?
Entering the world of music
Jessica has finally reached adulthood and she is ready to leave her childhood home. Her entry into early adulthood will probably be marked by:
Stagnation
Jim is unable to contribute to his family, community, work, and society, and unwilling to assist in the development of the younger generation. Erikson would say that Jim is experiencing:
Echoic memory
Kira is jogging down the street listening to her iPod. Abruptly, her battery dies and the music stops. Which of the following accounts for her ability to still "hear" the last part of the song that was playing?
pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional
Kohlberg classified moral responses into three levels:
phonemes
Language is based on basic sound units called ______.
stimulus discrimination
Little Albert learns to fear white rats but he does not fear white rabbits. This behavior illustrates
he didn't cry when he saw a brown rat
Little Albert, who had been trained to fear his pet white rat, showed stimulus discrimination when ...
gradually decreased
Little Susie has habituated to a picture of a red circle. This means that when she was shown the picture over and over again, her attention to the circle __________.
________ refers to a set of rules that determines which conclusions follow from particular assumptions.
Logic
Which psychologist investigated the different types of attachment through the use of the "strange situation" experiment?
Mary Ainsworth
Shaping
Mary's parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of ____________.
Properational
Matt said " It stopped raining because I wanted to go outside and play." This indicates that Matt is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.
Egocentric thought
Megan said " It stopped raining because I wanted to go outside and play." This is an example of
Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research?
More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-anxious catergory as compared to U.S. infants.
Each of the following is true of single, teenage mother EXCEPT they are____.
More likely to get married early
Data suggest that with increasing age, both sexes display___.
More self-confidence and better coping skills
Endorphins
Morphine and heroine duplicate the action of
Research indicates that ___ seek the same loving, committed, and meaningful partnerships as most heterosexuals do.
Most gays and lesbians
Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate?
Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behavior.
__________ behaviors are defined as bodily motions that are self-initiated and move bones and muscles.
Motor
What is meant by the term "egocentrism?"
NOT A child is extremely arrogant and feels that he or she is better than others.
the science of how diseases are classified
Nosology is __________________________________.
The Carmichaels do not believe in punishing their children; instead, they shape their children's behaviors by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles
Permissive parenting
Spoken language is based on the units of sound units called______.
Phonemes
You are learning Russian in preparation for a holiday next year. Although you are doing a good job recognising the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language. Which aspects of language is giving you trouble?
Phonemes.
When young adolescents are asked what they most dislike about themselves,___ is mentioned more than anything else.
Physical appearance
Develops in stages
Piaget believe that a child's ability to think
Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior?
Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis
What is 2 skewed distributions? Define.
Positively Skewed: asymmetrical and points in the positive direction. The extreme scores are larger, thus the mean is larger than the median. Negatively Skewed: asymmetrical and points in the negative direction. The mean being smaller than the median, which is smaller than the mode.
Hofstede dimensions (5 types)
Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Individualism-Collectivism Masculinity-Femininity Long- & Short-Term Orientation
Barbara always seems to excel at whatever she does. While she was only an AVE student and did poorly on IQ tests. her ability to fins jobs an challenges that allow her to use he strengths and not weaknesses. Her intellectual strengths are?
Practical
Frank doesn't necessarily have a high IQ as measured on standardized intelligence tests, but he is well aware of his strengths and weaknesses. He chooses jobs that suit his strengths and is particularly skilled at adapting to any changes in his environment. Frank likely has high ________ intelligence as defined in the triarchic theory.
Practical
simplest measure of variability is the
Range
The distinction between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence was first postulated by
Raymond Cattell and John Horn
Which of the following distinguishes sensory memory (SM) from short-term memory (STM)?
SM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information.
keyword technique
Samantha is trying to memorize a list of vocabulary words for her French class. To learn the French word for grapefruit, "pamplemousse", she visualizes a parade of moose carrying grapefruit in their antlers in front of many people (pomp + people). It seems that Samantha is using the ________________ as discussed in lecture.
assist us in interpreting new and unfamiliar situations
Schemas and scripts are valuable memory tools because they
25
Scientists have found the region of the brain that inhibits risky behavior isn't fully formed until
The dire to become famous and accumulate great power is a ___ drive.
Secondary
The majority of children who were studied by Mary Ainsworth had were labeled as having which of the following attachment styles?
Secure
According to Maslow, the highest level on the hierarchy of needs is _____.
Self-actualization
As long as it's rehearsed
Short term memory is retained
Diane grew up in Japan and developed strong group-oriented values and goals. Over time she became very sensitive to embarrassing her peer group at school. Eventually, she became so frightened of embarrassing them that she was unable to work or interact with her group at all! Diane developed
Social phobia
Infants are particularly adept at differentiating___ sounds.
Speech
The triarchic model was proposed by
Sternberg
Jerome Kagan
Temperament is stable over time, certain behaviours in infancy are predictive of adolescence; some young children have stronger physiological reactions to new situations than others, these children are more likely to display shyness
Which of the following is true of all critical periods in prenatal development?
Teratogens have the most serious effect on prenatal development immediately before an organ's critical period.
the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the contioned response
The conditioned stimulus is defined as
Which of the following statements is true concerning the relationship between brain size and intelligence?
The higher the brain volume is, the higher the intelligence test scores. Correct
With all the controversy that surrounds intelligence testing, what is the most likely explanation as to why it is still a good predictor of classroom performance?
The original intelligence tests were focused on predicting academic achievement.
sympathetic division
The part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal
Thalamus
The part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area
Difference threshold
The smallest change in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time
syntax
The two sentences, "John telephoned Tom" and "Tom ate beef" are the same in regard to
analogies
The use of ________ refers to the process of finding similar structures between two problems and thus finding similarities between their solutions.
Sensory memory
The very first stage of memory
Dement
This early researcher did a study that seemed to suggest that people deprived of REM sleep would become paranoid, seemingly mentally ill, from lack of this one stage of sleep
The phrase "I tried" has ________.
Three morphemes
Assimilation
Trying to understand new things in terms of schemes they already possess
Which of the following methods would be best for investigating the correlates of differences between high and low IQ scorers?
Utilizing brain imaging techniques to investigate which parts of the brain are more active on certain tasks
What is the measure of variability? And the 3 types?
Variability refers to the amount of spread in a distribution of scores. a. Range b. Variance c. Standard Deviation
_____ allows psychotherapists to place persons in situations to confront and eliminate their fears that would either be infeasible or difficult to do in real life.
Virtual reality exposure therapy
Expand rapidly after birth
Visual abilities in infants
Scaffolding
Vygotsky's cognitive theory promotes better learning with the assistance of
whether the child can answer abstract and hypothetical questions
What should a psychologist test to determine whether a given child is in the concrete-operations stage or the formal-operations stage?
inductive reasoning
While taking the SAT, Jack puzzled over verbal analogies such as "cow:barn as chicken:____________." To correctly solve these analogies, Jack must infer a relationship between a set of words and then apply his conclusion to another set of words. As described in lecture, this kind of reasoning, from specific examples to general rules, is known as:
Ryan, who has drawn a picture to illustrate each word.
Who is most likely to obtain the top score on his or her vocabulary test? Select one: a. James, who made flash cards of all his words and is going over and over them. b. Cynthia, who has written down each word and definition five times in her notebook. c. Ryan, who has drawn a picture to illustrate each word. d. Harriet, who says the words and definitions over and over to herself all day long.
A(n) ________ is a conclusion regarding factual evidence, while a(n) ________ is a belief that includes an emotional component. a. attitude; thought b. thought; attitude c. belief; attitude d. belief; prejudice
a
Dedric is being asked to anticipate an upcoming tennis match against a highly ranked opponent. He is to imagine falling behind by one set, in a best of two of three sets match, and what he would say to himself in such a scenario. This example illustrates what Meichenbaum would call a. stress inoculation training. b. person-centered therapy. c. systematic desensitization. d. rational emotive behavior therapy.
a
Humanistic psychotherapists stress the a. importance of assuming responsibility for decisions. b. importance of the client-therapist relationship. c. importance of the past over the present. d. importance of neutral self-fulfillment in guiding one's behavior and thoughts
a
In detecting the source of sounds, we tend to rely most heavily on ________ cues. a. binaural b. monaural c. monocular d. binocular
a
Mary just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about. Mary just made a___________. a. hassle-related decision b. primary appraisal c. secondary appraisal d. stress-related decision
a
Of the following functions, which is NOT controlled by the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex? a. processing visual images b. storing memories of our past c. understanding language d. hearing
a
The knoblike structures at the far end of the axon are called________. a. axon terminals b. receptor sites c. synapses d. synaptic vesicles
a
The only research design that allows one to make cause-and-effect inferences is the ________ design. a. experimental b. naturalistic observation c. correlational d. case study
a
What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory? a. stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes b. stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion c. physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion d. stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)
a
When Kate read her horoscope for the day, she was amazed to find that it described her very well. She is probably a victim of a. the P.T. Barnum effect. b. social desirability bias. c. mental set bias. d. self-actualization.
a
What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the case of Little Albert?
a loud noise
temperament
a basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin
As psychological scientists, we are skeptical of claims that suggest
a particular behavior is determined by a single factor
By test reliability, psychologists mean whether____.
a person's score on a test is dependable and consistent
Dr. Rashad offers the class an explanation for an extensive group of research findings connecting emotionality and nonverbal communication. Her explanation for this group of findings represents which of the following?
a scientific theory
Researchers view stress in the following three ways:
a stimulus, a transaction with the environment, and as a response
low-ball technique
a strategy to gain compliance by making a very attractive initial offer to get a person to agree to an action and then making the terms less favourable.
Twelve-year-old Arnold received an IQ test score of 75. What is his mental age?
a. 9
Which of the following is an example of imprinting?
a. A young child's behavior is influenced by peer pressure. c. Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball. d. Young geese scatter away in fear when a ball approaches them.
Regarding bell curve assumptions, which of the following is true?
a. About 95% of the population will achieve an IQ test score between 70 and 130
Dillan really wants a turn at the swing, but there are two more children in front of him. If Dillan pushes the other two children out of the way, it will be his turn, but the other children will be angry and might get hurt. What aspect of thought is involved in Dillan's decision making?
a. Emotional intelligence
Identical twins have IQ correlations around .7-.8, whereas fraternal twins have IQ correlations of about .3-.4. What do these correlations suggest?
a. Identical twins have very similar IQs while fraternal twins do not.
According to Erikson, failure to successfully resolve an early development crisis leads to which outcome?
a. It increases the likelihood that a future crisis will not be successfully resolved. b. Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis has no effect on whether a future crisis will be successfully resolved. d. In most cases psychosocial crises are unsuccessfully resolved leading to detrimental effects on social development.
Which one of the following children would most likely be described as "independent?"
a. James, who has an insecure-avoidant attachment to his mother c. Jerome, who has a secure attachment to his mother. d. Jeremiah, who has a disorganized attachment to his mother.
A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be ___________.
a. valid
A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that
active reconstruction of events alters our memory of the important and unimportant events of our lives.
A valid test is one that____.
actually measures what it sets out to measure
Charlie is completing a "word search" puzzle. He first finds the word SOLDIER after looking for some time, but then is able to find the word MILITARY much more rapidly. This ability to find a stimulus more easily after encountering a similar stimulus demonstrates the process of a. priming. b. rehearsal. c. chunking. d. pegwording.
b
During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a(n) a. compulsion. b. obsession. c. hallucination. d. delusion.
b
According to the James-Lange theory, the conscious experience of emotion _______ ___ physiological arousal. a. causes b. coincides with c. follows d. precedes
c
The role of reciprocal determinism was highlighted by the a. humanists. b. behaviorists. c. social learning theorists. d. trait theorists.
c
The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary organs and glands is called the _________ nervous system. a. parasympathetic b. somatic c. autonomic d. sympathetic
c
Young Jonah has an infection on his pinky finger that developed as a result of a simple cut. As the infection first penetrates the skin, what type of cell would be responsible for engulfing the offending invaders to prevent them from doing any damage? a. Macrophages b. Macrocytes c. Phagocytes d. Killer t-cells
c
What famous quote from the movie Forrest Gump best exemplifies Edwin Boring's definition of intelligence?
c. "Stupid is as stupid does."
What is the IQ of a 12-year-old with a mental age of 16?
c. 133
According to Sternberg's theory, which of the following statements is the most accurate?
c. Analytical intelligence is similar to Spearman's g factor of intelligence.
Which views would the eugenics movement have been most likely to support?
c. Using selective breeding as a way to create an intellectually superior race of people.
Who has the highest IQ? They would all be so close in IQ; the difference would not be significant. Matt, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 10. Clarissa, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 9. Cecilee, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 7.
cecille,
A __________ refers to a group of people who lived during the same time period.
cohort
Object ______ is a cognitive skill that refers to the fact that an object continues to exist when it is no longer perceived (seen, heard, etc).
continuity
Because Ken's history professor was a college student during the 1970s, he has extraordinary insight and knowledge of facts concerning the Vietnam War era. This knowledge is associated with the term...?
crystallized intelligence
One's accumulated knowledge gained over time is called
crystallized intelligence
In _________________, the client engages in role-playing with a therapist to learn and practice new skills. a. therapist modeling. b. assertion training c. participant modeling d. behavioral rehearsal
d
If you discover a near zero correlation between some firefighters' aptitude test scores and their actual performance on the job, you can conclude that the test is
d. not valid.
Dr. Brown has been invited to speak at a prestigious psychological conference on the topic of autism. He will talk on the current scientific knowledge regarding this disorder. What is a key point you would expect him to make based on the authors' discussion of the disorder in the chapter? a. There is an autism epidemic and psychologists have no real insights into the dramatic increase. b. The dramatic increase in diagnoses of autism is directly related to the mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine. c. The dramatic increase in autism diagnoses is a result of overdiagnosis rather than a real increase and epidemic. d. The apparent surge in diagnoses of autism is linked to important changes in diagnostic practices.
d
If Sylvia is described as being very sociable and easy to get along with, then she probably is fairly high on the Big Five superfactor known as ________. a. openness b. neuroticism c. extraversion d. agreeableness
d
Culture-fair tests attempt to measure ______.
d. the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised
Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use real objects and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piaget's ________ stage. a. preoperational b. formal operational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational
d
Many people drew faulty conclusions about the relative safety of air travel compared to automobile travel in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Such poor reasoning was the result of a. hindsight bias. b. mental sets. c. thin slicing. d. the availability heuristic.
d
Susan is interviewing for a job. Although she is smiling and making good eye contact with her interviewer, he notices that she is also tapping her foot rapidly on the floor. Despite her best intentions, what is Susan exhibiting? a. Nonverbal leakage b. Illustrators c. Emblems d. Miscommunication
d
Susan would like for her child to learn a second language. If she wants the child to be fluent in the second language, research suggests that she should begin instruction no later than age a. three. b. ten. c. five. d. seven.
d
What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence?
d. analytical, creative, and practical
The id is motivated by the desire for a. moral perfection. b. free will. c. social acceptability. d. immediate gratification.
d
The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called ______. This barrier to problem-solving can inhibit one's ability to generate alternative solutions. a. means-end analysis b. functional fixedness c. prototypical idealization d. mental set
d
The term statistical significance implies that the results are a. extremely meaningful. b. important. c. valid. d. not likely due to chance.
d
The use of ________ refers to the process of finding similar structures between two problems and thus finding similarities between their solutions. a. heuristics b. mental sets c. algorithms d. analogies
d
These therapies consistently outperform most other therapies for anxiety disorders, including phobias, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. a. person-centered therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapies b. psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies. c. behavioral and psychodynamic therapies d. behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies
d
Which Type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is the most predictive of heart disease? a. Chronic irritability b. Compulsiveness c. Competitiveness d. Hostility
d
Which correlation coefficient is most likely to describe the relationship between brushing one's teeth and the number of cavities one gets? a. r = -.08 b. r = .83 c. r = .45 d. r = -.62
d
Which of the following represents the best summary of the relationship between one's environment and the development of their personality traits? a. Nonshared environmental factors are exclusively responsible for personality differences between family members. b. Shared environment plays a strong role in adult personality, but only in siblings who were raised in different homes. c. Personality is almost entirely genetic, despite the fact that many would prefer to believe otherwise. d. Shared environment plays little or no role in adult personality.
d
During lecture each day, a psychology professor may explain four main points he or she wishes the class to retain. However, most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later. The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of
decay
A psychologist asks people to recall the name of their kindergarten teacher. Surprisingly, the majority of people correctly do this and comment, "Gee whiz, I haven't thought about that old bat [or old coot] in years!" Their ability to do so is a severe problem for which theory of forgetting?
decay or disuse
Raymond Cattell (1971)
distinguished two types of intelligence
For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in
distributed practice
Leola has a comprehensive final for her organic chemistry class. For her to be able to retain the information from early in the semester, she should be advised to use ________ in her studying throughout the term.
distributed practice
Commitment without intimacy or passion might be referred to as
empty love.
David Holmes and colleagues developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure change due to ______.
major life events
Research exploring infantile temperament has found that there are generally three different temperaments. They are
easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
Research exploring infantile temperament has found that there are generally three different temperaments. They are
easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.
When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called ________________.
encoding
when one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of
encoding specificity.
When one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of
encoding specifity
A number of studies provide ample reasons to suspect that some, perhaps even most, of the sex difference in science and math ability is
enviornmental
tip of the tongue phenomenon
experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it
Production of noradrenaline in the brain is associated with ________.
experiencing some emotional event
Unfounded negative beliefs of which we are aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group are known as
explicit prejudice.
Declarative memories are to ________ memories as nondeclarative memories are to __________ memories.
explicit; implicit
________ refers to the fact that the way a question is presented - with certain wording or emphasis on certain aspects of the question - can influence the answer that is given.
framing
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
he ability to understand our emotions and those of others
retrieval cues
hints that make it easier for us to recall information
A person's gender ________ refers to their sense of being male or female, which may or may not correspond to their biological sex.
identity
Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of ________.
identity
Formal operational thinking is likely required to successfully resolve Erikson's
identity versus role confusion crisis.
Dave is a Hawthorn fan. He intensely dislikes the West Coast Eagles. He celebrates with glee every time Hawthorn win and when the West Coast Eagles lose. This is an example of
in-group bias
infantile amnesia
inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age
According to the theory of Howard Gardner, successful psychologists, therapists, and social workers probably have a high degree of ________ intelligence.
interpersonal
The key to mnemonics is that they ________.
link something new to something you already know
retrograde amnesia
loss of memories from our past
postconventional morality
marked by a focus on internal moral principles that may differ from conventional societal values
f you discover a near zero correlation between some firefighters' aptitude test scores and their actual performance on the job, you can conclude that the test is
not valid
Piaget overestimated the degree to which
object permanence develops in children.
Hypothalamus
part of the brain that regulates the amount of fear, thirst, sexual drive, and aggression that we feel
False memories are easier to implant when the events that are said to have occurred are perceived as
plausible.
The body's reproductive organs are an example of
primary sex characteristics.
storage
process of keeping information in memory
The field of ____ studies the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thinking, and behavior on the immune system.
psychoneuroimmunology
_____ is the term used to describe illnesses in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical symptoms.
psychophysiological
What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
punishment
episodic memory
recollection of events in our lives
rehearsal
repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory
maintenance rehearsal
repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory
An important source of false memories comes from
source monitoring confusion.
Jamie has worked for Jones & Miller law firm for the past five years. The firm is in the process of downsizing and laying off employees. Jamie is afraid that she may lose her job. To help deal with this stressful situation, Jamie tends to rely on her social contacts for support, in addition to nurturing those around her. This is known as
tend and befriend.
von restorff effect
tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli
Menopause refers to
the end of the menstruation period in late adulthood
Menopause refers to
the end of the menstruation period in late adulthood.
The fact that when poor black children moved from the rural South to Philadelphia in the 1940s their IQs increased illustrates that ________.
the environment affects intelligence
Sonya, who believes that people get what they deserve, believes that Sander is responsible for his getting AIDS because of his lifestyle. This phenomenon is known as
the just-world hypothesis
Decay theory
the passing of time causes forgetting
Emilio is seeing a sports psychologist to help improve his mental preparation and performance. The psychologist asks Emilio to see himself making his free throws. As Emilio visualizes his dribbling, shooting motion, and release, he sees himself as an outside observer would. Memory researchers argue this demonstrates
the reconstructive nature of memory
John B. Carroll argued that ________.
the relations among test scores are neatly structured into a three-tiered hierarchy
morphemes
the smallest units of meaningful speech
John Gottman and his colleagues were able to predict divorce rates of couples with startling accuracy using techniques related to the concept of
thin slicing
The broaden and build theory suggests that happier people tend to
think more openly
Generally speaking, _______ refers to any mental activity or processing of information, including learning, remembering, perceiving, believing, and deciding.
thinking
concrete operational stage
third stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only. between 7 and 11 years old
fetal stage
third stage of prenatal development. embryo becomes a fetus
hammer anvil stirrup
three tiny bones in the inner ear
While the sequence in which motor skills develops is generally universal, the ________ of the development of those skills tends to be different from child to child.
timing
Jake first began using cocaine in social situations. He soon came to crave cocaine when he was alone. Shortly thereafter, Jake needed to take more and more of the drug to get the same effect. Jake has developed __________ to the drug.
tolerance
stimulus generalization
when some stimuli are similar enough that when one causes a particular behavior, another will cause that same behavior
Short-term memory
which information is held for brief periods of time while being used and is also called the working memory
Evidence suggests that when the real criminal is NOT included in a "live" line-up, most witnesses
will be inaccurate and select the person who most closely resembles the real criminal.
critical period
windows of time in development during which an organism must learn an ability if its going to learn it at all
General findings concerning gender differences and IQ scores reveal that
women tend to score higher on some verbal tasks than men.
Which of these age groups has the strongest memory abilities?
young adults
Hyde's research found that female works were likely to be rated most positively when the term ___ was used to describe workers in general.
"she"
shaping
A photo essay documented how a dog was taught to "climb the walls" by BF Skinner. First, Skinner reinforced the dog for walking to the wall, then putting its paws on the wall, then jumping to reach a mark. This procedure (in which reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations of the desired response) is known as:
Object permanence
According to Piaget what is crucial to cognitive development at the sensory-motor stage
assimilation and accommodation.
According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of
accommodation
According to Piaget, the process by which existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences
assimilation
According to Piaget, the process by which new ideas and experiences are absorbed and incorporated into existing mental structures and behaviors
operant conditioning
According to ______ theory, behavior is said to be influenced by its consequences.
social pragmatics
According to ________ theory, children can deduce meaning of words they do not understand by inferring meaning from the context.
experience
According to our lecturer, what drives specialization of language?
their thought processes
According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a person's language shapes
the number of words a language has for a concept is an indication of the concepts importance to the users of the language.
According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis __________________.
from early in the list
According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items
take greater risks when their friends are watching, but they take the same number of risks as adults when they are by themselves.
According to the research, young people consistently
an automatic response
According to the theory of classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits
the stimulus that automatically triggers a response when presented
According to the theory of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is
Recall
An essay exam question or fill in the blank question with no word bank is similar to the _____method of assessing one's memory
a pregnant woman drinks alcohol and causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in her child.
An example of a teratogen would be when...
What is the main difference between an experiment and a correlational study?
An experiment involves the manipulation of variables, while a correlational study does not
7%
Approximately ______% of all psychological studies utilize animals (excluding humans)
Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion?
Arousal and context
accomodation
As a young teenager, Scott eagerly read books about ghosts, flying saucers, and ancient astronauts. He believed it all. But during college, as he learned more about scientific thinking, he began to think very differently about such pseudo-scientific claims. His experience led him to basically re-organize how he thought about the world in the process that Piaget calls:
Peers
As children approach their teen years, contact with __________ becomes more important in their development.
the duration of short-term memory
As described in lecture, the classic Peterson and Peterson study used nonsense syllables (JGL, VRB, SCQ) and counting backwards for different intervals of time to test __________________.
0.5 to 3 seconds
As described in lecture, the duration of sensory memory is________________.
Independence
As opposed to forming trust and attachment in infancy, children need ____ to grow emotionally in early childhood (18mos-3years)
Stage 2
As we sleep during the night, we spend the majority of our time in _____ sleep.
5. Johnny has never been harassed by the school bully, but most of his friends have. Johnny's decision to stand up to the bully to protect his friends represents a type of ________ morality.
C. postconventional
Research suggests that adolescence is ____.
Characterized by turmoil for some, but not most adolescents
Neurotransmitter
Chemicals found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell
1. Scapegoat hypothesis 2. Just-world hypothesis (Lerner, 1980) 3. Conformity 4. Individual differences 5.Socialization (Social learning theory)
1. Need to blame others for our misfortune 2. Need to perceive the world as fair/Place blame on groups for their misfortune 3.Align with social norms --> social approval 4. Personality types -->Social Dominance/ Authoritarianism 5. -Process where children learn the conventional social norms of their surroundings --> Positively reinforced/ Learned associations
Based on IQ score information as described by Stern, a student with an IQ score of 120 is likely to answer IQ test questions like someone who is age _____, even though the student is only _____.
12, 10
Although a judge is the only person who has the legal right to approve a formal involuntary psychiatric commitment, in most states _____ physicians (including psychiatrists) can also implement an emergency psychiatric "hold" that typically lasts for up to three days.
2
Personality Types?
A --> consists of individuals who are impatient, controlling, energetic, highly competitive, ambitious, and have a difficult time relaxing. B --> Individuals who are more relaxed, patient, and easy-going C --> Responds to stress with depression and sense of hopelessness, tend to be introverted, respectful, eager to please, and compliant. D --> increased levels of anxiety, irritation, and depressed mood. Linked with a negative attitude and social inhibition
Mary Ainsworth
A Psychologist interested mainly in developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment. Discovered 3 Types of attachment 1.Secure Attachments(66%), 2.. Avoidant Attachments(21%) 3.Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment (12)
semantics
A Psychology 1001 writer of exam items has gone completely mad: She writes an item that reads, "Chomsky greened the pickled gobsmacker furiously. Quintile disc?" Students who are taking the Psy 1001 exam will be puzzled because her item violates which aspect of grammar?
Which of the following is true regarding Piaget's and Erikson's theories?
Children in Piaget's preoperational stage should also be working on issues in identity versus identity confusion stage of development.
Which of the following is an explanation for the clinician's illusion?
Clinicians tend to see only those who react emotionally to stress, so they overestimate people's fragility and underestimate their resilience.
Sarah, Bob, Casey, and Alex were dining out together. The waiter brought food to everyone at the table except for Bob. Sarah refrained from starting to eat her meal because she saw that no one else at the table had started eating. Which concept best illustrates Sarah's behavior?
Conformity
normative influence
Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance
informational influence
Conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people
Alice is sitting at the table with her son Nikko. She takes his tall glass of milk, which is only half full, and pours it into a shorter wider glass. Then she says "Honey, which glass has more milk?" Nikko immediately points to the taller glass, as he is chewing his peanut butter sandwich. Nikko has not yet mastered Piaget's skill of _____.
Conservation
Which of the following is one of the major contributions that Piaget's theory of development, despite some serious limitations, has made to the field of developmental psychology?
Considering that the changes in multiple domains of development involve fewer rather than more numerous processes
Which of the following is one of the major contributions that Piaget's theory of development, despite some serious limitations, has made to the field of developmental psychology?
Considering that the changes in multiple domains of development involve fewer rather than more numerous processes.
Frontal lobe
Damage may result in a person experiencing problems performing mental tasks, getting stuck on one step or one wrong answer and repeating it over and over again
the paradox of memory
Danny has been collecting comic books since he was a child. If you ask him, he can tell you the name of every comic in his collection. However, he routinely struggles to remember the names of his new employees at work. Which concept is being illustrated?
The most widely used IQ tests in the United States were developed by ________.
David Wechsler
Which major life event on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale has the highest number of "stress units"?
Death of a spouse
Marital satisfactions tends to ___ with the arrival of the first child and ___ when the last child leaves home.
Decline; increases
Stagnation
Denise is in her mid-40s; she has never married and is childless. Her job is routine, and she feels as if she hasn't really done much to contribute to society's future. In Erikson's terms, Denise is experiencing
Two Types of statistical procedures? Define
Descriptive Statistics: A set of methods to describe data that we have collected Inferential Statistics: A set of methods used to make a generalization, estimate, prediction or decision.
social development
Development, with age, of increasingly sophisticated understandings of other people and of society as a whole, as well as increasingly effective interpersonal skills and more internalized standards for behavior
A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people as they get older. This psychologist is most likely a(n)_____ psychologist.
Developmental
_______ psychologists study the physical, cognitive. social, and emotional changes that people experience throughout their lives.
Developmental
John was good at solving problems at the company by thinking outside the box as well as finding the best answer to the problem. John demonstrates both....
Divergent and convergent thinking
Decay
During lecture day, a psychology professor may explain four main points he or she wishes the class to retain. However, most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later. The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of
Narcolepsy
Ed often experiences an intense urge to sleep and has often asleep for a few minutes while in business meetings, while driving, and talking on the phone. He is most likely to diagnosed as suffering from.....
THis movement was aimed at improving society's genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to produce and preventing those with bad genes from reproducing. Unfortunately, a number of lower class individuals and immigrants were involuntarily sterilized.
Eugenics
social comparison
Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others
The correct chronological order of the phases of the sexual responce cycle is ___.
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Which answer represents the correct sequence of the phases of the human sexual response?
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome might explain why college students tend to experience a higher rate of absenteeism from class around midterm and final exam time each semester?
Exhaustion
If your mental age is 20 and you are 20 years old, then your IQ would be 120.
False
Individuals who have no language cannot think.
False
He translated the Binetand Simon IQ test into Enlgish in 1908; however this administration and use of this spiraled out of control and demonstrated the poor validity of the test when applied outside of its intended usage.
Goddard
One of the first American psychologists to misuse intelligence tests by administering them as a qualification for immigration into the United States was
Goddard
autonomic nervous system; skeletal muscles
In classical conditioning, the organisms's responses depend primarily on the _____; in operant conditioning, the organism's responses depend primarily on the ____.
unconditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response is the
both acquisition and extinction
In classical conditioning, which of the following involves learning?
Proactive interference
In high school, Deanna took 3 years of Spanish. Upon enrolling in college 10 years later, she signed up for a remedial French course. When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates, Deanna frequently responds with spanish words instead of french words. This is example of
she will show interest in the red square
Infant Susie has habituated to a picture of a red circle. She is then shown a picture of a red square. What change in her behavior would indicate that she detects the difference between the red circle and the red square?
2. Mrs. Jones wants her daughter Lisa to go to a small college and not the large state university, so Mrs. Jones goes through a list of pros and cons for attending each, and Lisa is eventually convinced by the evidence that a small college is best for her.
Informational
6. On the show, "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?," a contestant will sometimes ask the audience to vote on answers to questions, and then choose the answer that the most audience members chose.
Informational
implict; explict
It is believed that the ______ memory system may handle automatic remembering while the _____ memory system requires conscious effort.
implicit; explicit
It is believed that the __________ memory system may handle automatic remembering, while the __________ memory system requires conscious effort.
You just discovered a nomadic people who have lived in the desert their whole lives. Their language contains over 20 words to describe the various types and textures of sand contained in their environment. According to research on linguistic determinism, what is the likely origin for all of these terms?
It is impossible to know if the language caused them to think differently about their environment, or the way they perceive their environment caused them to create their language
Which of the following individuals might be suffering from mental retardation?
Ivan, who was assessed with IQ of 62 when he was 9 and lives with his mother now that he's an adult.
You are sitting in the living room of your girlfriend's house when you notice that your hands are perspiring. What theory of emotion suggests that you will now decide that you are nervous about meeting her parents?
James- Lange
Lisa and Lori are studying when a very attractive male stops by to visit. Lisa's palms start to sweat, her heart rate increases, and her stomach seems to do flip-flops. In contrast, Lori's face flushes her muscles tense up and her hands feel cold. Each woman experiences a different emotion based solely on the differences in their physiological response to the situation. The best demonstrates the ________ theory of emotion.
James-Lange
You are sitting in the living room of your girlfriend's house when you notice that your hands are perspiring. What theory of emotions suggests that you will now decide that you are nervous about meeting her parents?
James-Lange
Which of the following are reasons for weight increase, apart from diet and exercise?
Lack of adequate sleep, use of medicines and genetic influences
Short-term memory tends to hold information for several hours
False
Studying for extended periods of time is the best way to learn something.
False
1. Discriminate between a picture of a flower and a real flower. 2. See his mother's face when she is holding him 3. Discriminate between a blue rattle and a pink rattle
Five month old Derek is now able to
_______ represents our capacity to learn new ways of solving problems, such as learning to drive a car for the first time.
Fluid intelligence
The finding that the average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately 3 points per decade is knonw as the___
Flynn effect
distributed practice
For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in
In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development do people begin to think logically about abstract concepts?
Formal operation stage
During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information?
Formal operational
During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability to reason about abstract ideas and novel information?
Formal operational
Jean Piaget
Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation
Whose theory suggests that Tiger Woods's ability to hit a golf ball might be considered a form of intelligence?
Gardner
Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his partner to read him his credit card number. However, when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line, he can't remember all the numbers. Jamal is coming up against ______.
George Miller's magic number 7, plus or minus 2
Lonnie just met Lennie at a rally for their favorite political candidate. What idea suggests that they may find themselves attracted to one another?
Similarity
Asch study
Social comparison experiment where participants were asked to say which line is standard; however, confederates present will give a wrong answer
______hypothesized the existence of general intelligence to account for the overall differences in intellect among people.
Spearman
Taylor is the only girl on her baseball team. Today she will be playing in the championship game and is worried that she will "choke" (not be able to play as well as she usually does) because she was told that girls always "choke" in the big games. What concept is being represented?
Stereotype threat
The theorist who most emphasized the importance is practical intelligence in enabling people to get along successfully is the world was __.
Sternberg
Miguel is trying to decide whether or not a cheat on an exam. One part of him thinks that cheating is very wrong and immoral. The other part of him thinks that he should cheat because he will get rewarded for a good grade and his parents will be proud. In this example, the part of Miguel that said cheating is wrong and immoral is action as the
Superego.
There is a rule is the English language that adjectives come before nouns. This rule is an example of____.
Syntax
He developed and modified the translated version of Binet and Simon's intelligence test known as the Standford-Binet IQ test.
Terman
Cataplexy
Many narcoleptic individuals experience a complete loss of muscle tone, which can cause them to become limp as a rag doll. This phenomenon is called
the availability heuristic
Many people drew faulty conclusions about the relative safety of air travel compared to automobile travel in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Such poor reasoning was the result of
Measures of Central Tendencies
Mean: Arithmetic Average of group of scores Mode:The most common single value in a distribution of scores. Median: The score that divides a distribution in exactly half 'midpoint'
Linda's 3-month-old infant keeps saying "ga-ga" and "doh-doh." Should she be worried?
No; this behavior is called babbling and it is normal for infant
________ is the term used to describe illnesses in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical symptoms.
Psychophysiological
The onset of sexual maturation in adolescence is known as___.
Puberty
Which is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?
Pubic Hair
Which is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?
Pubic hair
participants who got the verbal labels recalled the pictures much better
Researchers (Bower, Karlin, Dueck, 1975) showed participants an abstract drawing with or without a vivid label (such as "worm crossing razor blade.") What did they find?
ruling out rival hypotheses
Researchers exploring the relative influence of decay and interference on memory found that whether a list of digits was read at a slow or fast pace, items that came later in the list were more difficult to remember. This provided evidence that interference, and not decay, is the major factor in forgetting. For those who had subscribed to the decay theory of forgetting, this research points out the importance of
Sapir and Whorf
Researchers have found that despite the number of color names in a language, the basic abilities to perceive color are unchanged. This finding would be troublesome for the theory of ______________.
The Big Five personality factors appear to be widely recognisable in over 50 countries. However, there are considerable variations, especially in some developing countries. Which of the following was not mentioned in Chapter 3 as a factor in causing these variations?
Tests are generally in English.
Piaget's stage theory versus theories that view development as continuous.
The "Great Debate" described in lectures on Developmental Psychology concerns
seven plus or minus two
The Magic Number of short-term memory is
moro
The Moro reflex is an infantile reflex normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of age as a response to a sudden loss of support, when the infant feels as if it is falling. It involves three distinct components: 1. spreading out the arms (abduction) 2. unspreading the arms (adduction) 3. crying (usually)
semantic
The first day of class, Sheila asked her professor what was the best way to learn and remember the material for the course. The professor responded, "Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts." The instructor is advocating a ________ level of processing.
acetycholine
The first known neurotransmitter which stimulates muscles and helps in memory formation.
Proportional to
Weber's Law states that a just noticeable difference change in a stimulus magnitude is __________ the original stimulus magnitude.
Margaret's IQ was slightly higher than her parents and a full 15 points higher than her grandparents. The phenomenon that suggest IQ scores are rising at a rate of 3 pints per decade is called_____
The flynn effect
In which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is a child most likely to lack the skill of object permanence?
The formal operational stage c. The sensorimotor stage d. The concrete operational stage
the availability heuristic
The friend of a Psy 1001 scholar complains that she is depressed. She says things will never get better for her and, when pressed, remembers a number of recent disappointments. But the Psy 1001 scholar wonders if the common reasoning error known as _______________________ is affecting the friend's sad mood by making her recent disappointments easier for her to remember than other more positive memories.
long term memory
The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage system is
sensory memory
The memory system which maintains information in a relatively pure, unanalyzed form is called:
Sara sees Sam every day at the bus stop. Although she didn't notice him at first, after a few weeks she begins to find him more and more attractive. Sara's growing attraction to Sam illustrates
The mere exposure effect
Encoding, storage, and retrevial
The order of the basic memory processes in which info enters the memory system and is later used is...
Cerebellum
The part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement is called the
Perfectionism
The personality factor associated with increased suicide susceptibility in adolescents is
The secretion of various hormones
The physical changes that occur at the start of adolescence are triggered by ________________, and it affects virtually every aspect of the adolescent's life.
Absolute threshold
The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented
Social Psychology?
The scientific investigation of how thoughts, feelings and behaviours of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others
BF Skinner
The scientist whose work developed the principles of operant conditioning is:
Ivan Pavlov
The scientist whose work led to the development of the principles of classical conditioning is:
Parietal lobe
The sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations
In which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is a child most likely to lack the skill of object permanence?
The sensorimotor stage
In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development do people begin to think logically about abstract concepts?
The sensorimotor stage b. The formal operational stage d. The preoperational stage
Iconic memory system
The sensory memory associated with the visual sense
A key aspect of intelligence is the ability to adapt to the environment.
True
An algorithm, if correctly executed, insures a correct answer.
True
Consistent with reality monitoring, if Wanda is paying particular attention to the perceptual detail of her surroundings, then she will find it is easier to distinguish actual memories from false ones.
True
Modality-specific memory stores retain input from only one sense.
True
Portions of the frontal lobes are activated when people encode new information.
True
Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development.
Twelve-year-old Nathaniel was having trouble solving the word problems in his math homework. However, when his dad helped him by reading the problems aloud and emphasizing the important information, Nathaniel could solve all the problems correctly. This interaction illustrates
Metacognitive ability
Two children are participating in memory research: Heather, a preschooler, and Illeana, a sixth-grader. When the children fail a recall task, the researcher asks each child what she might do to succeed at the task the next time. Heather suggests that she would simply try again; Illeana proposes that she might try to write the items down. The difference in the girls' responses most clearly illustrates an increase in _________ during childhood.
Sam and Julie each scored 110 on the WAIS. Based on their scores, which is true?
Two people with the same IQ score could have very different abilities
Sam and Julie each scored 110 on the WAIS. Based on their scores, which is true?
Two people with the same IQ score could have very different abilities.
Piaget's theory is often criticized because it appears to be biased in favor of children from ________ societies.
Western
Attitude Functions
Utilitarian Function - Attitudes that express our desire to obtain benefits or rewards and avoid punishments Ego-defensive Function - Attitudes that protect us from anxiety or threats to our self-esteem Value Expressive Function - Attitudes that express our values or reflect our self-concepts Social Adjustive - Attitudes that help us feel that we are part of a social community
Piaget's theory is often criticized because it appears to be biased in favor of children from _____ societies.
Westernized
Responses that are following by reinforcement become more probable.
What did Thorndike mean by the Law of Effect?
Rapid Eye Movement
What does REM stand for?
monkeys
What kind of animals did Harry Harlow and his colleagues use to discredit the most commonly accepted theory of attachment of the time?
by preventing rehearsal (because items at the end of the list are in short term memory.)
When recalling a list of items, the serial position effect of recency can be eliminated _______________________________.
Hide clocks to avoid becoming preoccupied with how long it is taking to fall sleep.
Which is a suggested treatment for insomnia?
Pubic hair
Which is an example of a secondary sex characteristic? Select one: a. Genitals b. Ovaries c. Pubic hair d. Sperm
sensorimotor
Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's stages of development Select one: a. Formal operations b. Sensorimotor c. Preoperational d. Concrete operational
Learning a sign language speeds up the process of learning to talk.
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding sign language and talking?
semantics; syntax
_____________ involves the meaning of sentences; __________ refers to their grammatical structure.
"Look, Mom, she is not really happy; you can see it in her eyes!" cries Amelia's little sister. What might this sharp little 4-year-old have spotted? a. A masked reaction b. A Pan Am smile c. A forced smile d. A Duchenne smile
a
If a task or test is highly "g-loaded" the test is
a good predictor of general intelligence scores
Adelaida hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the___________.
alarm phase
Nodding the head during conversation is one example of ________.
an emblem
During the lecture, Dr Brown moved his right hand forward while highlighting an important point. This gesture is one example of _____.
an illustrator
The hypothalamus sits atop a mind-body link known as the hypothalamus-pituitary-_____ axis that controls the way the body responds to the presence of a stressor.
adrenal
Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Mark's behavior represents
an inability to conserve
Dylan believes that his hard work, rather than luck or chance, resulted in his promotion at work. Dylan probably has
an internal locus of control
sensitive period
an interval during which people are more receptive to learning and can acquire new knowledge more easily
Which of the following females is MOST likely to develop bulimia?
an upper-middle class female high school grad who is attending college
Charlotte is a very disorganized and sloppy woman. According to Freud, Charlotte's characteristics reflect her inability to resolve conflict at which psychosexual stage?
anal
What 3 types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence
analytical, creative, and practical
The triarcic model posits these three distrinct types of intelligence:
analytical, practical and creative.
Doreen is giving a presentation in her abnormal psychology class on the prevalence of psychological disorders. If you were a student in that class, what general category of disorders would you expect her to mention as one of the most prevalent psychological disorders?
anxiety disorders
Sarah has developed a sucking scheme as a way of understanding objects around her. Sarah's behavior of sucking on a harmonica to make music is an example of
assimilation.
Although extralinguistic information is not a formal part of language, it does serve the purpose of
assisting in interpretation
Overlap
assumption that an object that gets blocked by something else is farther away
formal operational period
age 11 to adulthood - apply psychological operations to abstract entities too; able to think hypothetically and reason abstractly
The emotional bond that a newborn baby shares with his or her caregiver(s) is called
attachment
characteristics of Fetal Alcohol syndrome
attention and memory problems, hyper activity, poor motor skills, facial deformation
28. Which of the following seems least likely to have an impact on the degree of pain a person might experience? a. Cultural expectations and background b. The number of people who are around when an injury takes place. c. Emotional reactivity d. Individual thresholds for pain
b
A child's ability to understand that others' perspectives can differ from theirs is called theory of __________. a. schema b. mind c. disintegration d. egocentrism
b
temperament
basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin
_____ research examines how the mind works, then _____ research examines how we can use the former to solve real-world problems.
basic, applied
Self-help materials sometimes backfire when users fail to see the kinds of changes touted by the programs. This often leads the users of self-help materials to
be less likely to seek professional help for their problems.
Early maturing girls tend to____.
be more likely to be exposed to drugs and alcohol in high school.
Because of the need to measure the IQ of people of varying ages, newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on ________.
deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution
Because of the need to measure the IQ of people of varying ages, newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on?
deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution.
A person from one part of the United States might ask you for a glass of "soda," while a person from a different region might ask for a glass of "pop." Still a third person might ask for a "Coke," while a fourth would request a glass of "tonic." All of these individuals want the same thing, but the variation in how they request it demonstrates a
dialect
Cross-sectional design
different participants of various ages are compared at one point in time
Cross-sequential design
different participants of various ages are compared at several points in time to determine age related differences and changes
According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and tends to be loud is labeled a(n) ________ child.
difficult
The core concepts of humanistic therapy, such as meaning and self-actualization, are
difficult to measure and falsify.
functional fixedness
difficulty conceptualizing that an object typically used for one purpose can be used for another
You are in class when one of the students suddenly faints and remains unconscious. You stay in your seat and don't take any action to help the student. Your decision not to help can be attributed to a phenomenon called
diffusion of responsibility
Some children who were observed did not demonstrate one consistent attachment style,but instead seemed unable to decide how they should react to their mother and to new circumstances. Researchers have labeled this the ______ attachment style.
disorganized
After a day when all of his students complained about the way he graded their papers, his boss doubled his workload, and he got a speeding ticket on his way home, Nick yelled at his wife for leaving her toothbrush on the bathroom counter. This is an example of which defense mechanism?
displacement
Cultural guidelines that can regulate expression of emotion are called
display rules
Darryl decides to start reviewing for his exam by studying 20 minutes a day for 10 days rather than just studying 3-4 hours the night before his exam. He is making use of
distributed practice.
Professor Bach hands each of his students an eraser. He then asks them to list as many possible uses for the eraser as they can think of. Which aspect of thought was Professor Bach exploring? Convergent thinking Dichotomous thinking Divergent thinking Creative thinking
divergent thinking
Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her ____________.
echoic sensory memory
cohort effect
effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time
The _____ seeks to find a resolution between the competing demands of the _____.
ego; id and superego
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into ______ independent abilities.
eight
To aid students in their retention of information, which subsequently enables them to earn higher exam scores, memory researchers would highlight the use of
elaborative rehearsal.
Little Jill creeps downstairs on Christmas Eve to try to see Santa. To her shock, she sees her mommy kissing Santa Claus underneath the mistletoe! In response to this stressful sight, Jill thinks it would be cool to live in the North Pole and have Santa as her new dad. In this example, Jill is using ________ focused coping methods.
emotion
The coping method that involves changing the way you feel react to a stressor is known as ______.
emotion-focused coping
Vanna's mother is ill and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using ______.
emotion-focused coping
A form of intelligence that refers to how effectively people perceive and understand their own feelings and the feelings of others, and can regulate and manage their emotional behavior is ________ intelligence.
emotional
Part of Jason's job as the manager of a larege company was to hire and fire employees when necessary. Jason's____intelligence was a large factor in how well he perfored his job
emotional
amygdala
emotional component of memories
Kabi is a well-respected supervisor at a major corporation. Coworkers describe her as very self-aware, empathic toward others, and very good at managing relationships. Based on this information, it is likely that Kabi has a high degree of
emotional intelligence
Knowning not to ask your boss for a day off when she is in a bad mood demonstrates
emotional intelligence
flashbulb memories
emotional memories that are extraordinary vivid and detailed
The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that
emotions are produced by both autonomic arousal and cognition.
Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval?
episodic memory
According to Hans Selye, resistance to stress is lowest at the _____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
exhaustion
According to Selve, some people may develop illnesses such as organ damage, depression, anxiety, or a weakened immune system during the ______ stage of the general adaption syndrome.
exhaustion
According to discrete emotions theory, emotions
exist to serve evolutionary functions
When Rose arrived, she was smiling but with no drooping of eyelids or crinkling in the corners of her eyes. She is probably show a(n)
fake emotion
Piaget suggested that in some cases two children of the same age may be at different skill levels in a specific domain of cognitive ability. This claim makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to provide an argument against the developmental schedule forwarded by Piaget's theory. This is a major issue related to the principle of
falsifiability
The imitation theory of language acquisition is hindered by a finding that children learn to use syntax gradually and that even adults use grammatically incorrect sentences. This is the basis of which principle of critical thinking?
falsifiability
Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that _________. appears bimodal with two peaks of high frequency has a positive skew has a negative skew follows the bell curve
follows the bell curve
Jessi asks Bill to take her pizza out of the oven while she is on the phone. Bill agrees. Later that week Jessi asks Bill for a ride to the mall, and he agrees. Finally, Jessi asks Bill to lie to her parents when they call and say that she's not home. Jessi is using the __________ to gain Bill's compliance.
foot in the door technique
Raoul wanted a new mobile phone. One of the companies was offering free mobile phones with a purchase of a two-year contract. Along with the offer came free text messaging for a month. Raoul purchased the contract. After the month he liked the text package so much he kept it at a rather hefty price. This is an example of what technique
foot-in-the-door technique
In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer ______.
form new memories
Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first president were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piaget's stages to answer thoroughly?
formal operational
During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information?
formal operational
hypothetical and deductive reasoning are characteristics of children in Piagets__ stage
formal operational
description, explanation, prediction, and control
four goals that aim to uncover the mysteries of human and animal behavior
formal operations stage
fourth and final stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now
According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items
from early in the list
According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items
from early in the list.
A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?
functional fixedness
difficult infants
fussy and easily frustrated (about 10 percent of babies)
Whose theory suggests that Tiger Woods's ability to hit a golf ball might be considered a form of intelligence? Gardner Galton Spearman Binet
gardner
According to Spearman it is one's _______ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between math, reading scores, and visual perception tests.
general
In 1907 thirty-three states passed laws requiring sterilization of low IQ individuals. The assumption behind mandatory sterilization was that IQ was______influenced
genetically
When listening to the radio, Ramona hears a song; she cannot immediately recall the band's name, but she is sure she knows the name. This is one example of
he tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
This program was launched in the 1960s to give disadvantaged children an enriched educaitonal experience
head start.
Joe received an e-mail about getting a 50% payroll increase this year. He had been expecting this moment for eight months. After hearing the news, he felt extremely happy. However, he went back to his typical level of happiness in just one day. Joe's reaction could best be explained by the _____.
hedonic treadmill
Overmier and Seligman have described the phenomenon of learned _____ as the tendency to feel powerless in the face of events that we can't control. They have also argued that it provides an explanation for many cases of major depressive disorder.
helplessness
bonobos
closely resembles human learning. learn better as young animals than as adults. tend to learn through observation rather than direct reinforcement. use symbols to comment on or engage in social interactions rather than simply for food treats
Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use real objects and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piaget's ________ stage.
concrete operational
When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increases. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart would race. Laura's increased heart rate when she smelled Old Spice was the:
conditioned response.
Some of the simplest and most basic learning, that involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviors in the presence of well-defined stimuli is:
conditioning
Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the "bad guy" used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating ____________.
confirmation bias
Dr. Garonski is testing his hypothesis that people use hand gestures more in communication when emotionally aroused than when calm. When his results were reviewed, it was noted that Dr. Garonski sometimes missed seeing small gestures in the calm condition. This is an example of
confirmation bias
What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?
confirmation bias
A(n) ________ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another.
correlation
General findings are that there is a moderate positive correlation - about .3 to .4 - between brain size and measured intelligence. We must remember, however, that this relationship does not mean that having a bigger brain is directly responsible for higher intelligence. Some third variable, such as better nutrition, might explain this relationship. This reminds us of the critical thinking concept of
correlation versus causation
Low birth weight is directly linked to many complications in babies, including a high risk of death, infection, developmental delays, and even psychological disorders. It is not known, however, if these symptoms are a direct effect of low birth weight or if the low birth weight may be a result of other pregnancy-related complications. This is an important demonstration of the critical thinking concept of
correlation versus causation
29. The receptors for the proprioceptive senses are located in the a. temporal and parietal lobes. b. olfactory and visual cortices. c. inner and middle ears. d. muscles and muscle tendons.
d
The strategy of anticipating failure and then compensating for this expectation by mentally over preparing for negative outcomes is known as ______.
defensive pessimism
Harry and Ron are both wizards. Sometimes they put on cloaks that make them invisible and go around pulling girls' hair and tripping their teachers. Social psychologist would say that Harry and Ron are most likely experiencing
deindividuation
Charmaine is interested in going to graduate school to gain expertise into the way in which people's behaviors change over the course of their lives. The type of program that Charmaine should be applying to is __________ psychology
developmental
Charmaine is interested in going to graduate school to gain expertise into the way in which people's behaviors change over the course of their lives. The type of program that Charmaine should be applying to is __________ psychology.
developmental
Piaget's term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is ________.
object permanence
When her older brother hides behind the sofa, Carmen looks behind the sofa to find him. Carmen has developed
object permanence
Piaget overestimated the degree to which
object permanence takes time to develop in children
Piaget overestimated the degree to which
object permanence takes time to develop in children.
conservation
piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same
According to the WAIS, items requiring people to look at a visual stimulus with an essential part missing and identify the absent element is called _________.
picture completion
Which of the following subtests of the WAIS is the least likely to contain culturally biased items? Vocabulary Comprehension Similarities Picture completion
picture completion
As an adult and a parent of a 4-year-old child, Camille has seen many children begin to cry when placed on the lap of the mall Santa or Easter Bunny. When discussing this with her brother, Luis, he reminds her of the time when she was 5 that she began crying hysterically, ran fromf Santa's lap, and was lost for nearly two hours. Luis has made all of this up, but Camille has a clear and distinct memory of the event he described. This demonstrates the role of ________ in producing false memories.
plausible events
Which of the following is the section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the visual centers of the brain?
occipital lobe
Proactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when _____________.
older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information
Freud
one of the first people credited with identifying the importance of maintaining one's confidentiality.
In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory, the participants were to report ______________.
one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared
Using words like hee-haw or cocka-a-doodle-doo to describe the sound that a donkey or rooster might make provides us with examples of
onomatopoeia
The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to
open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek
The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to
open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek.
schema
organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory
chunking
organizing information into meaningful groupings, allows us to extend the span of short-term memory
priming
our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli
concepts
our knowledge and ideas about a set of objects, actions, and characteristics that share core properties
semantic memory
our knowledge of facts about the world
Behavior
outward or overt actions and reactions
Studies on the durability bias suggest that people tend to _____ the long-term impacts of events on our happiness and unhappiness.
overestimate
Your family dog is named "Happy." Any time your young child sees a dog, she calls out "Happy." This is an example of
overextension
Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she starts sweating profusely, and she is gripped with a terrifying fear that she is about to go crazy. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble _____.
panic attack
reactivity
part of temperament; how much one reacts to stimuli in their environment; Extroverts: Tend to be active and self-expressive and gain energy from interaction with other people Introvert: a person who tends to shrink from social contacts and to become preoccupied with their own thoughts (babies are more likely to be these)
Charles Spearman believed that ___.
people who are intelligent in one area are usually intelligent in other areas, too.
The Carmichaels do not believe in punishing their children; instead, they shape their children's behaviors by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles
permissive parenting
The Carmichaels do not believe in punishing their children; instead, they shape their children's behaviors by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles
permissive parenting.
mental set
phenomenon of becoming stuck in a specific problem-solving strategy, inhibiting our ability to generate alternatives
encoding specificity
phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it
Which of the following is an anxiety disorder?
phobic disorder
The sounds t, th, and sh are ______.
phonemes
Young Jonah is learning to read, and his father writes MOMMY on a card and asks him to read it. When Jonah struggles, his father says "sound it out one letter at a time!" As Jonah does this, he eventually puts the sounds together and triumphantly shouts the correct word. What method has Jonah used to read this word?
phonetic decomposition
mild retardation is caused by
including fetal alcohol syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Down syndrome
The concept of the confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe________.
information that agrees with our thinking
5. Lee is new at her H.S. and doesn't know the candidates running for student body president. She listens in on her new friends' conversations about the various candidates, and votes (by secret ballot) in line with who her friends seem to favor.
informational
1. Cara pushes and trips the other WalMart shoppers in order to be the first to the electronics section where the TVs are being sold.
instrumental
Many companies, including the McDonald's chain of restaurants, administer _____ tests to prospective employees to find out if this person would cheat or steal on the job. Such tests may be unfairly biased against innocent applicants.
integrity
Alfred Binet designed the first ______ test.
intelligence
Sir Francis Galton (1884)
intelligence is a byproduct of sensory capacity
A systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their measured intelligence is called___
intelligence quotient
Concerning intelligence and memory, which statement is true? Intelligence test scores tend to be inversely correlated with scores on short-term memory tests. Intelligence test scores tend to be positively correlated with scores on short-term memory tests. Intelligence test scores tend to be unrelated to scores on short-term memory tests. Intelligence test scores tend to be negatively correlated with scores on short-term memory tests.
intelligence test scored tend to be positively...
When information that you learned in your high school psychology class gets in the way of learning new information from your college-level psychology class, ________ has occurred.
interference
bait-and-switch technique
is a form persuasion strategy in which the party putting forth the proposition lures in customers by advertising a product or service at an unprofitably low price, then reveals to potential customers that the advertised good is not available but that a substitute is
The deviation IQ score
is an IQ relative to one's same-aged peers
dialect
language variation used by a group of people who share geographic proximity or ethnic background
The three most important build blocks of thought are____.
language, images, and concepts
According to psychoanalytic theory, sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious during the ___ stage
latency
interference
loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information
Recent research examining the ability of people from variety of cultures to identify emotions by observing facial expressions of others found that there appear to be universally recognized facial expressions for each of the following emotions EXCEPT ___.
love
A test that is classified as a "valid" measure is one that
measures what it is intended to measure
According to the authors, our memory is most like
melting wax
implicit memory
memories we dont deliberately remember or reflect o consciously
explicit memory
memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness
Which of the following statements regarding people whose spouses have died is true?
men are more likely to remarry than women
The discontinuation of menstrual cycles and the end of a woman's ability to bear children is known as __________.
menopause
During menarche teenagers experience
menstruation
Concepts
mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics
Psychologists define____by three criteria: the onset must be prior to adulthood, the IQ below 70, and inadequate adaptive functioning, communicating with others, and other basic skills.
mental retardation
Rosemary, a college professor, has not been able to give up her overhead projector and transparencies even though her classroom has equipment that will support computer-generated projected images. This might be an example of a
mental set
The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called ________.
mental set
Cognitive control is the ability to
mentally reconstruct or think differently about negative emotions that steam form stressful events
According to the __________, repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to increased liking of the stimulus.
mere exposure effect
As we age, our ability to recognize the strengths and limitations of our own memories improves. This is known as
meta memory
The basic meaningful units of any language are called ______
morphemes
When speakers of English add "ed" to a verb to indicate past tense, they are applying a
morphological marker
Empty nest researchers have found that
most empty nesters experience an increase in life satisfaction after their children leave home.
Each of the following is true of "gifted" people EXCEPT____.
most gifted people have poor social skills and are emotionally maladjusted
The Big Five personality Factors?
oAgreeableness oExtraversion oOpenness to experience oNeuroticism oConscientiousness
On a newly developed IQ test, an individual scores at the 110 level on the first half of the test, and 150 on the second half of the test. What does this test appear to lack?
the higher the percentage of shared genes between people, the higher their IQ correlations will be.
Culture-fair tests attempt to measure ______.
the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised
According to the Flynn effect, for at least several generations the IQ scores of both children and parents have remained about the same. the IQ scores of the children are higher than those of their parents and grandparents. the IQ scores of the children are lower than those of their parents. there is no correlation between the IQ scores of children and their parents.
the iq sores of the children are higher...
Julio tells his therapist that he dreamt of a large blue monster that was about to eat him. His therapist interpreted this dream as representing Julio's abusive father. According to dream analysis, the manifest content is
the large blue monster.
A famous lecturer argues that because the Hopi Indians have only two nouns for things that fly, one for birds and another for nonbirds, the Hopi MUST interpret all flying things in terms of these two nouns. This argument is based on ______
the linguistic relativity hypothesis
What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think?
the linguistic relativity hypothesis
bi-modal symmetrical distribution
the mean and the median fall at the same point, while the two modes correspond to the two highest points of the distribution
The body's first shield from foreign invaders is
the skin.
magic number
the span of short-term memory, according to george miller; seven plus or minus two pieces of information
menarche
the start of menstruation in women
Psychology
the study of behavior and mental processes
During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome,_________.
the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones
Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo"doll study. The term Bobo refers to ________.
the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study
Eyewitness testimony has been found to be most accurate when
the witness has ample time to observe the person under good viewing conditions
At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends' feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a
theory of mind
A key point from the research on individualism-collectivism is that
there are consistent differences between and within cultures on these personality styles
Research on flashbulb memories indicates
they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory
Most psychologists agree that creative accomplishments consist of two features:
they are novel and succesful
Which theory of emotions best describes why the girl Ben saw on his way into the gym seemed more attractive to him while he was leaving the gym?
two factor
vervet monkeys
use different alarm calls to signal different predators
honeybees
use the waggle dance to communicate
A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be _____.
valid
A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be ___________
valid
Independent variable
variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
Dependent variable
variable in an experiment that is not manipulated
Clark Wissler (1901)
various senses are uncorrelated with one another and with school performance
If you took the WAIS-III, you would be taking two major parts. These subtests measure what abilities?
verbal and performance
Optimism is linked with
vigorous immune functioning
Recent findings associated with aging and cognitive functioning show that older adults outscore younger adults on
vocabulary tests.
Johnny has never been harassed by the school bully but most of his friends have. Johnny's decision to stand up to the bully to protect his friends represents a type of ________ morality.
postconventional
Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most political candidates seeking office are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Joseph's reasoning reflects
postconventional reasoning.
According to Piaget, egocentrism and a lack of conservation ability are both qualities that are seen in the ________ stage of development.
preoperational
Humanistic psychotherapists would be most likely to work with their clients to focus their attention to the _____ rather than to the _____.
present; past
encoding
process of getting information into our memory banks
Tests consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret are called
projective tests
All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night, he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number. His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of
rehearsal.
variable interval
reinforced on an average every predetermined amount of time
fixed interval
reinforcement after a determined interval of time
variable ratio
reinforcement schedule in which the number of responses necessary to produce reinforcement varies from trial to trial
The first day of class, Sheila asked her professor what was the best way to learn and remember the material for the course. The professor responded, "Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts." The instructor is advocating a ________ level of processing.
semantic
Which of the following his the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?
sensory memory
Ekman conducted a number of studies of facial expressions and found that
seven primary emotions are almost universal
secondary sex characteristics
sex-differentiating characteristics that don't relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in women and deepening voices in men
Freud placed much more emphasis on _____ than did either Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, or Carl Jung.
sexuality
Cailee and Rick's parents take them to church every week. What type of influence on personality is being exhibited?
shared environmental
Which memory system is the one that has a working, active system that processes the information within it?
short-term memory
Which of these is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation?
significant limitations in two or more "everyday" abilities
Marti is working on a history project with four other classmates. She is not putting much effort into the task because she knows her individual performance will not be evaluated by the teacher. Marti is not doing her best due to a phenomenon called
social loafing
What is the term for the people and groups that can provoke emotional comfort and personal and financial resources during times of need?
social support
Research has consistently shown that having a good _______ is of critical importance in a person's ability to cope with stressors.
social support system
Research on the relation between cognition and language suggests that
some aspects of thinking are more vulnerable to language influence than others.
Divergent thinking
starting from one point and coming up with many different ideas based on that point
distributed vs. massed practice
studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed)
context-dependent learning
superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context
state-dependent learning
superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding
Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that
surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.
Harlowe's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that
surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.
long term memory
sustained (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills
The rule in English that adjectives usually come before nouns is part of __________
syntax
The rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as ______
syntax
What is wrong in the following sentence? "Eggs the ham and green delicious are."
syntax
homesign
system of signs invented by children who are deaf and born of hearing parents and therefore receive no language input
Our co-worker says, "It's awful in here." To understand what she means, we must
take into account extralinguistic information, such as location and facial expressions
Papillae
taste buds are contained in the tongue's
The part of the brain located just behind the temples, containing neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech, is called the ________.
temporal lobes
Jamie has worked for Jones & Miller law firm for the past five years. The firm is i the process of downsizing and laying off employees. Jamie is afraid that she may lose her job. To help deal with this stressful situation. Jamie tends to rely on her social contacts for support, in addition to nurturing those around her. This is known as
tend and befriend
Jamie has worked for the Jones & Miller law firm for the past five years. The firm is in the process of downsizing and laying off employees. Jamie is afraid that she may lose her job. To help deal with this stressful situation, Jamie tends to rely on her social contacts for support, in addition to nurturing those around her. This is known as
tend and befriend
recency effect
tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it
primary effect
tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well
recency effect
tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
"Look, Mom, she is not really happy; you can see it in her eyes!" cries Amelia's little sister. What might this sharp little 4-year-old have spotted?
A Pan Am smile
attachment
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
Ego integrity
Andrew is 73. Assume that he successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his current Eriksonian stage. Which of the following is his correct developmental outcome?
Which of the following is an example of centration?
Andrew thinks that a big empty box is heavier than a small box full of rocks
Brain shape has no relation to intelligence.
False
According to Piaget, children begin to develop concepts ant the ability to think in terns of abstractions in the __ stage.
Formal-operational
The Binet-Simon scale was originally developed to ___.
Identify children who might have difficulty in school.
A person's gender ________ refers to their sense of being male or female, which may or may not correspond to their biological sex.
Identity
Middle-aged
If Mike is struggling to achieve generativity rather than stagnation, Mike is probably
False
If a researcher finds a positive correlation between two variables, she can conclude that one variable CAUSES another (T/F)
arousal
In the beer ad, the bikini-clad beauty sits on the beach and drinks a Budweiser. The advertiser hopes that their target market will be aroused by the semi-naked beauty and begin to experience a similar sense of desire when they see the beer. In this simple, classic ad, the unconditioned response is
the suicide rates of adolescents have dramatically increased.
In the past twenty years,
Jenny has an intense interest in food but eats sparingly and with disgust. She has an intense fear of becoming obese, and even though she looks emaciated, she still claims she "feels fat" and refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame. She is most likely suffering from
anorexia nervosa
According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of
assimilation and accommodation.
Eric was recently fired from his job. His response to this stressful event was to take charge of the situation and look for a new job. He applied for open positions for which he was qualified, in order to reduce the impact of the situation. This active type of coping is known as
behavioral controls
The process by which your brain processes only the information that it receives, irrespective of past experiences or expectations, is called ________ processing.
bottom-up
The___ theory of emotion state that environmental stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies and emotions result from those physiological changes.
James-Lange
80
Jordan is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years. His IQ would be
Which of the following is an example of a "stereotype threat"
Julie becomes anxious when told that women perform worse than men on standardized math tests and even though she is a gifted mathematician she performs below average on the SAT math section
Which of the following is an example of "stereotype threat"?
Julie becomes anxious when told that women perform worse than men on standardized math tests and even though she is a gifted mathematician she performs below average on the SAT math section.
Chunking is a means of ______.
combining information into meaningful units
secure
comfortable with intimacy; want to be comforted in times of threats
______a great German mathematician, was the first to come up with the concept of the "bell curve"
Karal Gauss
sensorimotor
Karla understands her world by grasping, sucking, and physically handling objects in her path. Karla is in Piaget's ________ stage of development
Conventional
Ken believes that smoking marijuana is okay because most people find it a perfectly reasonable pastime. Ken's moral reasoning is best categorized as
Being given more responsibility than their maturity level can handle
Late physical maturation may produce certain psychological difficulties for both boys and girls. Which is not one of these?
normative and descriptive approaches to problem solving.
Lauren knew all the rules of grammar--when to say "who" and when to say "whom--but she didn't bother to follow some of those rules when she actually spoke. The difference between the rules that Lauren knew she ought to follow and how she (and her friends) actually spoke is similar to the difference between _____________________.
During the ________ stage of development, a child will not have developed object permanence.
NOT preoperational
Caucasian
Of the following ethnicities—Caucasian, African American, Asian—adolescents of which group are most likely to commit suicide?
food
Of the following, which would NOT be an example of a secondary reinforcer? Select one: a. Food b. Stickers c. Praise d. Tokens
Just as happy
Old people are _______ as they were younger
before; UCS
One can be conditioned to become sexually aroused at the sight of a triangle if the triangle is presented shortly ________ an appropriate ________.
faulty eyewitness identification
One of the leading reasons for the conviction of innocent persons is
fail to consider how probable an outcome is within the general population.
One reason that we are susceptible to the representativeness heuristic is that we
Mental Retardation
Onset prior to adulthood,IQ ≤ 70, impaired adaptive functions
Hope is a young woman who has a large vocabulary, enjoys going to museums, and is curious and creative. Hope most likely is high on which of the following Big-Five dimensions?
Openness to experience
To which personality trait has the concept of crystallized intelligence been most strongly associated?
Openness to experience
accommodation
Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience
This form of aggression is prevalent in girls and involves spreading rumors, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns.
Relational aggression
Who proposed the triangular theory of love?
Robert Sternberg
a recall task to recover information from Roberto's memory
Roberto was attacked while he was walking in the park. The police who are investigating the crime ask Roberto to describe his attacker in as much detail as possible. The police are basically using
The largest program designed to improve educationally disadvantaged children's chances of school achievement is___.
The Head Start Program
Memory set
The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the
According to the discrete emotions theory, emotions are _____.
To serve evolutionary functions
From early in the list
To the research of primary effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the store you would most easily recall those items......
Which of the following represents a shared environmental influence?
Todd and Vie both live in a home with many books
secodary
Token economies are reinforcement-based strategies that use points, tokens, and chips as ______ reinforcers.
Maggie became very frustrated with her therapist and exclaimed, "I hate you. You are always pushing me to do and say things I don't want to. You're just like my father." According to psychoanalysis, Maggie is likely experiencing the unconscious process of
Transference.
ideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam. Thao asks the following question: "What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present?" Hideki would be most correct if he answered
memory
procedural memory
memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits
Retroactive interference
memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information
short-term memory
memory system that retains information for limited durations
Researchers studying infant stress levels using the "Strange Situation" method have found that
most infants are upset with the mom when she departs but are happy when she returns
Because Ken's history professor was a college student during the 1970s, he has extraordinary insight and knowledge of facts concerning the Vietnam War era. This knowledge is associated with the term fluid intelligence. crystallized intelligence. general intelligence. multiple intelligence.
crystallized intelligence
Because Ken's history professor was a college student during the 1970s, he has extraordinary insight and knowledge of facts concerning the Vietnam War era. Which of the following best characterizes this knowledge?
crystallized intelligence
In the book The Bell Curve , authors Herrnstein and Murray suggest that social problems are mainly due to the impact of..?
cultural differences
The subscale of the WAIS that most substantially assesses rote memory is
digit span.
The belief that your current mood will last longer than it actually does is known as
durability bias
extralinguistic information
elements of communication that aren't part of the content of language but are crucial to interpreting its meaning (facial expressions and tone of voice)
elaboration
embellishing information to be remembered to make it more memorable
The heart, lungs, and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development.
embryonic
inductive reasoning
generalization, reasoning from detailed facts to general principles
Alfred Binet and Sir Francis Galton would have likely disagreed about
the extent to which our senses influence intelligence
In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development do people begin to think logically about abstract concepts?
the formal operational stage
Piaget's account of formal operations has been criticized because adolescents' reasoning is often less sophisticated than the theory predicts because
the formal-operational stage is portrayed as the final stage of intellectual development
Research involving family and adoption studies have demonstrated that
the higher the percentage of shared genes between people, the higher their IQ correlations will be.
linguistic relativity hypothesis
the number of words language has for a concept indicates the concepts importance to the users of that language
Dr. Vargas can remember hundreds of students' names from his twenty-five years of university teaching, but has difficulty remembering the new three digit area code for his home phone number. This is one illustration of
the paradox of memory
phonemes
the sounds of our language
The culture of any group of people is best understood by looking at:
their language and the values and concepts they share
Newborn infants show a preference for
their mother's native language
According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a person's language shapes
their thought processes
Charles Spearman (1927)
these correlations suggest a single common factor across all aspects of mental ability:
The major issue of __________ explores how development is influenced by both genetics and life experiences.
nature/nurture
a group that begin together and share the same experience in a study?
peer group
When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information, this is called ______________.
retroactive interference
Malcolm, aged 35, is severely depressed. Because of this he is given electroconvulsive shock therapy. After treatment, he is sent home and does much better. However, his TV-watching behavior is strange. Malcolm thinks that last year's episodes of his favorite series are new. Malcolm is showing signs of ______________.
retrograde amnesia
Hanging out with friends with the same hobbies can best be explained by the ___ principle of relationship formation.
similarity
Social psychology is best defined as the scientific study of
social influence
Phases of Culture Shock
1.The honeymoon phase: initial euphoria, enchantment, fascination and enthusiasm 2.The disenchantment phase: disillusionment and hostility towards new culture as values and habits conflict with local attitudes and beliefs 3.The beginning resolution phase: recovery as confidence and understanding new culture grows 4.The effective functioning stage: adjustment as individual learns how to fit the new cultural environment
On average, in infants crawling occurs at about __ months of age.
10
The brain of the average person shrinks about ___ percent in size between the ages of 20 and 70.
10
resisting the distractions that might interfere with good driving.
A 16 year old inherently is going to have more difficulty
Which of the following is likely to produce increased correlations between SAT scores and college GPA?
Admitting more low-SAT-scoring students to colleges.
______americans and _______americans score lower than ______americans on standard IQ tests.
African; Hispanic; Caucasian
conservation
Alice is sitting at the table with her son Nikko. She takes his tall glass of milk, which is only half full, and pours it into a shorter wider glass. Then she says "Honey, which glass has more milk?" Nikko immediately points to the taller glass, as he is chewing his peanut butter sandwich. Nikko has not yet mastered Piaget's skill of ________.
Peripheral Nervous System
All nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself are in the
rehearsal
All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night he ask for her number. His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of
heredity; environment
Although _______ sets limits on a child's potential, it is the _________ that permits that potential to be actualized
Most_____view intelligence as the capacity to reason well and quickly, as well as the ability to amass a large amount of knowledge in brief period of time.
Americans
boys are four times more likely than girls to develop autism
Another feature that is associated with autism is that ____________________________?
aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
negative reinforcement
As your exam in Psy 1001 approaches, you have a nagging sense that you need to study for it to avoid getting a bad grade. You begin to review your notes. You complete the learning objectives. You spend more and more time preparing for the upcoming exam. By studying more you remove your anxiety that you will get a bad grade on your exam. A behavioral psychologist would observe that your studying behavior has been conditioned through _____________________.
2. Jeffrey learned to pick up bits of cereal and push his fingers and the cereal into his mouth. Jeffrey discovered, however, that this method did not work for yogurt and eventually learned that yogurt is eaten with a spoon. Jeffrey's modified behavior shows:
B. accommodation.
6. Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the interstate without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karla's reasoning reflects ________ reasoning.
B. conventional
shaping
BF Skinner spent time during World War II in a secret lab in Minneapolis training pigeons to guide missiles to targets on the ground. To do this, he discovered a new way to train animals--reinforcing successive approximations of the target response. This concept is known as ___________.
Who is engaged in abstract thinking?
Benito, who says the sun might explode one day
A general sense of mistrust
Bonnie is 3 months old, and her parents attend only inconsistently to her needs. Sometimes they are very attentive, feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset. Other times, Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her. Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Bonnie will develop
attachment theory
By John Bowbly; children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival
3. Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first president were a woman would be the type of question a student at which of Piaget's stages could answer? A) concrete operational B) preoperational C) formal operations D) Both A and C
C) formal operations
Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ____ development.
Cognitive
To help Jenny with her depression, her therapist instructs her to replace her thoughts, "I must be perfect," with the thought, "I am a good person and I'm doing the best I can." This technique is most consistent with the assumptions of ___________ therapy.
Cognitive-behavior
Cross-sectional research studies gather data from many people who are of the same age, and compare them to others who are at a different age, and thus a different level of development. The name for a group of people who are the same age and thus were raised during the same time period is a/an__________
Cohort
2. Changes in the way people relate to, react to, and connect with others is known as _________________. A) human development B) contact comfort C) attachment D) social development
D) social development
Research has found that the body's immune system can attack your own body parts, leading to all but which of the following conditions?
Diabetes
1. I believe it's a good idea to eat healthy foods, and I often eat junk food.
Dissonant
3. I love my parents, and I don't call them a whole lot.
Dissonant
4. I'm a responsible person, and I accidentally left my house without locking my door.
Dissonant
5. I think it's a good idea to start working on paper assignments early, and I left mine until the last minute.
Dissonant
Creative problem solving typically involves_____.
Divergent Thinking
REM Sleep
During what stage of sleep are we most likely to experience a vivid dream?
stimulant; depressant
Even though many assume that alcohol is primarily a____, it is, in fact, primarily a(n) _____.
it lacks extralinguistic information.
E-mail can often lead to misunderstandings. This is because
Thorndike's Law of Effect
Harry the cat has learned that begging for food leads to getting treats. This is an real life example of _________________
Methadone
Has been used to treat heroin addiction
Jerome is preparing for his philosophy essay exam and has decided to just employ basic memorization skills. What does transfer appropriate processing predict in this case?
He will probably do more poorly on the test than if he used another strategy.
Rules of thumb that do no guarantee a solution by may help bring one within reach are called___.
Heuristics
What problem-solving strategies are essentially mental shortcuts?
Heuristics
What problem-solving strategies don't guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time?
Heuristics.
People who are more likely to attempt and stick with new challenges usually have _____ self esteem
High
Located in the ___ are two regions that serves as "on and off" switches for eating behaviors.
Hypothalamus
Mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalise findings from our sample to the full population are called
Inferential Statistics
Ken received a score of 125 on the WAIS and is taking it again in three weeks. What should we expect about Ken's upcoming test score?
Ken should score nearly the same on the second administration of the test.
What did Terman's groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish?
It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century.
Permissive
Jack, a middle-schooler, is somewhat immature; he is "clingy" and sometimes lacks self-control. It is possible that his parents were too
REM rebound
Jackie has not slept for several days. When she finally dozes off, we can expect her to spend a lot of time dreaming. What process of sleep is being illustrated?
________, a professor of psychology at Stanford University, revised the Binet-Simon scale and released it in a form that is still used today (in its fifth edition).
Lewis Terman
________, a professor of psychology at Stanford University, revised the Binet-Simon scale so it could be used with American school children.
Lewis Terman
No; this behavior is called babbling and it is normal for infants.
Linda's 3-month-old infant keeps saying "ga-ga" and "doh-doh." Should she be worried?
iconic
Lizzie is staring at the diagram of an eye that will appear on the exam she will take in the next few minutes. Although this strategy won't work, she is hoping to take advantage of her _____ memory.
gradual if at all
Memory recovery from amnesia is
__________ is to girls as __________ is to boys.
Menarche; spermarche
The discontinuation of menstrual cycles and the end of a woman's ability to bear children is known as __________.
Menopause
the end of the menstruation period in late adulthood.
Menopause refers to
William Perry has done research that shows a transition in the way college students think. They go from a staunch need to have a "right" or "wrong" answer to a more flexible and tolerant way of viewing problems as ambiguous and having multiple levels of "rightness." Perry's findings have generally persisted in the decades since they were first published. This demonstrates the principle of
NOT ruling out rival hypotheses
Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the __________ test in order to assess the different types of attachment that might exist between a child and his or her primary caregiver.
NOT seperation
Adena looks on the bright side of life. When a situation is not going well, she is able to bring to light something positive. This is known as
Optimism
reconstructive memory.
Oscar is writing a fictional autobiography. He is combining real events with those that could have happened, as well as a few creative additions. In terms of the memory system, this approach is most similar to
Consciousness
Our subjective experience of the world and ourselves is what psychologists refer to as
formal operations stage
Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development (ages 11 or 12 and beyond), which is characterized by the ability to apply logical thinking to abstract problems and hypothetical situations
conservation
Piaget's term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance
assimilation
Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures
the baby has rudimentary number concepts (which is inconsistent with Piaget's theory.)
Researchers show a baby a little scenario. When the curtains open, the baby sees one mouse and watches as a second mouse joins the first mouse. The curtain comes down. When the curtain goes up again, the baby sees only one mouse. If the baby seems surprised by this (indicated by staring longer at this improbable event) the researchers can conclude that:
Some research has found that children from different cultures have a different percentage of kids who have the three temperamental styles. For example, Chinese American babies have been found to generally be calmer then European American infants. One possible explanation for this difference is the presence of different intrauterine exposure to hormones. This demonstrates the principle of
Ruling out rival hypotheses
3 different types of cones
The Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision assumes that
representativeness
The ________ heuristic is one that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype.
Preoperational
The __________ stage of development is marked by egocentric thought and a lack of conservation.
Recognition
The ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact - much like the information on a multiple choice test
Which of the following is not one of the stages of prenatal development?
The amniotic stage
200-300
The average college student reads at a rate of about _______ words per minute.
semantics
The meanings derived from words or sentences are collectively known as the ________ of language.
Proactive interference
The memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer
fetal
The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the __________ period.
Attention
The process we use to notice important stimuli and ignore irrelevant
Sensation
The process whereby we receive information from the environment through our
spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ____.
According to your authors, which cognitive heuristic is most salient in the formation of stereotypes?
The representativeness heuristic
Many people believe that having a good crying episode is an effective way to vent negative emotions, such as anger or sadness, and that such spells are healthy. What does the research of Rottenberg, Bylsma, and Vingerhoets (2008) say about this belief?
The research found that crying tends to increase distress and arousal in most people.
16
The research of Michael Hermanussen and colleagues found that physical development is marked by "mini growth spurts" that occur every 30 to 55 days in people as old as ______ years of age.
Participants in the "sweet" experiment in your text falsely recalled the word "sweet" when asked to memorize a word list. Why did they make this mistake?
The words on the list were associated with the concept of sweet and it became activated.
Which of the following is true concerning IQ correlations?
There is a positive correlation between IQ scores and social class.
Which of the following statements is true of retrieval cues?
They are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory.
What is the relationship between brain shape and IQ?
They are positively correlated
How do cues help you to remember?
They direct you to relevant information stored in long-term memory
How do cues help you to remember?
They direct you to relevant information stored in long-term memory.
What is one criticism of the conclusions offered by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray in The Bell Curve?
They failed to distinguish between correlation and causation.
door-in-the-face technique
This is a technique used to get compliance from others (to get them to behave in a way you want) in which a large request is made knowing it will probably be refused so that the person will agree to a much smaller request
Occipital lobe
This section of the brain is located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the visual centers of the brain
At the University of Minnestoa,_____conducted the landmark study of twins reared apart in the 1980s and 1990s
Thomas Bouchard
This IQ test for adults is the most widely administered
WAIS
The two widely used IQ test for children are the
WISC and WPPSI
Which of the following is an intelligence test that is commonly used to assess the cognitive functioning of children?
WPPSI
based on classical conditioning
Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be ______.
Power Distance (Hofstede dimensions)
Ways of dealing with inequality
Sleeping
We spend the greatest amount of time engaged in what altered state of consciousness?
Which is true concerning research related to the "Mozart Effect"?
Weak evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning.
What is the most widely used intelligence test for adults today?
Wechslers Adult Intelligence Scale
confirmation bias
What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?
Preconventional
When Billy is asked why he should not lie to his parents, he responds, "Because you will get in big trouble if you are caught lying!" Billy's response reflects the _________ stage of moral development.
When psychologists say language is generative, they mean that
a limited number of symbols can be used to create an unlimited number of sentences
People shake their legs when anxious. This is one example of _______.
a manipulator
Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, is uncommon in society, and/or harms their ability to function in daily life, may indicate the presence of _____.
a mental disorder
Language is
a system of communication that combines symbols in rule-based ways to create meaning.
false belief task
a test that determines if a child has a theory of mind. A child who passes this test says for example a person will look for a toy in a basket that person believes the toy is in rather than the basket the child knows contains the toy
implicit egotism theory
a theory in psychology which asserts that most people associate positively with themselves and therefore tend to prefer things connected to themselves.
Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that _________.
a. follows the bell curve
Gingko, or any other memory booster, works by increasing the amount of ________ in the human brain.
acetylcholine
Which of the following words would present the most difficulty using phonetic decomposition? a. Pleasure. b. Livid. c. Letter. d. Bit.
a. Pleasure.
Aspects of language
a. Syntax: b. Phonemes: c. Morphemes: d. Audiograms:
In an exploration of cultural differences regarding temperament, researchers took four-day-old Chinese-American and European-American babies and did "something" to them. They found stark differences in the babies' reactions to this event. What was done to the babies?
a. Their parents were removed from sight for 20 minutes. b. A piece of cloth was placed over their faces c. They were shown different cartoon characters.
The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects
a. a pro-nurture perspective. b. a pro-nature perspective. c. a belief that genes set limits on cognitive ability.
Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Marko's revised views on red go-carts illustrates
a. accommodation. c. conservation. d. equilibration.
When Bill looks at his lamp alternately with his left eye and right eye, the image seems to jump from one position to another. This phenomenon illustrates __________.
a. binocular disparity
Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door. She is using what type of problem solving strategy?
an algorithm
"Raindrops keep falling on my head. And just like the guy whose feet are too big for his bed, nothing seems to fit!" These lyrics to a popular song describe a very uncomfortable sleeping arrangement! There are several ways this problem can be solved. If the singer chooses to cut off his feet so that he fits in the existing bed, this would be similar to the Piagetian concept of ________.
assimilation
According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of
assimilation and accommodation
Sleepwalking occurs most often during ________ sleep. a. REM b. stage 4 c. stage 1 d. stage 2
b
E-mail can often lead to misunderstandings. This is because
it lacks extralinguistic information
Which hormone increases in production during puberty and is generally believed to be responsible for physical growth?
b. Estrogen in girls and testosterone in boys c. Androgens d. Serotonin
"Raindrops keep falling on my head. And just like the guy whose feet are too big for his bed, nothing seems to fit!" These lyrics to a popular song describe a very uncomfortable sleeping arrangement! There are several ways this problem can be solved. If the singer chooses to go out in the morning and buys a bigger bed, this would be similar to the Piagetian concept of __________.
b. adaptation c. schema transformation d. accommodation
Bertram is a surly child who can't bear to be alone, yet he has few friends because he has little self-control. Even the children he prefers to be with, who are much younger than he is, get frustrated with his impulsiveness. His parents are probably of the __________ type.
b. authoritarian c. uninvolved d. permissive
According to Robert Sternberg, ____________ is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
b. creative intelligence
Rafael has a cold and has plugged sinuses. These symptoms are most likely to affect
b. his enjoyment of the food at the university cafeteria
Jamie has worked for Jones & Miller law firm for the past five years. The company is in the process of downsizing and laying off employees. Jamie is afraid that she may lose her job. To help deal with this stressful situation, Jamie tends to rely on her social contacts for support, in addition to nurturing those around her. This is known as a. fight or flight. b. tend and befriend. c. reliance and coping. d. friend or relationship.
b. tend and befriend
spermarche
boys' first ejaculation
Which early theory of personality development stands most strongly on scientific footing? a. Humanistic-existential b. Gestalt c. Behaviorism d. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
c
The idea that muscles in the face send information to the brain, affecting the emotion we feel, is known as the
facial feedback hypothesis
insecure-anxious attachment
doesn't explore without moms assistance, shows distress when stranger enters, panics when mom leaves, mixed emotional reaction upon her return (about 15-20 percent of U.S. infants)
Attending to many modalities simultaneously is a phenomenon called
c. parallel processing
According to Robert Sternberg, _______________ is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life.
c. practical intelligence
The ability to detect physical energy through our sensory systems is known as
c. sensation.
Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the "bad guy" used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating ________.
confirmation bias
Wilhelm Wundt
considered the first individual to attempt to apply scientific principles to the study of the human mind
Dr. Horatio Williams became a better teacher and writer of psychology over the years as his knoledge base contiued to grow this is an example of...
crystallized inteligence
A statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures is called
factor analysis
Based on IQ score information as described by Stern, a student with an IQ score of 120 is likely to answer IQ test questions like someone who is age _____, even though the student is only _____.
d. 12; 10
Jackie Robinson, the first African-American to play in the major leagues, was told all his life that he was inferior. Yet time after time he was able to outperform many of the other players on the field. Which potential problem did Jackie Robinson overcome?
d. Stereotype threat
Buck has a friend who is deaf and was born to deaf parents who used sign language. It is most likely that his friend
developed sign language in much the same way Buck learned to speak
moral development
development of values, believes, and thinking abilities that act as a guide regarding what is acceptable behavior
The auditory form of sensory memory is called ________ memory
echoic
According to Gardner there are _____ types of intelligence
eight
Gene ________ refers to the fact that the environmental experiences that one has throughout their development can turn on or off specific genes that are located in every cell in the human body.
expression
Memory recovery from amnesia is
gradual, if at all.
cognitive development
how children learn to think, reason, communicate, and remember
If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores?
identical twins
anterograde amnesia
inability to encode new memories from our experiences
Inborn, inflexible, goal-directed behavior that is characteristic of an entire species is called an___.
instinct
4. Little Jonny wants to play with the toy his brother has so he hits his brother and his brother gives him the toy.
instrumental
Which of the following is NOT one of the charges detected by a polygraph?
mood
A _________ marker is a grammatical element that modifies words by adding sounds that change their meanings
morphological
Which of these is one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences?
naturalistic
The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that ______.
one's language determines the pattern of one's thinking and view of the world
During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development, the key social agent influencing the resolution of the crisis is likely to be
parents
The body's reproductive organs are called
primary sex organs
Knowing how to navigate the route from one's residence hall room to the location of one's college algebra class is an example of a
schema.
Dustin usually keeps a distance of about 4-12 feet while having conversations with strangers. This is one example of _____ distance.
social
Alan and his friends were playing a game of pool at the local pub. Jackie, a girl Alan likes, and her friends came over to talk. As Alan is an inexperienced pool player, his pool game suffered from Jackie's presence. Social psychologists would explain his poor performance as
social disruption
The idea that there is an optimal level of arousal for best performance of any task, and the more complex the task, the lower the level of optimal arousal, is ___.
the Yerkes-Dodson Law`
Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is ________.
the ability to adapt to the environment
In language, syntax refers to ________.
the acceptable internal structure or arrangement of words in a given sentence for a language
Crystallized Intelligence
the accumulated knowledge of the world over time
puberty
the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce
The tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances is known as
the hedonic treadmill
availability heuristic
the information quickest available in one's mind is correct
post hoc fallacy
the mistake of assuming that because A comes before B, A must cause B
Accomodation
the process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new information and experiences
framing
the way a question is formulated that can influence the decisions people make
Recall
type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be "pulled' from memory with very few external cues
Psychiatrist
type of psychological professional has a medical degree and specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
The brain's tendency to streamline our thinking processes by use of preexisting knowledge is referred to as
top-down processing.
George begins to project his anxieties and unresolved feelings about his mother onto his therapist. This is what Sigmund Freud would have called
transference.
The very first developmental crisis that human beings experience, according to the theory of Erik Erikson is
trust vs. mistrust
Bertram is a surly child who can't bear to be alone, yet he has few friends because he has little self-control. Even the children he prefers to be with, who are much younger than he is, get frustrated with his impulsiveness. His parents are probably of the __________ type.
uninvolved
top-down processing
we fill in the gaps of missing information using our experience and background knowledge
salience of surface similarities
we tend to focus on the surface-level properties of a problem
discriminative stimulus
when an antecedent influences the likelihood of an event to occur
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights? Date. Why. How many articles?
• 1948 •Reponses to the experience of WWII •First expression of rights to which ALL humans are entitled •The most translated document in the world •Comprises of 30 Articles
Cultural vs. Cross-Cultural Psychology
•Cultural Psychology: Study of the ways in which people are affected by the culture they live in •Cross-Cultural Psychology: Systematic comparison of psychological variables under different cultural conditions in order to: - Identify universal aspects of human thought and behaviour - Identify how culture influences human
levels of processing
depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it
zygote
fertilized egg
babbling
intentional vocalization that lacks specific meaning
Fluid Intelligence
the capacity to learn new problems
Emics vs. Etics
•Emic Perspective: Aspects of life that appear to differ across cultures - Truths/principles that are culture specific - Focus on specific cultural group and examining particular psychological aspects of that group. Take a particular theory and apply it to an individual culture •Etic Perspective: aspects of life that appear to be consistent across different cultures - Universal or pancultural truths/principles - Search for commonalities or differences across cultures. Aim is to see whether particular theory fits across different cultures
Prejudice vs Racism
•Prejudice: having an unreasonable and negative stereotype about members of another group of people -->Racial prejudice: negative stereotypes about members of another racial group or a cultural practice •Racism: pervasive and systematic assumption of the inferiority of certain groups and the different and unfair treatment of those groups on the basis of that assumed inferiority --> Discrimination: behavioural component of prejudiced attitudes
The semantics of the sentence "He ran" refer to its ________.
meaning
Thorndike's law of effect
"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated. IF a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This statement is a summary of ______.
insufficient justification study
(Feat and Carlsmith 1959) Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is "insufficient"--reward or punishment justify actions, if either is minimal, participant must justify action in their own head; Participants were required to perform a boring task, then lie to other participants that the task was fun, in return the lying participant received either 1 or 20 dollars. Those who received 1 dollar claimed the experiment was more enjoyable.
moral dilemma
(Kohlberg) A situation that has no clear right or wrong answer
attachment styles (in children and adults)
1. Secure (explores with mom present; upset when she leaves; happy when she returns) 2. Anxious (Anxious about exploring room with mom; ambivalent when mom returns) 3. Avoidant (may avoid mom; little emotion when she returns or leaves)
Oberg's concept of culture shock is based on what number of symptoms?
1. Strain as a result of the effort required to make necessary psychological adaptations 2. Sense of loss and feelings of deprivation in regard to friends, status, profession, and possessions 3. Rejection by and/or rejection of members of the new culture 4. Confusion in role, role expectations, values, feelings, and self-identity 5. Surprise, anxiety, even disgust and indignation after becoming aware of culture differences 6. Feelings of impotence, as a result of not being able to cope with the new environment
Erikson's 8 stage model of human development
1. infancy 2. toddlerhood 3. early childhood 4. middle childhood 5. adolescence 6. young adulthood 7. adulthood 8. aging
Theoretical Issues/orientations
1.Absolutism: All psychological variables are the same in all cultures -Assess constructs using the same methods and instruments across cultures 2.Relativism: All psychological constructs are culturally influenced -No comparisons can be made between cultures 3. Universalism: All psychological variables are common between cultures but culture influences the development and manifestation of psychological characteristics -Comparisons can be made cautiously, but with modifications to methods and instruments to make them culturally meaningful
Three elements of group antagonism:
1.Stereotype •Thoughts 2.Prejudice •affect (attitude) 3.Discrimination •behaviour
People began measuring intelligence through tests roughly__________ years ago.
100
The average IQ score on a typical intelligence test is ____.
100
Jeff's parents thrilled because he has just said his first work-- "Dada." He is most likely about ___ months of age.
12
A survey of teenagers in high school found that ___ percent of boys expressed the fell that they should have waited until they were older before haveing sex.
48
The WAIS produces scores in ______ different areas of intelligence
5
When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes, the typical adult starts to encounter difficulty once they get past approximately ________ digits.
5
the WAIS produces scores in ____ different areas of intelligence
5
A little more than__ percent of woman over age 65 are widowed.
50
Current estimates indicate that about___ percent of people over age 85 suffer for Alzheimer's.
50
Obesity ha increased by more than ___ percent during the last decade.
50
People typically experience declines in vision, hearing, and smell at about age
60-69.
Mental retardation is characterized by an IQ below____, with an onset prior to adulthood and an inability to engage in full daily functioning
70
William Stern's formula for the intelligence quotient was mental age/chronological age × 100. What is the IQ of a 12-year-old with a mental age of 9?
75
William Stern's formula for the intelligence quotient was mental age/chronological age × 100. What is the IQ of a 12-year-old with a mental age of 9? 75 85 125 135
75
Culture-fair tests attempt to measure______.
9
Approximately what percentage of IQ scores falls between 70 and 130?
95 percent
giving reinforcement after a specific number of behaviors have been produced.
A fixed ration schedule of reinforcement involves
obedience
A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority
The children had developed a form of homesign
A group of deaf children was discovered after a terrible earthquake had nearly destroyed the town. The children had been hiding together for nearly a month.When an interpreter was brought in, she could not make sense of the signs she saw, yet the children were clearly communicating with one another. What is the most likely explanation?
foot-in-the-door technique
A method of gaining compliance, by first asking something trivial to be done and gradually increasing demands.
removed; increases
A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ___ and, thus, _____ the probability of a response
Can see objects about one foot away
A newborn
Valid
A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure
anger and revulsion
A recent political ad, paid for by challenger Joe Nogood, showed his opponent, incumbent Senator Lameduck, alongside Saddam Hussein. Most voters feel spontaneous anger and revulsion when they think of Hussein. Clearly, the supporters of challenger Nogood hope that this ad will cause voters to feel anger and revulsion when they think of Lameduck as well. In this ad, which applies principles of classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is:
Muticulturalism
A situation where multiple cultures exist within a country and where the number of inhabitants representing a minority is significant
three mountain task
A task invented by Piaget and Inhelder, in which children are asked to loo at a model of a landscape marked by hills and mountains and tell how it looks from a perspective different from their own
extinction
After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. This represents the process called ________.
extinction
After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. This represents the process called_____
repeatedly present the CS alone, without the UCS
After classically conditioning some response, how might one produce extinction of the response?
strange situation
Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother in a playoom situation
functional fixedness
After the Valdez oil spill, a hair dresser suggested the practical solution of using bags of cut hair to soak up the oil. This suggestion is a real world example in which someone has overcome ______________________.
cried when he saw a white rabbit
After using the techniques of classical conditioning to train sweet amiable Little Albert to be fearful of his pet white rat, J. B. Watson demonstrated the phenomenon of stimulus generalization when Little Albert_____.
instrumental aggression
Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
hostile aggression
Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain
schema
An American accustomed to eating meals in a standard sequence of appetizers, salad, entree and dessert may be confused when trying to order a meal at an Italian restaurant where the menu contains l'antipasto, il primo, il secondo, il contorno and il dolce. The diner's confusion is caused by his or her unconscious knowledge structure or mental model , or ______________, of the sequence of a meal.
the paradox of expertise
An expert problem-solver finds herself unable to explain how she solves problems. Researchers who study problem solving refer to this as ____________.
nervous system
An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body is called the
Four
At one year, a baby's visual sensitivity is _____ times greater than it was at birth.
concrete operational
At what stage have children acquired the ability to pass conservation tasks?
Automatic processing, compared to controlled processing, involves less ________.
Attention
Anne is self-reliant and socially responsible. If Baumrind's research is correct, her parents were____.
Authoritative
Which of the following parenting styles is associated with the most favorable outcomes for children?
Authoritative
4. A child acts distressed when his father has to leave for a business trip, and is excited when his father returns the next day. This child's attachment style is most likely _____________. A) insecure B) secure C) avoidant D) anxious
B) secure
4. Piaget's theory is often criticized because: A) it appears to be biased in favor of children from non-Western societies. B) the ways in which children are educated by teachers and parents were relatively neglected by Piaget. C) some researchers believe there are more than 4 stages. D) children who learn language more quickly perform some of the tasks wrong because the tasks are too easy for them.
B) the ways in which children are educated by teachers and parents were relatively neglected by Piaget.
9. In the studies conducted by Solomon Asch, what was the main task that subjects had to perform?
B. Selecting line sizes
Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy?
Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes
Gauss created distribution of scores in which the bulk of the scores fall toward the middle, with progressively fewer scores toward the trails or extremes.
Bell curve
secondary reinforcer
B.F. Skinner taught a dog to "climb the walls." First, he used classical conditioning to train a hungry dog to associate a camera flash (CS) with food (US). Once this association was made, Skinner used the camera flash (followed by food) to reinforce the dog's target behaviors). First, he reinforced the dog for walking to the wall, then for putting its paws on the wall and finally jumping to reach a mark on the wall. In this model, the flash which signals food is a serving as a _________ to strengthen target behaviors.
Which of the following theories of attachment was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow?
Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment
Which of the following theories of attachment was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow?
Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.
Can see the object and distinguish its color.
Baby Suzanna is two months old. Her mom places a red block one foot in front of her. Suzanna most likely
unconditioned response
Because dogs do not need to be conditioned to salivate to food, salivation to food is an
Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood sexual abuse that started at 6 months of age. Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims?
Because infantile amnesia makes it unlikely that these are true memories from that age
discriminative stimulus
Before Katie leaves her dorm room each morning, she looks out the window to check the weather. If the sky is overcast, she puts an umbrella in her backpack. If it is sunny, she leaves her umbrella in the closet. For Katie, the sky's appearance is acting as a ___________ for carrying an umbrella.
dissonant cognitions
Beliefs that are inconsistent with one another - imply that the other is bad or wrong
Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is accurate?
According to the ____ perspective, medical conditions depend on the interaction of genes, lifestyle, immunity, social support, and self-perceptions.
Biopsychosocial
Tubula Rose means ?
Blank Slate
The inability to momentarily remember a person's name, which you indeed know quite well, is an example of which of the "Seven Sins of Memory"?
Blocking
preschool
By the time children reach ________ they have usually acquired most of the syntactic rules of their language.
10. When an individual's attitudes do not match up with his/her behaviors, ________ is likely to occur.
C. Deliver electric shocks to helpless victims
11. Suppose that tonight you get on an elevator in the dorm you've lived in all year. Everyone takes off the headphones they'd been wearing and puts them away. You also remove your headphones and also put them away. Your behavior is an example of:
C. normative influence.
1. When her older brother hides behind the sofa, Emily looks behind the sofa to find him. Emily has developed:
C. object permanence.
Postconventional
Camilla feels that it is all right to steal a loaf of bread if it is to save a starving person's life and human life transcends the law. Camilla is most likely in the _________ stage of moral development.
The ___ theory is emotion state the the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes.
Cannon-Bard
As Stella watches the TV lotto drawing, she realizes she has the winning combination. If her heart starts to race at the same instant that she feels euphoria over winning, her response pattern would tend to support
Cannon-Bard theory
According to the _____, seeing a crocodile in the swamp would lead simultaneously to both the emotion fear and running away at the same time. However, the _____ would suggest that people are afraid because they run away.
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion; James_Lange theory of emotion
According to the research of psychologist ________, people who believe that intelligence is a fixed quality that does not change tend to take fewer academic risks, such as enrolling in more challenging classes.
Carol Dweck
Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds?
Case study research designs
Which of the following is true regarding parenting research?
Children of single fathers do just as well on measures of well-being as do children of single mothers.
The theory that children are born with an internal language acquisition device was first proposed by_____.
Chomsky
If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory, more items can be held through the process of __________.
Chunking
Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called ______.
Chunking
an automatic reflexive event....a behavior
Classical conditioning starts with _______________________ and operant conditioning starts with ________________________.
Joanna has a Type A personality. Which of the following traits are descriptive of her personality?
Competitive and driven
A question asking why people need birth certificates would fall under which subscale area of the WAIS?
Comprehension
algorithms
Computers are good at solving problems using the step by step method known as ________________.
Mental categories for classifying specific people, thins, or events are known as___.
Concepts
What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?
Confirmation bias
2. I need to be on a diet, and I avoided eating any ice cream last night.
Consonant
6. I put half my paycheck into my savings account every month, and I think saving money is a great idea.
Consonant
resist and oppose hypnotic suggestions at will
Contrary to popular public opinion regarding hypnosis, people can
Those who take classes designed to improve their scores on standardized tests, such as the SAT, seem to enjoy improved scores when they take the test after the course. It would be easy to assume that the course was responsible for the improvement, but this would be ignoring which principle of critical thinking?
Correlation vs. Causation
Media portrayals of women (movies, televisions shows, and magazines) typically show women who are 15 percent below the average woman's weight. Women who view these images tend to have higher levels of body dissatisfaction. It would be easy to conclude that the portrayals are responsible for this lower body satisfaction, but this would be making which error related to the principles of critical thinking?
Correlation vs. causation
Low birth weight is directly linked to many complications in babies, including a high risk of death, infection, developmental delays, and even psychological disorders. It is not known, however, if these symptoms are a direct effect of low birth weight or if the low birth weight may be a result of other pregnancy-related complications. This is an important demonstration of the critical thinking concept of
Correlation vs.causation
________ is the ability to produce something original of high quality or to devise effective new ways of solving a problem.
Creativity
Brandon can name all 50 states and capitals. Which type of intelligence is he relying most on?
Crystallized
One's verbal comprehension IQ score on the WAIS primarily relates to which type of intelligence?
Crystallized
_______intelligence refers to the accumulated knowledge of the world over time and becomes lasting knowledge that is less likely to decline with age.
Crystallized
A number of psychologist developed these tests containing abstract reasoning items that don't depend on language and are often believed to be less influencd by cultural factors.
Culture fair tests
3. Tim is at home while his sister, Tanya, is at school. When Tanya returns home, Tim asks her questions about the TV show he just watched. Tanya does not know the answers because she didn't watch the show with him. Tim has not yet overcome:
D. egocentrism.
12. Martin closely tailgates the driver in front of him, and the driver becomes very frightened and switches out of Martin's lane. Then Martin rushes on to the hospital to see his grandmother, who Martin knew had only a few minutes left to live. How might we characterize Martin's behavior on the road?
D. instrumental aggression
When Corrine had her 60th birthday party, people marveled that her memor was so much shaper than other people her age. Corrine's _____IQ was extremely high.
Deviation
On the majority of intelligence test used today, this statistic is used to compute the IQ for adults.
Deviation IQ
Masculinity-Femininity(Hofstede dimensions)
Differences int he social roles of women and men
concepts
Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why, because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars. Ray is using mental categories called ________.
Your best friend comes to you, visibly excited. "I just couldn't wait to tell you the big news. I'm pregnant," she screams. She is clearly overjoyed by the news, and goes on to tell you, "It is SO amazing. The doctor says I'm about 6 weeks pregnant, and I already feel SO different!" Wanting to show off your new knowledge of developmental psychology and the prenatal stages, you smugly reply, "It is just so great that your child is in the __________ of development because its organs are just starting to develop!"
Embryonic
motor development
Emergence of posture, movement & development of skills in mobility & manipulation.
The experience of feelings in known as a(n)____.
Emotion
Dillan really wants a turn at the swing, but there are two more children in front of him. If Dillan pushes the other two children out of the way, it will be his turn, but the other children will be angry and might get hurt. What aspect of thought is involved in Dillan's decision making?
Emotional intelligence
Kabi is a well-respected supervisor at a major corporation. Coworkers describe her as very self-aware, empathic toward others, and very good at managing relationships. Based on this information, it is likely that kaki has a high degree of
Emotional intelligence
When someone looks at an image, the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them. This process is called __________________.
Encoding
According to Robert Zajonc, which of the following individuals would be likely to have the lowest intelligence?
Ennis, who is the youngest of five children.
Dr. Cho wants to know if differences in the growth rate of fish are based on genetics or the environment. He buys two fish. Fish 1 is fed everyday, while fish 2 is fed every other day. At the end of a month, fish 1 is nearly 15 percent larger than fish 2. Considering the fish have nearly identical genetic makeup, what can Dr. Cho conclude?
Environmental changes can account for all the differences in growth rate.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding coping strategies?
Eric engages in problem-focused coping when he faces the challenges of life head-on.
Theorist __________ believed that every stage of life has a crisis in need of resolution.
Erik Erikson
Which developmental theorist is likely to be most criticized for the use of broad age ranges in various stages of his theory?
Erikson
Integrity vs. Despair
Erikson said that individuals look back on their lives and this retrospective glance can be either positive or negative. This stage is known as
Increasing competency in all areas (e.g., social interactions or academic skills)
Erikson suggests that passage through each of the psychosexual stages necessitates resolution of a crisis or conflict. Although each crisis is never resolved entirely—life becomes increasingly complicated as we grow older—it needs to be resolved sufficiently to equip us to deal with demands made during the following stage of development. The fourth stage, the industry-versus-inferiority stage (ages 6 to 12), is characterized by:
Marriage
Erikson's intimacy vs. isolation crisis would most likely be associated with which event in the family cycle
9;6
Even though sleep research suggests that most college students require approximately___ hours of sleep nightly, they often get only___hours.
a high co-morbidity with brain seizures
Evidence that Autism has a biological basis includes _____________________.
Giving a child candy for completing homework
Example of Positive Reinforcement
CS;CR
Extinction occurs when the ____ no longer produces the ___.
6 Critical Areas of Thinking?
Extraordinary claims = extraordinary evidence Testability / falsifiability KISS / parsimony (Occam's razor) Replicability Ruling out other possible explanations Correlation is not causation
Marques loves to go to parties, and while there, he can have a conversation with just about anyone, whether he knows them or not. Which of the following Five Factors would Marques probably rate highly on based on this information?
Extraversion
Which of the following was the individual who was chained to a potty chair in the back of a bedroom and deprived of social interaction until she was 13 years old?
Genie
_____ can occur when individuals who are part of a group focus on preserving group solidarity at the expense of considering all possible alternatives or even failing to use rational thought in the process.
Groupthink
The test that is base on the assumption that criminals usually conceal knowledge about the crime is known as the
Guilty knowledge test
A well-learned response that is carried out automatically when the appropriate stimulus is present is called (a) ________.
Habit
Authoritative
Helena is a model child at school who is popular with her peers. She has high standards for herself, but is realistic about attaining them. It is likely that her parents use an __________ model for discipline.
memory
Hideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam. Thao asks the following question: "What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present?" Hideki would be most correct if he answered
Regarding the stability of IQ test scores throughout the lifespan, which is generally assumed to be true?
IQ scores in infancy are not strongly correlated with IQ scores in adulthood.
Identical twins have IQ correlations around .7-.8, whereas fraternal twins have IQ correlations of about .3-.4. What do these correlations suggest?
Identical twins have very similar IQs while fraternal twins do not.
assimilation
If you were to meet a man from the nation of Fiji but had never seen someone from there before, you would still recognize him as a human being. This cognitive process--which involves absorbing new experiences into current knowledge structures-- is known as:
Which of the following children is most likely to have a temper tantrum when her father leaves the room?
Ilsa
would support the linguistic relativity hypothesis
Imagine that anthropologists found a language that had only two color words, "bright" and "dark". Researchers compared the speakers of this language and the speakers of a language that had many color words ("maroon," "gold", "umber" and so on.) If they found that the speakers of the two-color-word language perceived and remembered few colors, and speakers of the many-color-word language perceived and remembered many colors, their finding:
fixed ratio
Imagine that the University of Minnesota introduces a radically new kind of grading system. Now, when you take a class, every minute that you spend reading and preparing for that class can be recorded accurately. For each ten minutes you spend studying, you earn a point. You can accumulate as many points as you want just by spending more time studying for class. At the end of the semester, your grade will be based on how much time you have spent studying. This radical grading system is based on what kind of reinforcement schedule?
Which of the following phenomena casts doubt on the suggestion that undeveloped parts of the brain are solely responsible for the teenage proclivity to act in unreasonable and irrational manners?
Impulsive behaviors do not routinely appear in adolescents in non-Westernized countries.
that the labels systematically distorted participant's memory of the O-O stimulus compared to the control group.
In a classic study done in 1932, researchers Charmichael, Hogan and Walter looked at the question of whether language affects memory. They showed an image, O-O, to three groups of participants. Groups 1 and 2 also saw a label (either "eyeglasses" or "dumbbells") and group 3, the control group, saw the image with no label. Later, all participants were asked to draw the O-O stimulus from memory. The researchers found ________________________.
The Institutional Review Board
In a college or university environment, the professionals designated to review proposed research to ensure its safety and the consideration of its participants collectively are referred to as
7. Describe Mary Ainsworth's "strange situation." What did the researchers look for when trying to categorize children as secure, anxious, and avoidant. What behaviors, exhibited by the child, would identify them as securely, anxiously, or avoidantly attached to their caregivers.
In Ainsworth's "strange situation," a child - Joey , for example, - and his caretaker - his mother, for example - would be brought into a small room with toys. The researcher would watch Joey's behavior with regard to playing with the toys, exploring the room, and interacting with his mother. Then a stranger would enter. Then Joey's mother would leave. The researcher would watch Joey's reaction to his mother's departure. The stranger would try to comfort Joey. Then the mother would enter the room. The researcher would observe Joey's reaction to his mother returning (the reunion). Then a little later Joey's mother would leave and return again, and again Joey's reaction would be observed. If Joey were securely attached, he'd feel comfortable exploring the room and playing with new toys because his mother would be a sort of safety net in case something happened to him. When his mother left, Joey would get upset - and perhaps cry and look toward the door. When she returned he would calm down fairly easily, and act happy to see her. He wouldn't hold resentment. The same thing would happen when Joey's mother left and returned for a second time. If Joey were anxiously attached he would be hesitant to explore the room and new toys because he's learned from past experience that his mother is not consistently there for him; sometimes she is, but sometimes she's not. Joey would get extremely distressed when his mother left, crying hysterically. When his mother returned he might display two conflicting reactions: wanting to be comforted by her and being glad she's returned but also being angry at her, perhaps hitting her to express his anger that she left him. His emotional reactions would be more extreme than if he were securely attached. If Joey were avoidantly attached, he would have minimal emotional reactions to his mother coming and going. He would react to her similar to the way he reacts to the stranger. He would be more self-sufficient, which means he would not need his mother to feel secure and thus would not be particularly upset by her absence nor comforted by her presence.
Sensitive, nurturing caregivers
In Erikson's developmental stage, trust vs. mistrust, a child's basic needs are met by
conditioned response
In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was the
a decrease in salivation when the sound was presented.
In Pavlovs experiments, the dogs had learned to salivate at the sound of the metronome. If Pavlov then began to present the metronome without the food, this would most likely have led to _______________.
animistic thinking
In Piaget's theory, the child's belief that inanimate objects have living qualities.
egocentrism
In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
sensorimotor stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
When the work of Mary Ainsworth and the "strange situation" experiment are examined in cultures beyond the United States of America, there is often criticism that this type of investigation is not appropriate for assessing the attachment of children in other cultures. Which of the following does your textbook state is one such argument against this type of research in other cultures?
In Somalia, the scarcity of resources necessitates that children be kept very close to their parents at all times. Therefore, a test that calls for separation is not valid. c. In Iran, infants are expected to be very dependent on their parents, and are praised for such behaviors. Therefore a test that calls for separation is not valid. d. Japanese infants are rarely separated from their mothers, so the use of a test that calls for separation is not valid.
the duration and capacity of sensory memory
In Sperling's classic study, he briefly showed participants an array of twelve letters in three rows and then had them recall as many of the twelve as they could. Through this method, Sperling was studying
distinguish between familiar patterns and new patterns
In lecture, we saw a video of a very young infant observing a series of faces. The activity of her brain was measured with EEG. The baby saw one face over and over until her brain no longer responded to it. Then she was shown a different face, and her brain again responded to the stimuli. This method was used to illustrate that infants are born with the ability to ___________________?
Heuristics
In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers
more words from the beginning of the list than from the middle
In the Psy 1001 lecture, students were asked to memorize a list of 15 words and then recall as many as they could. Students counted how many of the remembered words came from the first five words in the list, the second five words of the list and the last five words in the list. The serial position effect (of which this was a demonstration) predicts that students will remember
Conventional
In the ________ stage of moral development, people judge the morality of an action in terms of whether it is acceptable to society or not.
To get his students to attend class more regularly, Luke has promised to give A's to all of his students who attend every class session this semester. Luke is operating on what theory of motivation?
Incentive
14. After having a few drinks at a bar, Dwight sees an attractive woman and goes over to talk to her. Halfway there, someone trips him. Dwight gets up and pummels the guy. In class we talked about two types of aggression. Identify and define these two types of aggression. Then, tell me which type of aggression you think Dwight exhibited. Justify your answer given what you know about these two types of aggression.
Instrumental aggression: Behavior intended to harm someone, where the harm is a means to some goal other than causing pain. The aggressive behavior is intended to harm another person in order to obtain something of value. The end goal might be something like money, attention, or protection of you or others. The key thing here is that if the aggressor believed there was some other way to reach the desired goal, aggression would not occur. Hostile aggression: behavior intended solely to harm another person, and it often stems from feelings of anger. There is no end goal other than to harm the person physically or emotionally. Dwight's behavior could be labeled as hostile aggression because Dwight was mad and just wanted to make the guy who tripped him suffer. However, his behavior could also be labeled as instrumental aggression because Dwight reasons that he needs to prove to the girl that he's a man, and there's no other way to handle the situation.
Occam's Razor
Investigators exploring the so-called "Mozart Effect" have suggested that one very simple explanation for the phenomenon is that listening to classical music, like any other stimulating activity, enhances arousal in children. This "simpler" explanation demonstrates the principle of
Reversibility
Janelle and Kendra were playing with two balls of clay. Kendra was molding a cake, and Janelle was making a bowl. Janelle then suggested that they get new balls of clay so they could make something different. Kendra informed her that no new clay was necessary, because the clay could be remolded to make different objects. Kendra is teaching the principle of __________ to Janelle.
When the work of Mary Ainsworth and the "strange situation" experiment are examined in cultures beyond the United States of America, there is often criticism that this type of investigation is not appropriate for assessing the attachment of children in other cultures. Which of the following does your textbook state is one such argument against this type of research in other cultures?
Japanese infants are rarely separated from their mothers, so the use of a test that calls for separation is not valid.
slow shift from cone to rod
Jason entered a dark movie theater from the bright sunlight. Which of the following was occurring in his retinal system
variable ratio?
Jill wants to train Claudius, her boyfriend, to open doors for her. He opened the door for himself once and she slipped in before him, giving him a kiss on the cheek and praising his manners. If she wants him to always be eager to open doors for her, what schedule of kisses and praise should she use?
The term attachment was first investigated by psychiatrist ________.
John Bowlby
observational
John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behavior is reflective of ______ learning.
Which of the following is an example of 'stereotype threat'?
Julie becomes anxious when told that women perform worse than men on standardized math tests, and even though she is a gifted mathematician, she performs below average on the SAT math section.
variable ratio
Julie is paid based on commission so her salary reflects a ____ schedule of reinforcement.
preconventional level
Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning in which moral reasoning is governed by the standards of others rather than the person's own internalized standards of right and wrong; acts are judged as good or bad based on their physical consequences
postconventional level
Kohlberg's highest level of moral development, in which moral actions are judged on the basis of personal codes of ethics that are general and abstract and that may not agree with societal norms
conventional level
Kohlberg's second level of moral development, in which moral understanding is based on conforming to social rules to ensure positive human relationships and maintain societal order.
1. he primarily used male participants 2. it pertains to moral judgments not moral behavior. 3. it applies primarily to Western society and its moral code.
Kohlberg's theory has had substantial influence on our understanding of moral development but the research support is mixed. One difficulty with the theory is that:
people pass through a fixed series of stages in moral reasoning, but many never reach the final stage of moral development.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development states that
Latent learning
Learning that is not directly observable is called _____.
requiring teens to drive SUVs for extra protection in accident.
Legislatures around the country are thinking of doing all of the following to assist teen drivers EXCEPT:
iconic
Lizzie is staring at the diagram of an eye that will appear on the exam she will take in the next few minutes. She thinks that by staring at the diagram for a very long time she can "burn" the image into her brain. Although this strategy won't work, she is hoping to take advantage of her __________ memory.
__________ studies collect data from the same individuals over a period of time to track age changes.
Longitudinal
Functional fixedness
MacGyver, a fictional TV hero, was able to solve nearly any problem with duct tape, chewing gum, and some luck. Which of the following cognitive tendencies was one that MacGyver has clearly overcome?
Hormone
Melatonin is a
Ana scored in the top 2 percent of the IQ range and qualified for membership in an organization called
Mensa
Before entering first grade, little Mina used to love to read books. Once school started, her teacher began a program to motivate her students to read. She began to give stars to those children who finished a new book. As a result, Mina no longer reads while she is at home. What has likely occurred?
Mina's intrinsic motivation decreased.
In general, which of the following is the least related with happiness?
Money
What kind of animals did Harry Harlow and his colleagues use to discredit the most commonly accepted theory of attachment of the time?
Monkeys
Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research?
More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-anxious category as compared to U.S. infants
According to research noted in your textbook, children as young as ______ of age already demonstrate a preference for different types of toys, even if they have been exposed only to gender-neutral toys or have had equal access to toys commonly associated with both genders.
NOT 2
Bertram is a surly child who can't bear to be alone, yet he has few friends because he has little self-control. Even the children he prefers to be with, who are much younger than he is, get frustrated with his impulsiveness. His parents are probably of the __________ type.
NOT Authoritarian NOT permissive
Which of the following statements is the best summary of the cognitive development theory of Lev Vygotsky?
NOT Cognitive development occurs when children are left to their own devices, with as little influence as possible from outside factors.
Which hormone increases in production during puberty and is generally believed to be responsible for physical growth?
NOT Estrogen in girls and testosterone in boys
When the work of Mary Ainsworth and the "strange situation" experiment are examined in cultures beyond the United States of America, there is often criticism that this type of investigation is not appropriate for assessing the attachment of children in other cultures. Which of the following does your textbook state is one such argument against this type of research in other cultures?
NOT In Finland, only boys are to be separated from their parents to foster independence, while girls are taught to be very dependent. Therefore, a test that calls for separation is not valid.
Which one of the following children would most likely be described as "independent?"
NOT Jerome, who has a secure attachment to his mother.
In an exploration of cultural differences regarding temperament, researchers took four-day-old Chinese-American and European-American babies and did "something" to them. They found stark differences in the babies' reactions to this event. What was done to the babies?
NOT Their parents were removed from sight for 20 minutes.
If you wanted to study developmental effects, which type of research would be the best to conduct?
NOT a cross-sectional study
Which of the following is an example of imprinting?
NOT a young child's behavirior is affected by peer-pressure
Young Eli, only a bit over 18 months of age, has been fooled by his parents. In order to get him to willingly take a children's chewable vitamin every day, his parents have taught him that it is a "candy." Now, whenever Eli sees any product that is small and brightly colored, he says "Candy! YUMMM" and tries to put it into his mouth. Eli's attempt to make new stimuli consistent with his existing mental structures is an example of __________.
NOT accomodation
Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Marko's revised views on red go-carts illustrates
NOT assimilation
Object __________ is a cognitive skill that refers to the fact that an object continues to exist when it is no longer perceived (seen, heard, etc).
NOT continuity
Markus is very athletic, and thus he tends to participate in a lot of sports. His regular practice of football, basketball, and hockey increases his athletic skills, which makes him want to spend more time participating in these activities. This example demonstrates the ________ nature of development.
NOT correlational
Children with certain genetic predispositions often seek out and create their own environments, a phenomenon termed by some developmentalists as
NOT diathesis-stress.
__________ adulthood is a period during a person's late teens and early 20s in which they still depend on their parents for financial and emotional support.
NOT early NOT transitional
According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results, at least in part, from
NOT genetics
Some children who were observed did not demonstrate one consistent attachment style, but instead seemed unable to decide how they should react to their mother and to new circumstances. Researchers have labeled this the __________ attachment style.
NOT insecure-anxious NOT insecure-avoidant
"Human beings do not demonstrate __________," said Professor Spiegelman. "Otherwise most newborns would think that the physician who was handing the childbirth was its mother or father!"
NOT instincts
Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
NOT preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational
Piaget suggested that in some cases two children of the same age may be at different skill levels in a specific domain of cognitive ability. This claim makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to provide an argument against the developmental schedule forwarded by Piaget's theory. This is a major issue related to the principle of
NOT replicability
In which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is a child most likely to lack the skill of object permanence?
NOT the preoperational stage
The ability to carefully observe aspects of the natural environment is consistent with ________ intelligence.
Naturalist
________ refers to heredity and ________ refers to environmental influences.
Nature; nurture
Susan is interviewing for a job. Although she is smiling and making good eye contact with her interviewer, he notices that she is also tapping her foot rapidly on the floor. Despite her best intentions, what is Susan exhibiting?
Nonverbal leakage
1. Barney is on jury duty. During jury deliberations he can't persuade others to adopt his point of view, and even though he's not convinced by the other jurors' many arguments he goes along with the not-guilty verdict.
Normative
4. Jon takes AP courses in H.S. because that's what the other honors kids are doing, and he doesn't want to be ostracized by his nerdy friends at lunchtime. Jon takes AP courses in H.S. because that's what the other honors kids are doing, and he doesn't want to be ostracized by his nerdy friends at lunchtime.
Normative
When her older brother hides behind the sofa, Carmen looks behind the sofa to find him. Carmen has developed
Object permanence
Investigators exploring the so-called "Mozart Effect" have suggested that one very simple explanation for the phenomenon is that listening to classical music, like any other stimulating activity, enhances arousal in children. This "simpler" explanation demonstrates the principle of
Occam's Razor
Investigators exploring the so-called "Mozart Effect" have suggested that one very simple explanation for the phenomenon is that listening to classical music, like any other stimulating activity, enhances arousal in children. This "simpler" explanation demonstrates the principle of
Occam's Razor.
Investigators exploring the so-called "Mozart Effect" have suggested that one very simple explanation for the phenomenon is that listening to classical music, like any other stimulating activity, enhances arousal in children. This "simpler" explanation demonstrates the principle of
Occam's razor
Proponents of the imitation theory of language acquisition suggest that this model is the simplest for explaining the varieties of how children gain language skills. These theorists are banking on which principle of critical thinking to support their views?
Occam's razor
is less susceptible to cohort effects.
One advantage of a longitudinal design, as compared to a cross-sectional design, is that a longitudinal design:
perceptual constancy
Our tendency to see objects as relatively stable and unchanging despite changing sensory information
A group of 3- to 6-year-old children were told about a man named "Sam Stone." For several weeks "Sam" was described to them as being clumsy. Upon his visit, he did nothing to confirm this stereotype. How did this impact the children's memory?
Over half the children, regardless of age, responded to these suggestions while lower percentages also reported that Sam soiled a bear and tore a book.
Regarding IQ similarities between parents and adopted children, which findings are most common?
Over time, the IQs of adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents.
"Tacit" intelligence is most related to which aspect of Sternberg's triachic theory of intelligence?
Practical intelligence
"Tacit" intelligence is most related to which aspect of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?
Practical intelligence
The period of development from conception to birth is called the __- period.
Prenatal
According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2-7 years, when individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world, thought only in a egocentric fashion, is the __ stage.
Preoperational
Reliable
Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to
______ is the term used to describe illnesses in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical symptoms.
Psycholophysiological
What culture is not:
Race, Nationality, Ethnicity
Xiao Mei was not fluent in English, and his teacher recognized that he had troubled understanding the instrucitons on his tests. Xiao Mei was given a different IQ test than the other students who were fluent in English. This special IQ test was called.
Raven's progressive Matrices
shown support for the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
Recent research on the relationship between language and thought has _______________________.
Which of the following would NOT be useful to help promote a healthy lifestyle?
Reduce unnecessary exercise
Heritability
Reflects the amount of differences in a population attributable to genetic influences
grasping
Reflex that causes a newborn to grasp vigorously any object touching the palm or fingers or placed in the hand
sucking
Reflex that causes a newborn to make sucking motions when a finger or nipple if placed in the mouth
________ is the process of repeating information over and over in order to retain it in short-term memory.
Rehearsal
On a newly developed IQ test, an individual scores at the 110 level on the first half of the test, and 150 on the second half of the test. What does this test appear to lack?
Reliability
The correlations between different assessed aspects of intelligence as measured by the Binet-Simon intelligence test was the basis of Spearman's concept of one general intelligence. These correlations have been supported by the use of modern intelligence tests. The repeated findings of similar outcomes is the key to which critical thinking concept?
Replicability
experts were able to reproduce the meaningful board better than novices but were no different from novices on the random board
Researchers studied the difference between expert and novices by asking expert chess players and novice players to memorize the position of playing pieces on a chessboard. In one condition, the pieces were placed at random and in the other the pieces were placed in positions that the pieces could have after many moves in a real game. The researchers found that
most infants are upset with the mom when she departs but are happy when she returns.
Researchers studying infant stress levels using the "Strange Situation" method have found that
An african American psychologist named______developed the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity
Robert Williams
The story of Helen Keller includes an anecdote wherein she states that she recalls having no awareness of her own thought processes prior to acquiring some language skills. The linguistic determinism model suggests that this supports the theory that all thinking is represented linguistically, but other explanations of Keller's remembrance (or lack thereof) posits that most people have poor (or even absent) memories from their early years. This demonstrates which principle of critical thinking?
Ruling out rival hypothesis
Your patient is presenting with the classic signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Which of the following is an atypical antipsychotic that you will prescribe?
Seroquel
Linus, Adjoa, and Jelani were all asked by their professor to take 60 seconds and list as many different uses for a note card as they could think of in that time frame. Jelani came up with two uses and Linus came up with only one. Adjoa, however, was able to come up with fourteen uses for a note card. Based on the research, which of the following is likely true of Adjoa?
She is a divergent thinker.
holds analyzed information for brief periods of time
Short-term memory:
No, because infants' comprehension of their world precedes their production ability.
Should Serina be surprised that her 10-month-old infant understands her command to pick up her rattle?
During which of the following periods of Australian history has been cultural distance between groups been greatest?
Since the 1980s with greater Australian recognition of human rights initiatives by the United Nations.
Which researcher studied the effects of sensory abilities on intelligence?
Sir Francis Galton
Who coined the phrase "nature and nurture?"
Sir Francis Galton
What is the term for the people and groups that can provide emotional comfort and personal and financial resources during times of need?
Social support
Yes. Children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational period.
Some Western legal systems denote either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains reason. Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian standpoint?
correlation versus causation
Speed-reading programs are popular because they are based on a scientifically-valid relationship that exists between reading speed and comprehension. When examining this relationship, however, we must remember which conceptual precept?
heightened brain activity
Stage 5 sleep is often called paradoxical sleep because EEG patterns of people in stage 5 show....
Lewis Terman and his colleagues revised the Binet-Simon test. The new test was called the ________.
Stanford-Binet
backward chaining
Stephen has a problem. He would like to become a doctor, but he doesn't know what he needs to do to achieve his dream. So he starts by thinking about what it takes to be a doctor and this activity helps him realize that he will need to go to medical school first. Then he starts to think about what it will take to qualify for medical school--good grades!--and that motivates him to study harder for his Psy 1001 exam. What does this case illustrate?
contact comfort
Stimulation and reassurance derived from the physical touch of a caregiver
_______ consist(s) of the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation strains our ability to cope effectively.
Stress
Which of following statements is true?
Temperament is affected by biological inheritance and social learning.
b. Disagreements about the interpretations of laws
The ambiguity of language is BEST illustrated by which of the following examples? Select one: a. Calling a friend about whom you are worried b. Disagreements about the interpretations of laws c. Telling someone what time a party starts d. Giving instructions for an exam
whole word recognition
The average reader uses ________ to read the vast majority of printed words.
Egocentrism
The belief that one is the center of the world, by Piaget
Acculturation:
The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come in contact with another culture --> Process of integration
is the tendency to only seek information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs.
The confirmation bias
object permanence
The conviction that an object exists even when it is out of sight. Piaget believed infants didn't develop this level of understanding until the age of at least eight months.
Long- & Short-Term Orientation (Hofstede dimensions)
The degree to which delayed gratification of material, social and emtional needs is encouraged
persistent social anxiety
The diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder includes all of the following EXCEPT ________________________. Select one: a. excessive adherence to routines b. persistent social anxiety c. persistent deficits in social communication d. highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity of focus
somatic nervous system
The division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body is the
Population
The entire group of people or animals in which a researcher is interested
the increased use of Thimerosal as a preservative in vaccines
The increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism has occurred for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ______________________. Select one: a. the increased use of Thimerosal as a preservative in vaccines b. lower age at diagnosis c. diagnostic substitution d. changes in diagnostic criteria
resting potential
The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse
During the alarm stage of the general adaption syndrome ____.
The sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones.
short term memory
The system of memory that can hold approximately 7 "chunks" of information for approximately 15 seconds is called.
sensory memory
The system of memory that consists of our perceptions of sensory experience is known as
Semantics
The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use
Deindividuation?
The tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities
stimulus generalization
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called____.
John McCarthy
The term "artificial intelligence" was coined first by
cognitive dissonance theory
The term cognitive dissonance is used to describe the feeling of discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs.
In order to explore the idea that babies can distinguish themselves from others, researchers allowed infants to watch a live-action video of part of their own bodies side-by-side with the same body part in another infant. They found that babies preferred to watch the other infant's body instead of their own. Which body part did the babies watch in this research?
Their legs
positive reinforcement
Thorndike's law of effect is most closely associated with which operant conditioning principle?
Kohlberg theorized that as people develop, they mature through__ stages or moral development.
Three
Egocentrism
Three-year-old Leo and his mother are shopping for his father's birthday gift. When Leo is asked what he thinks his father would like, Leo responds, "A choo-choo train!" Leo is demonstrating which of Piaget's concepts?
Securely Attached
Tina, a 1-year-old infant, employs her mother as a kind of home base, exploring independently but returning to her occasionally. When her mother leaves, she exhibits distress, and she goes to her mother when she returns. Tina is
The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the "Seven Sins of Memory"?
Transience
A problem-solving strategy based on successive elimination if incorrect solutions until the correct one is found is called____.
Trial and error
Rosalie is a rather easy-going kind of woman. She works hard when she's at the office, but she refuses to do more than 40 hours of work per week. She knows that she could earn more money if she worked harder but she really values time at home with her husband and children. She likes to garden, listen to music, and sip wine while sitting on her deck during a sunset. Rosalie even turns off her cell phone during the weekends so that she won't be bothered. Rosalie has a ________ personality.
Type B
Ernie recently found out that one of his work colleagues has been putting him down behind his back. He is very upset and angry about this, but is not going to confront the colleague. Ernie's personality is most likely to be
Type D
According to Erikson, which is true?
Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis decreases the likelihood that a future crisis will be successfully resolved.
Confirmation bias
Used to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it
Deaf children create their own language.
What evidence supports the claim that language is innate?
Narcotics
What general category of drug is used in the controlling of pain?
where people have strong moral reactions, but have no logical reasoning to explain their feelings
What is "moral dumbfounding"?
Any environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development.
What is a teratogen?
maternal deprivation
When Bruno Bettelheim attributed the cause of autism to "refrigerator mothers"--what did he mean?
Object permanence
When Sadie's favorite toy doll is covered up with a blanket, Sadie begins to cry, because she thinks it has disappeared. Sadie lacks __________
discriminative stimulus
When a certain young man enters the room, Vivian becomes very animated and lively. She does not behave this way around other young men. A behavioral psychologist might observe that the certain young man serves as a _____________________ for Vivian's behavior.
Distributed practice
When a teacher tells you to start studying weeks before the exam rather than waiting until the last minute, he or she is really advising you to use
the index (usually rate) of the total number of new cases identified
When an epidemiologist investigates the "incidence" of a disease, he or she is interested in ____________________________ in a given population during a specified time.
the total amount of people with a specific disease
When an epidemiologist investigates the "prevalence" of a disease, he or she is interested in ____________________________ in a given population during a specified time.
discriminative stimulus
When analyzing a behavioral event using the A-B-C model, something in "A" may signal that an organism should now behave ("B") in a certain way in order to receive reinforcement for its behavior ("C"). The term for this something in "A" is ____________________.
Cognitive Dissonance
When behaviour influences attitude - the unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
interference
When info that you learned in your high school psychology class gets in the way of learning new information from your college-level psychology class, ____has occurred.
What are the components of group antagonism ?
When members of one group (ingroup) display negative attitudes towards members of another group (outgroup)
encoding specificity
When one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of
In which situation would presenting the mean as one's measure of central tendency be least accurate?
When the distribution is negatively skewed.
ignoring tantrums and reinforcing eye to eye contact
When using behavior modification on children with autism, a therapist will start by: Select one: a. using hugs and kisses to remove the autistic child's fear of humans b. reinforcing assertive behaviors and spontaneous speech c. ignoring tantrums and reinforcing eye to eye contact d. shaping the child's effort to work on exercises that will build IQ
elaboration
When we form connections between new information and information already in memory, we are utilizing an encoding technique that psychologists refer to as:
tantrums, self-stimulating behaviors
When working with autistic children, a behavioral therapist will extinquish which of the following behaviors: Select one: a. eye to eye contact, sitting, paying attention b. self-care behaviors (dressing, brushing teeth) c. preferences for playing with opposite sex children d. tantrums, self-stimulating behaviors
eye to eye contact and paying attention behaviors
When working with autistic children, a therapist will reinforce which of the following behaviors: Select one: a. inappropriate toy play b. eye to eye contact and paying attention behaviors c. tantrums and self-stimulating behaviors d. self-stimulation
echoic
When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in your _________ memory long enough for you to become aware that the lecturer just said something important. Then, you can write it in your notes. The memory that holds the lecture long enough for you to become aware that something important point was said is called ____________________ memory.
encoding, retrieved
When you study for a Psy 1001 exam, making connections between the new material and your everyday experiences will improve ______________ of the information and increase the chances of it being ____________ during the exam.
Stimulants
Which class of psychoactive drugs works by increasing activity within the nervous system?
Behavioral manifestations
Which of the following are psychologists and psychiatrists most likely to use to classify autism? Select one: a. Clinician expertise. b. Behavioral manifestations c. Pathogenesis d. Etiology
Dr. Gregory House can diagnose patient ailments with extraordinary skill, but he cannot explain to his colleagues exactly how he reaches his brilliant diagnoses.
Which of the following best illustrates "the paradox of expertise"? Select one: a. People who develop expertise in one domain show less curiosity and less interest in developing their knowledge of other domains. b. Dr. House, while brilliant at diagnosing patient ailments, has made terrible decisions in his personal life, which is, as a result, a complete mess. c. The more expertise individuals develop, the less confidence they feel about their decisions. d. Dr. Gregory House can diagnose patient ailments with extraordinary skill, but he cannot explain to his colleagues exactly how he reaches his brilliant diagnoses.
Wernicke's Area
Which of the following brain areas is primarily involved in speech comprehension?
1. drug and alcohol problems 2. feelings of depression 3. school and family problems
Which of the following factors is associated with increased risk for suicide in adolescents?
1. depression 2. being a perfectionist 3. being prone to extreme anxiety when facing any social or academic challenges
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that put adolescents at risk of suicide?
Giving a child candy for completing their homework
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? Select one: a. Giving a child candy for completing their homework b. Removing a child's chores when he or she complete homework c. Giving students homework passes when they work hard during class d. Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules
respiratory difficulties
Which of the following is not a known symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome? Select one: a. facial malformations b. respiratory difficulties c. behavioral disorders d. learning disabilities
Autocratic
Which of the following is not one of Diana Baumrind's four main categories describing different parenting styles?
Authoritative
Which of the following parenting styles is associated with the most favorable outcomes for children? Select one: a. Uninvolved b. Permissive c. Authoritarian d. Authoritative
Comprehension of words precedes production.
Which of the following represents the most accurate statement about how children learn language? Select one: a. Reduplicative babbling precedes the syllables stage of vocalization. b. Children can produce many more words than they can understand. c. Comprehension of words precedes production. d. Most children recognize their own names as early as two months.
Identity vs. Role confusion
Which of the following stages applies to the teenage years (ages 12-20)?
Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes
Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy?
One's course of cognitive development can be significantly influenced by instructional style and scaffolding.
Which of the following statements is representative of Vygotsky's approach to learning?
Increased spanking is associated with higher levels of aggression in children from countries where spanking is rare.
Which of the following statements is representative of general research on spanking and aggression? Select one: a. Increased spanking causes increased aggression in children. b. Increased spanking causes decreased aggression in children. c. Increased spanking is associated with higher levels of aggression in children from countries where spanking is rare. d. Increased spanking is associated with higher levels of aggression in children from countries where spanking is common.
Chimpanzees are unable to effectively master syntax.
Which of the following statements refutes the idea that chimpanzees can use language?
pleasure
Which of the following words would present the most difficulty using phonetic decomposition? Select one: a. pleasure b. livid c. letter d. bit
A professor surveys Psy 1001 students at the start of the class and three months later to identify how many experienced some stressful event during this three month period.
Which of the following would be an example of longitudinal research: Select one: a. A professor surveys Psy 1001 students at the start of the class and three months later to identify how many experienced some stressful event during this three month period. b. All the schizophrenics in Nithsdale, Scotland, are surveyed on a single day. c. A researcher compares exit poll data in two states in 2004 and 2008 for everyone who voted who was less than 30. d. A researcher does a two part study. First students complete a self-report survey online, then they go to Elliott Hall to be observed discussing their relationship with their partner.
Gilligan
Which theorist proposed that Kohlberg's theory has a strong male bias, and thus does not adequately address the ways in which women make moral decisions?
15 seconds
While driving her children, Adriana's car broke down. She called her husband on the cell phone for the number of a towing company. If the children's behavior prevents her from repeating the number to herself, most likely Adriana will need to dial the phone number within the next ________ or she will forget the number.
________ is credited with developing the idea of an intelligence quotient.
William Stern
______is the extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically determined.
Within-group heritability
you have many options at the beginning of a problem, but few options at the end.
Working backwards is a good strategy to follow when
social disruption
Worsening of behavior in the presence of others, especially on tasks we find difficult
Is IQ associated with achievement in the real world?
Yes, but the relationship is small.
Nigel is out on a blind date. He decides after only 5 minutes with this new woman that he likes her. Is this snap decision a wise one?
Yes; our mental shortcuts are accurate more often than chance, even when judging people
Intimacy
Yolanda is 24. Assume that she successfully completes the identity crisis associated with her current Eriksonian stage. Which of the following is her correct developmental outcome?
echoic memory
You are reading your psychology text. The radio is on in the background, but you are not paying attention to the newscaster. Suddenly, something snaps you to attention, "Whoa, what did that newscaster say?!??" Then, you are able to "replay" from memory the previous three seconds and "hear" as the newscaster announces that someone by your name won a $10 million lottery. This piece of good news was brought to you via which form of memory?
insight learning
You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated ______.
Girls; boys
__________ are more likely to attempt suicide; __________ are more likely to succeed in killing themselves.
Learning
__________ refers to a change in an organism's behavior or thinking that is a direct result of experience.
the formation of a cognitive map
You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of __________.
a cognitive map
You wake up at 3 o'clock in the morning, craving a glass of water. You get out of bed and walk to the kitchen but you do not turn the lights on. Your ability to successfully navigate the house in the dark is due to the presence of
Conditioned Stimulus
Young Albert is initially not afraid of white rats, but if white rats and loud noises are presented in sequence Albert may learn to fear rats. In this example, white rates would be the
Secure
Young Pemba is being observed as he plays in a room with his mother. Pemba frequently goes to the toys in the room, but occasionally looks back at his mother to make sure she is there. After a quick smile is exchanged between mother and child, Pemba goes back to the task of building with the toys. When Pemba's mother leaves the room, he becomes moderately upset, but is easily soothed when she returns. Which type of attachment does Pemba seem to have with his mother?
Which of the following is an example of imprinting?
Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball
Which of the following is an example of imprinting?
Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball.
replicability
Your authors report that the research into the effectiveness of distributed practice has been clear and unequivocalspreading out our learning over longer intervals is much more effective then cramming our learning into shorter periods of time. This research has been repeated with the same findings over and over again. This demonstrates which principle of critical thinking from your textbook?
expectations
Your perceptions are altered by your
Generativity
Zachary is 44. Assume that he successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his current Eriksonian stage. Which of the following is his correct developmental outcome?
Retrieval
___ is the process of locating and recovering information form your memory store.
Learning
____ is any change in an organisms's behavior or think gin brought about by experience or practice.
cross-sectional studies
________ studies observe different individuals at different ages at a single point in time to track age differences
A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that __________. a. signals the presence of reinforcement. b. provides the organism with a cue that making any of several responses will lead to reinforcement c. cues the person into which schedule of reinforcement is being used in operant conditioning d. leads a person to discriminate against one group of people based on ethnicity or race
a
A key criticism of the trait perspective on personality development is that it a. fails to explain the cause of the differences in the various trait dimensions. b. ignores the evil and selfishness that humans are capable of. c. focuses too much on the role of unconscious forces in personality development. d. lacks supportive evidence for existence of multiple trait dimensions.
a
A key idea in the discussion on the universality versus diversity in psychiatric diagnoses was that a. many psychiatric disorders are similar across cultures. b. all disorders are found throughout all cultures of the world. c. most psychiatric disorders are unique to specific cultures and relatively unknown in others. d. psychiatric disorders found in the United States and European countries are often unknown in many African and Asian cultures.
a
According to the authors, much of the knowledge from popular psychology sources a. is contradicted by what psychological research has demonstrated. b. is not able to be studied empirically. c. is consistent with the results of psychological research. d. is of no or very little interest to psychologists.
a
As a child, Blaine was attacked by a goose and subsequently developed a severe fear of waterfowl. As he got older, the fear gradually faded until it was all but forgotten. Blaine is now in his early twenties and recently went strolling through a park by the river where he came across a flock of geese. The geese gave him a stare, and Blaine experienced a sudden surge of fear. Blaine's fear response is an example of__________. a. spontaneous recovery b. stimulus generalization c. higher-order conditioning d. stimulus discrimination
a
Based on research on differences in conformity, which of the following individuals would you most expect to conform to a group? a. Masami, a Japanese female b. Beth, an American female c. Marcel, a French male d. Patrick, an American male
a
Ekman conducted a number of studies of facial expressions and found that a. seven primary emotions are almost universal. b. common expressions exist only for happiness. c. there are too many emotions to classify. d. expression varies from culture to culture.
a
One biological explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia is the appearance of enlarged _______, which are fluid-filled structures that cushion and protect the brain. a. ventricles b. atria c. vesicles d. meninges
a
Piaget suggested that children do not develop object permanence until between 8 and 12 months of age. The research of Renee Baillargeon has found that this skill may develop much earlier. What was the difference that allowed Baillargeon to find such an earlier development of object permanence? a. Baillargeon eliminated the need for a child to have the motor skills necessary to display object permanence and focused instead on the patterns of their gazes. b. Baillargeon removed a parent from the room so that the child could stop using the parent as a "reference tool" for finding the object on their own. c. Baillargeon substituted monkey infants for human infants, and generalized her findings from the earlier development of object permanence in the monkey infants. d. Baillargeon added the element of "emotional connection" by using objects for which the children she studied had a particular affinity.
a
Rosenthal's "bloomers" study demonstrated that a. higher teacher expectations of students led to higher academic performance. b. students who believed they were smart outperformed those who did not believe that they were smart. c. students with high achievement motivation tended to outperform students with low achievement motivation. d. students who believed they were less intelligent performed worse than students believing that they were more intelligent.
a
Some research has found that children from different cultures have a different percentage of kids who have the three temperamental styles. For example, Chinese American babies have been found to generally be calmer then European American infants. One possible explanation for this difference is the presence of different intrauterine exposure to hormones. This demonstrates the principle of a. ruling out rival hypotheses. b. falsifiability. c. Occam's Razor. d. extraordinary claims.
a
Which of the following statements is true about naturalistic observation? a. It involves observing behavior in its real-world context. b. It involves observing behavior in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological equipment to measure the experimental findings. c. It recreates natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an experiment more valid. d. It is basically the same process as objective introspection.
a
Your best friend is an airline pilot. You often ask him about his flying experiences, but the stories he tells are rather bland. One day he invites you to accompany him on a flight. Surprisingly, once you are up in the air, he begins to share with you all kinds of interesting stories. What is the best explanation for this change? a. Context-dependent learning b. Encoding specificity c. Mood-dependent learning d. State-dependent learning
a
CHAPTER 13: social psychology
a branch of psychology that explores how the real or imagined presence of others influences our thoughts, feeling, and behaviors (includes the study of self)
Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Marko's revised views on red go-carts illustrates
accommodation.
Which of the following correlations of intelligence level would provide evidence for an environmental influence on intelligence?
adopted children and their adoptive parents who have high intelligence
According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results, at least in part, from
a. biological maturation. b. scaffolding. d. innate intelligence.
As compared to Piaget's theory, Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development best explains how a child learns to
a. cross a street safely for the first time. b. speak for the first time. d. stand upright for the first time.
Research investigating the causes of gender differences in behavior suggests that
a. during infancy there are not gender differences between the toy preferences of boys and girls. c. females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to dislike rough-and-tumble play. d. females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough-and-tumble play.
In a study of twins reared apart in the 1980s and 1990s, a sample of identical twins who were raised in separated environments produced scores on three measures of intelligence that were as similar to each other as a sample of twins who were raised together. Though the sample sizes were relatively small, this research has been repeated with approximately the same findings. We can have some confidence that these findings are valid because of the critical thinking principle of
a. replicability.
Elizabeth is nursing her newborn daughter, and holds the baby up to her breast. As the breast strokes the child's cheek, the child turns her head toward the breast, finds her mother's nipple, and begins to feed. This is a demonstration of the __________ reflex.
a. rooting c. Moro d. grasping
A __________ is a specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific sensory system.
a. sense receptor
Creative Intelligence:
ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions
source monitoring
ability to identify the origins of a memory
Analytical Intelligence
ability to reason logically
Practical Intelligence:
ability to solve real-world problems, especially people problems
Intelligence
ability to understand the world, think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems
Most experts agree that intelligence has something to do with the capacity to understand hypothetical concepts or
abstract thinking
Retrieval is the process of __________________.
accessing information already stored in memory
"Raindrops keep falling on my head. And just like the guy whose feet are too big for his bed, nothing seems to fit!" These lyrics to a popular song describe a very uncomfortable sleeping arrangement! There are several ways this problem can be solved. If the singer chooses to cut off his feet so that he fits in the existing bed, this would be similar to the Piagetian concept of __________.
accomodation
Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Marko's revised views on red go-carts illustrates
accomodation
Many psychology textbooks state that although brain size correlates with intelligence____species, it is uncorrelated with intelligence____species.
across; within
Memory
active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage
Garry reports that he can see ghosts in haunted houses. When you accompany him to a haunted house, Garry does not see any ghosts. When you ask him about this, he says that he could not see them because your negative energy got in the way of his ghost vision. Which of the following best describes Garry's explanation?
ad hoc immunizing hypothesis
easy infants
adaptable and relaxed (about 40 percent of babies)
The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called ________.
adolescence
The period of transition from childhood to adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years is called __________
adolescence
Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend
any sugary liquid
Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend
any sugary liquid.
A key difficulty in explaining how language evolved is the ________ phonemes, words, and rules of syntax
arbitrariness of
As symbolic systems of communication, most languages
are arbitrary in the relationship between words and meaning
According to the authors, most of the events we experience
are never encoded and thus never stored in long-term memory.
In most cases, the rules of syntax
are rarely followed in real-world language
echoic memory
auditory sensory memory
Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching
authoritarian
Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching.
authoritarian
One advantage of learning the grammar of a foreign language early in life is that it becomes ________.
automatic
Jeremy, a popular TV show host, made a joke regarding Ford Escorts and the dangers of owning them because of their "perceived" tendency to blow up. Many Escort owners took issue with Jeremy's view as presented, in part due to a fear that they could never re-sell their car. Jeremy's very public joke and its potential to impact peoples' perceptions is an example of a
availability heuristic
A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as ______. a. dissociative identity disorder b. dissociative amnesia c. dissociative fugue d. depersonalization disorder
b
A stimulus presented to a person or animal that weakens the probability of a particular response is known as __________. a. negative punishment b. positive punishment c. vicarious punishment d. negative reinforcement
b
According to family, twin, and adoption studies, a person is at greatest risk for developing schizophrenia if he or she has a(n) _________. a. biological parent diagnosed with the disorder b. identical twin diagnosed with the disorder c. adoptive parent diagnosed with the disorder d. nonidentical twin diagnosed with the disorder
b
Jane sees an old man driving around in a posh sports car, wearing a new Armani suit, carrying a leather briefcase, and checking the time on a gold pocket watch. She sees him entering a skyscraper and concludes that he must be a successful business man who works in the building. Which heuristic did Jane utilize? a. Hill-Climbing Heuristic b. Representativeness Heuristic c. Availability Heuristic d. Confirmation Bias
b
One problem with the polygraph test is that people who are innocent may fail the test, a situation called a false positive. When this happens, some experts (or polygraph technicians) may assume that the individual is, in fact, guilty but simply won't admit to their guilt. In this case, the inaccuracy of the polygraph test is no longer possible to demonstrate, and this is a problem that involves which principle of critical thinking? a. Extraordinary claims b. Falsifiability c. Occam's Razor d. Correlation vs. causation
b
Our memories from childhood often involve not only visual information but olfactory information as well. This is because the olfactory cortex is located near the a. brainstem. b. limbic system. c. cerebellum. d. thalamus.
b
Research involving family and adoption studies have demonstrated that a. siblings reared together and cousins reared together have similar IQ correlations. b. the higher the percentage of shared genes between people, the higher their IQ correlations will be. c. the correlations between the IQ scores of cousins reared together are negative. d. the correlations between the IQ scores of cousins reared together are very strong.
b
Researchers asked students about their initial recollections a few days after the Challenger explosion and then 2 1/2 to 3 years later. The results showed that a. few students showed significant changes in their memories with the passage of time and their initial recollections were largely accurate. b. most students showed changes in their memories with the passage of time and about one-third showed dramatic changes in memory. c. few students failed to show changes in their memories with the passage of time and about one-third showed dramatic changes in memory. d. most students showed dramatic changes from their initial recollections to their later recollections.
b
Stage 5 sleep is often called paradoxical sleep because EEG patterns of people in stage 5 show a. an abundance of K-complexes. b. heightened brain activity. c. brain waves similar to beta activity. d. excessive sleep spindles.
b
The extent to which it is possible to draw cause-and-effect conclusions from a given research project describes the study's ________ validity. a. external b. internal c. construct d. cohesive
b
Theorists have long believed that testosterone is the hormone that increases sex drive in both men and women. One study conducted in Australia (Davis et al., 2005) found no relationship between testosterone levels in women and their sex drive. Other research, however, has failed to find similar results. The Australian study, therefore, cannot effectively challenge the long-held theory of testosterone's influence on women's sex drive because of the critical thinking concept of a. Occam's Razor. b. replicability. c. falsifiability. d. extraordinary claims.
b
What is an important limitation of anecdotal evidence in developing scientifically sound treatments or procedures? a. Anecdotes effectively address the issue of representativeness of the cases b. Anecdotes cannot help to establish cause-effect relationships c. Anecdotes are generalizable to the population from which the individual giving the anecdote came. d. Anecdotes are extremely too easy for others to falsify
b
Which of the following is one of the major contributions that Piaget's theory of development, despite some serious limitations, has made to the field of developmental psychology? a. Recognizing that culture plays no role in development and viewing all children as being essentially identical in their developmental paths. b. Considering that the changes in multiple domains of development involve fewer rather than more numerous processes. c. Characterizing learning as a passive rather than active process. d. Viewing children as simply small adults, and addressing their developmental processes as such.
b
Which of the following professionals is trained as a medical doctor and may be found working in either private practice or in a hospital setting? a. Clinical psychologist b. Psychiatrist c. Clinical social worker d. Mental health counselor
b
Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James- Lange theory of emotion? a. stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous) b. stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion c. physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion d. stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes
b
Which subdivision of the cortex is most active on tasks involving planning, impulsecontrol, and short-term memory? It is sometimes referred to as the "Command and Control" center of the brain. a. Occipital cortex b. Prefrontal cortex c. Parietal cortex d. Temporal lobes
b
You are a psychologist who is evaluating the behavior of a new client. The client tells you that he does not like to wear clothing and that he walks around nude most of the time. In addition, he tells you that he lives in a society in which clothing is required and nudity is seen as abnormal. Which of the following is NOT a criterion by which you evaluate your client's behavior as abnormal? a. Societal disapproval b. Subjective distress c. Impairment d. Statistical rarity
b
Zoe was at the border of passing the statistics course this semester. Her palms started sweating and her heart started pounding while she was to enter the instructor' s office to check her final grade. Zoe might change her mind and run away because her heart was pounding too fast. This explanation is most likely based upon the ____ ____. a. somatic marker theory of emotion b. Cannon-Bard theory of emotion c. James-Lange theory of emotion d. two-factor theory of emotion
b
Which of the following is true regarding parenting research?
b. Children of single fathers do not differ in behaviors from children of single mothers. c. Fathers spend more time with their babies on average than do mothers. d. Fathers display similar levels of affection toward their babies as do mothers.
Indigenous psychology is an understanding of behaviour that stems from within a culture and is not imported from outside. What is the "odd one out" in this list of features of Indigenous psychology? a. It examines psychological phenomena in ecological, historical and cultural context. b. It is based on sound scientific principles. c. It advocates the use of multiple methods of investigation. d. It acknowledges that people have a complex, sophisticated and practical understanding of themselves.
b. It is based on sound scientific principles.
The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by ______________.
b. Terman
Morris and his wife have to deal with the fact that her mother calls their house at least 10 times a day, usually with no important reason for the call. She is a lonely individual, and her calls seem to be about finding something to do. Morris finds her calls bothersome, but he tries not to let them get to him because deep down he really does love his mother-in-law. In this case, Morris's mother-in-law might be best described as a a. stressor. b. hassle. c. major life event. d. eustress inducer.
b. hassle.
When Anne Treisman (1960) repeated the research of Donald Broadbent in an attempt to clarify his theory that attentional processes act as a filter through which certain stimuli pass, she was able to verify his findings and extended his theory in different ways. This demonstrates the incredible value of
b. replication
General findings concerning gender differences and IQ scores reveal that
b. women tend to score higher on some verbal tasks than men.
A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called ________.
babbling
Your friend's six-month-old baby has begun to vocalize long strings of repeated syllables in a continuous stream. For example, the baby vocalizes "Malamalamalamalamala." This baby is in the ________ stage
babbling
blastocyst
ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven't yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part
Mistakenly assuming that the popularity of a theory is in some way indicative of a theory's correctness or accuracy is the definition of which logical fallacy?
bandwagon
Who is engaged in abstract thinking? Benito, who says the sun might explode one day Susie, who says that most apples are colored red Gene, who argues that the Red Sox are better than the Yankees this year. Marlita, who says her favorite television show is Hannah Montana
benito, who says...
The English language has ________ phonemes
between 40-45
Markus is very athletic, and thus he tends to participate in a lot of sports. His regular practice of football, basketball, and hockey increases his athletic skills, which makes him want to spend more time participating in these activities. This example demonstrates the ________ nature of development.
bidirectional
language and thought
both are influenced by culture
Positron emission tomography
brain-imaging method that utilizes radioactive sugar to compile a color-coded image of the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity
A(n) ________ attribution is made when we blame an individual's behavior on the situation; a(n) ________ attribution is made when we blame the individual's behavior to his or her personality or other personal characteristics. a. internal; external b. dispositional; situational c. external; internal d. external; situational
c
According to Selye, some people may develop illnesses such as organ damage, depression, anxiety, or a weakened immune system during the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. a. collapse b. resistance c. exhaustion d. alarm
c
Any environmental factor that can cause a birth defect is known as a(n) __________. a. pollutant b. mutation c. teratogen d. babinski
c
Babies can hear inside the womb a. by the second month. b. no earlier than the seventh month. c. by the fifth month d. only after the sixth month.
c
Corrie is well liked by all her classmates. She has lots of friends and is always one of the first people chosen whenever there are group projects. According to Gardner, at which type of intelligence does Corrie likely excel? a. Spatial b. Intrapersonal c. Interpersonal d. Naturalistic
c
Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we distinguish between the experience of different emotions based on a. the emotional expression of others. b. the type of bodily reaction. c. our interpretation of the situation. d. the type of behavior involved.
c
The typically negative behaviors an individual displays toward others based on membership to a particular group is referred to as ________; the typically negative attitudes an individual has toward others based on membership to a particular group is referred to as ________. a. discrimination; prejudice b. stereotypes; discrimination c. discrimination; aggression d. prejudice; discrimination
c
What did Terman's groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish? a. It proved that gifted children and adults are more prone to mental illnesses or odd behavior than other groups. b. It demonstrated genius is the only factor that influences real success in life. c. It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century. d. It demonstrated that they also have more than their share of failures.
c
When calling for directory assistance, operators used to tell their customers to " Have a nice day" after providing them with a phone number. As a consequence, many people forgot the number they were just given. What is the most likely explanation? a. The customers failed to engage in elaborative rehearsal. b. The customers were prevented from engaging in immediate maintenance rehearsal. c. The customers were not paying attention to the number they were given. d. The phone number exceeded the capacity of their short-term memory.
c
Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning? a. Rats learned only when reinforcement was presented immediately following behavior. b. Rats were not able to learn if reinforcement was withheld for long periods of time. c. Rats were able to learn even when they were not receiving reinforcement. d. Rats learned when receiving punishment but not when receiving reinforcement.
c
Which of the following theories of dreaming emphasizes the dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about? a. meta-linguistic theory b. dream-protection theory c. neurocognitive theory d. neodissociationist theory
c
Anne Pedersen's work on prejudice in Australia centres on the existence of false beliefs about Indigenous people, Muslims and asylum seekers, three groups who have high socio-political visibility. She has found that education, age and political persuasion predict whether people accept some of these false beliefs. Before you could draw any conclusions about the determinants of prejudice, which of the following principles would you need to apply? a. Testability. b. Replicability. c. Correlation vs. causation. d. Occam's razor.
c. Correlation vs. causation.
Maria Lee came to Aus from Vietnam more than 20yrs ago. She cares for her elderly father, her husband & 2 teenagers. Which of the following actions is she likely to take? a. She would ask for her father to be admitted to an aged-care facility when he showed recurrent memory loss. Incorrect b. She would contact the school counsellor about one of her children's disruptive behaviour in the home. c. She would ask her father and husband to consult the extended family about helping her with her depression. d. She would encourage her husband to visit a GP clinic about his anxiety about work.
c. She would ask her father and husband to consult the extended family about helping her with her depression.
In the text, the authors discussed the astounding memory capabilities of Rajan. He could recall the digits for the number pi starting from nearly any place in the sequence. His amazing ability is due, in part, to his use of
chunking
A(n)_____ refers to a group of people who lived during the same time period.
cohort
Cross-sectional research studies gather data from many people who are of the same age, and compare them to others who are at a different age, and thus a different level of development. The name for a group of people who are the same age and thus were raised during the same time period is a/an__________
cohort
authoritarian parenting
combines high control with little warmth
permissive
combines low control with high warmth
One oft-cited criticism of the DSM-5 is that many illnesses seem to occur at the same time; that is, a specific set of symptoms could qualify an individual for more than one diagnosis. This phenomenon, called _____, raises the question of whether the DSM is truly identifying independent conditions as opposed to slightly different variations of the same problem.
comorbidity
According to the triangular theory of love proposed by Sternberg, _____ love is the ultimate love.
companionate
upward social comparison
comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are on a particular trait or ability
downward social comparison
comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are on a particular trait or ability
Joanna has a Type A personality. Which of the following traits are descriptive of her personality?
competitive and driven
CNS
composed of the brain and the spinal cord
Anxious
compulsively seeking closeness; desires to be excessively comforted in times of threat
avoidant
compulsively self reliant; detached during times of threat
What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics?
concepts
schemas
concepts we've stored in memory about how certain actions, objects, and ideas relate to each other
Alice is sitting at the table with her son Nikko. She takes his tall glass of milk, which is only half full, and pours it into a shorter wider glass. Then she says "Honey, which glass has more milk?" Nikko immediately points to the taller glass, as he is chewing his peanut butter sandwich. Nikko has not yet mastered Piaget's skill of __________.
conservation
Semantic memory
contains background knowledge about words, symbols, concepts, and rules arranged as hierarchies of information in categories and subordinate categories
Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the interstate without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karla's reasoning reflects ________ reasoning.
conventional
_________ thinking refers to the capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem
convergent
_________ thinking refers to the capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem. Convergent Creative Crystallized Divergent
convergent
General findings are that there is a moderate positive correlation - about .3 to .4 - between brain size and measured intelligence. We must remember, however, that this relationship does not mean that having a bigger brain is directly responsible for higher intelligence. Some third variable, such as better nutrition, might explain this relationship. This reminds us of the critical thinking concept of
correlation versus causation.
Some researchers believe that the higher numbers of single-parent families is a key reason for the increased rates of violent crime in the USA compared to 40 or 50 years ago. On the other hand, it is true that there are many differences between single-parent and two-parent families, any one or combination of which may explain these increases in violent crime. This is an issue that addresses the principle of
correlation vs. causation
Hippocampus
curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects
If the heritability of a particular trait is found to be 60 percent, then by definition the other 40 percent is due to a. prenatal environmental influences, such as toxins or viruses. b. the effect of gene mutation. c. random chance that impacts every organism. d. differences in the individual's environment.
d
Pam just set her best friend Olivia up on a blind date with her brother. According to the two-factor theory, what might she do to enhance the likelihood that Olivia will find her brother desirable? a. Lend them a tape of soft music. b. Encourage them to go to a quiet dinner. c. Send them on a carriage ride through the park d. Give them tickets to a scary movie.
d
Your friend Kate is a new mom. She is constantly worried that she is going to ruin her child by doing or saying the wrong thing. What advice might you give her? a. Often children's personalities are shaped initially by genetics, but environmental influences take over in adolescence, so she has plenty of time. b. Although she can afford to make a few mistakes, if she isn't careful her child may have lifelong problems. c. As long as her child has enough shared environmental influences with his siblings, the child will be fine. d. Most of her parenting will have minimal impact on her child's adult personality.
d
Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer? a. terminal buttons, axon, soma dendrite b. dendrites, axon, soma, synaptic knob c. axon, soma, dendrites, synaptic knob d. dendrites, soma, axon, axon terminal
d
Those who take classes designed to improve their scores on standardized tests, such as the SAT, seem to enjoy improved scores when they take the test after the course. It would be easy to assume that the course was responsible for the improvement, but this would be ignoring which principle of critical thinking?
d. Correlation vs. causation
Guru Mana is the leader of the cult of "The Divine Purification of The Body." His members a. are probably emotionally disturbed. b. are probably brainwashed. c. probably have had their beliefs permanently altered. d. are probably psychologically normal.
d. are probably psychologically normal.
Eila is participating in a psychological experiment for one of the grad students at her university. She is pretty confident that she knows the true intent of the study and is trying to answer the questions accordingly. A common pitfall in experiments, Eila is falling prey to which of the following?
demand characteristics
Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the better it will be remembered?
depth-of-processing model
ue has devoted so much time to her engineering career that at age 70 she has never been free to pursue many of her personal interests. Sue's feelings of missed opportunities suggest a sense of
despair.
_____ thinking refers to the capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem, _____ thinking refers to the capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem.
divergent, convergent
Autonomic nervous
division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons.
insecure-avoidant attachment
doesn't check if mom is watching, indifferent to the stranger, shows no distress at moms departure (about 15-20 percent of U.S. infants)
Miranda received a phone call from a telemarketer for a local charity. The telemarketer asked for a $1,000 donation. When Miranda refused, the telemarketer then asked for $25, to which Miranda agreed. This is an example of the what technique
door-in-the-face technique
deviation IQ
expression of IQ relative to same aged peers (eliminated age effects with Stern's formula)
Lee and cho started school the same year and they has the same IQ. Lee droppe dout of school in the 8th grade, but Cho finished high school. Cho's IQ increased more than Lee's because.
exrta years of school give us better IQ scores
Gianna was coming home from work and could not help but notice the young woman who seemed to be driving in a reckless manner. She immediately wondered if the girl was in an emergency or if something important was going on to make her drive like that. Gianna just made a
external attribution
A(n) _____ attribution is made when we blame an individual's behavior on the situation; a(n) _____ attribution is made when we blame the individual's behavior on his or her personality or other personal characteristics.
external; internal
The duping of famed author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in the "Cottingley fairies" hoax reminds us of which principle of critical thinking?
extraordinary claims
The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that
facial feedback hypothesis
Schemas can lead to memory errors through the confirmation bias and stereotyping because we
fail to consider how an individual differs in important ways from a group stereotype.
As your textbook points out, many people are willing to endure very bad circumstances - going hungry, living in dangerous neighborhoods - because they are passionate about their professions. This is particularly important for artists, actors, singers, and other such adults. These priorities are inconsistent with Maslow's hierarchy of needs, thus reminding us about the importance of the critical concept of
falsifiability.
Piaget suggested that in some cases two children of the same age may be at different skill levels in a specific domain of cognitive ability. This claim makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to provide an argument against the developmental schedule forwarded by Piaget's theory. This is a major issue related to the principle of
falsifiability.
These types of studies allow us to examine the extent to which a trait runs in families
family studies
esearch investigating the causes of gender differences in behavior suggests that
females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough and tumble play.
Research investigating the causes of gender differences in behavior suggests that
females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough-and-tumble play
Research investigating the causes of gender differences in behavior suggests that
females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough-and-tumble play.
sensorimotor stage
first stage in Piaget's theory characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally. from birth to about 2 years
germinal stage
first stage of prenatal development. the zygote begins to divide and double forming a blastocyst
Your memory for the moment you heard about the planes crashing into New York's Twin Towers would be most appropriately termed a(n) ________ memory.
flashbulb
Developmental psychology
focuses on the questions of how people of different ages differ from one another and what caused those differences
The two most common forms of mental retardation are ________.
genetically related
In the 1960s, a psychologist named Arthur Jensen claimed the difference in scores on IQ test between African Americans and White Americans was due to..?
genetics
The correct order of the stages of prenatal development is
germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
The correct order of the stages of prenatal development is
germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage.
Pam just set up her best friend Olivia on a blind date with her brother. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, what might she do to enhance the likelihood that Olivia will find her brother desirable?
give them tickets to a scary movie
long term potentiation
gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation
serial position curve
graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on people's ability to recall items on a list.
Nick is admitted to a mental institution because he hears voices talking to him that no one else can hear, and he sees demons attacking him, though no one else can see anything near him. Nick's symptoms are known as _____.
hallucinations
If our behaviors and physiological reactions can give rise to our emotion changes, holding a pen with our teeth would most likely make us feel
happier.
Each of the following is true of people with anorexia nervosa EXCEPT they ___.
have an intense interest in food but eat with disgust
Jermaine sees a car accident and he initially estimates the offending driver to be traveling at 39 miles per hour. However, after hearing another witness's report of the cars "bumping" and answering a police officer's questions about the rate of speed when the cars "contacted," he subsequently revises his estimate to 30 miles per hour and his memory of the accident changes. This is an example of
he misinformation effect.
A 3 month old baby named Bryan smiles even when he is alone. Scientific research has suggested that his smile should be attributed to _____.
his innate motor programs from birth
Einstein's out-of-the-box thinking is characterized by ________.
his intellectual flexibility
"Like cures like" is the foundation of
homeopathy.
Some psychologist believe that behavior is motivated by the body's attempts to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively. or____.
homeostasis
2. Janie spreads terrible gossip about her ex-boyfriend after he breaks up with her in a public setting.
hostile
3. Tony is walking through the bar, when another guy accidentally trips him. Tony gets up and shoves the guy.
hostile
Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing
hot flashes
Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing
hot flashes.
span
how much information a memory system can retain
Byron is going on a blind date. His friend has told him all about Rebecca and he is excited to meet her. Based on the work of Hatfield and colleagues regarding initial attraction, what will be the best predictor of Byron's attraction toward her?
how she looks
The original purpose of the first intelligence test was
identify areas of academic weakness in grade school children
The original purpose of the first test was to
identify areas of academic weakness in grade school children
The original purpose of the first intelligence test was to
identify areas of academic weakness in grade school children.
Which of the following is true concerning 'twin study' research findings?
identical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins
Brenda's parents are political conservatives while she identifies more with liberal political views. When asked her political orientation, Brenda seems uncertain and does not respond. Brenda is dealing with the ________ crisis.
identity vs. confusion
rooting reflex
if we softly stroke a hungry infants cheek, she will automatically turn her head toward our hand
As Dominique reviews the vocabulary terms for her French class, she is most likely to experience the greatest degree of forgetting
immediately after learning new words.
Ken and Daniel are totally immersed in their video game. Their mom has been calling them to dinner for 5 minutes, but they have not responded. Based on our class discussions, how would you describe their mental state?
immersed in flow
The purpose of the _____ is to protect the body against the invasion of bacteria, viruses, or other illness-producing organisms.
immune system
Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of
implicit memory.
A zookeeper finds that a flock of geese follow her wherever she moves because she is the first object that they see after hatching. What is this situation an example of?
imprinting
Researcher Konrad Lorenz explored the concept of ________ by being the first moving thing a clutch of newly hatched goslings saw. The result, as he predicted, was that the young animals followed him around religiously, clearly demonstrating their belief that he was their mother.
imprinting
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
No matter how hard she tries, Karen can never seem to do as well as her brother when it comes to tasks such as reading maps, solving mazes, or mentally orienting objects in proper fashion. Karen's experience
is not cause for concern as this is a trend that occurs quite often
All of the following are characteristics of amnesia except ________.
it is akin to normal forgetting
The problem with inductive reasoning is ________.
it may lead to false conclusions
we take language for granted because
its a highly practiced and automatic cognitive process
Eduardo is from Brazil. He is fluent in both Portuguese and English. When he uses English to speak to you of his home in Brazil, he seems to have trouble remembering details. Yet when he is speaking Portuguese to another Brazilian, he has no trouble remembering. This phenomenon can be best explained by
linguistic relativity
elaborative rehearsal
linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory
Daniel is interested in studying how children's behavior changes when they grow up in high-risk environments. He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research, and observes these children once a year for 20 years. Despite the fact that this research is very time consuming and expensive, it gives very good information about how the children age over time. This type of research is an example of a __________ study.
longitudinal
Daniel is interested in studying how children's behavior changes when they grow up in high-risk environments. He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research, and observes these children once a year for 20 years. Despite the fact that this research is very time-consuming and expensive, it gives very good information about how the children age over time. This type of research is an example of a _____ study.
longitudinal
Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioral change over time?
longitudinal
If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to
look for other examples of stereotypic-inconsistent information in their social world.
Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities characterize
major depressive disorder
Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities characterize
major depressive disorder.
Mild Retardation
makes up 85% of retardation cases, and most can be mainstreamed into regular classrooms
preconventional morality
marked by a focus on punishment and reward
conventional morality
marked by a focus on societal values
In his research on long-term memory, psychologist Harry Bahrick found that memory declined
markedly for about two years, but only gradually thereafter.
Research indicates that the practice of using IQ scores to label students and track them separate school programs ____.
may hurt "slow" students while helping High-IQ students preform more effectively
_________ insight refers to our awareness of how language is structured and used.
metalinguistic
Dr. Simmons teaches philosophy and discusses several topics in the course, including religion. Paulo, a student in the class, believes that when he dies, he will be resurrected. Paulo's claim falls under which of the following areas?
metaphysical claim
The __________ represents a period of anxiety and emotional disturbance related to the aging process and it sometimes results in futile attempts to regain one's youth.
midlife crisis
Which classification of development delay affects most of the population classified in this fashion?
mild
Which classification of developmental delay affects most of the population classified in this fashion?
mild
What is a dominant characteristic of culture-fair IQ tests?
minimal verbal skills are required
The term cognitive ________ is used to reflect the fact that human beings seek to reduce their mental effort as much as possible, while still being able to make accurate decisions.
miser
When Tiger Woods has a certain "feel" for how hard to putt the ball (touch memory) depending on the slope and distance to the hole, he is utilizing his ________ memory
modality-specific
Robert Sternberg's (1983
model posits the existence of three types of intelligence:
Psychologists believe that personality is largely the result of
multiple factors
Research on the genetic effects on intelligence has found that ________.
multiple genes contribute to intelligence
The idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of skill is called
multiple intellience
Luis believes in an old tradition that eating clay will help his wife deliver a healthy baby. Which of the following describes Luis' tendency to believe he sees the world correctly, and that the exists precisely as we see it?
naive realism
Marcos, a geology professor, has always been fascinated by the study of fossils, shells and rock formations. According to Gardner, Marcos is strong in the area of _____intelligence.
naturalistic
Children with certain genetic predispositions often seek out and create their own environments, a phenomenon termed by some developmentalists as
nature via nurture.
Harry Harlow's famous experiments with isolated new born monkeys provide convincing evidence that primate posses a strong____.
need for contact
Putting on sunglasses to relieve glare is an example of which of the types of punishment and reinforcement?
negative reinforcement
According to cognitive models of depression, people with this condition focus on the negative cognitive triad. This triad includes all but WHICH of the following?
negative views of one's past
____________ approaches to studying personality focus on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals. ____________ approaches to studying personality focus on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person.
nomothetic, idiographic
Our unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior is called
nonverbal leakage
Frosty the snowman has returned to the village, but he is irritable, jumpy, unable to concentrate, and feels anxious and depressed. Also Frosty is having nightmares and flashbacks, re-experiencing the trauma of melting on one hot, sunny day last year. In this example, frosty the snowman is most likely suffering from
posttraumatic stress disorder
As the CEO of Cisco John Chambers used his_____intelligence, the ability to solve real world problems, to climb the corporte ladder.
practical
Frank doesn't necessarily have a high IQ as measured on standardized intelligence tests, but he is well aware of his strengths and weaknesses. He chooses jobs that suit his strengths and is particularly skilled at adapting to any changes in his environment. Frank likely has high ________ intelligence as defined in the triarchic theory. creative practical experiential analytical
practical
According to the triarchic theory intelligence, "street smarts" is to _______ intelligence as "book smarts" is to ______ intelligence.
practical; analytical
According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, "street smarts" is to ________ intelligence, as "book smarts" is to ________ intelligenc
practical; analytical
Mnemonics will be most helpful as encoding devices if we
practice them on a regular basis.
According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality.
preconventional
Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of ________.
preconventional morality
When a test has a high capacity to forecast future behaviors or outcomes, it might be described as having high ________ validity
predictive validity
When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list. This is known as the ______.
primacy effect
According to the stress as a transaction approach, when encountering a potentially threatening event, people first decide whether the event is harmful; this is known as _____. Then, a(n) _____ is made about how well one can cope with that event.
primary appraisal; secondary appraisal
When encountering a potentially threatening event, people first decide whether the event is harmful; this is known as _____. Then, a(n) _____ is made about how well one can cope with that event.
primary appraisal; secondary appraisal
Advertising might not directly influence you to buy a product, but it can cause you to notice the presence of that product. This is likely due to __________________.
priming of memory
Exposing people to stereotype-consistent information before meeting with an individual from the stereotyped group is often sufficient to produce stereotypic interpretations of that person's actions and thoughts. This is an example of
priming.
Darci wants to go to medical school. She has a 4.0 in her undergraduate coursework, but she is stressed with having to take the MCAT. To reduce this stress, she is taking steps to minimize this stress by signing up for MCAT prep classes. Darci is engaging in
proactive coping.
In high school, Deanna took three years of Spanish. Upon enrolling in college ten years later, she registered for a remedial French course. When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates, Deanna frequently responds with Spanish words instead of French words. This is one example of
proactive inhibition
Working a second job to pay off credit cards is an example of ____.
problem-focused coping
Coping strategies can be either ______ -focused or _____-focused in nature.
problem; emotion
suggestive memory techniques
procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place
Contemporary psychological research on prejudice in Australia has developed an applied focus: particularly looking at ways of reducing prejudice. One of these is educating and training people about the nature of prejudice and its effect on individual and community health. This process is called
racial socialisation
With regard to the idea of patients' memories being shaped by suggestive psychotherapy techniques, psychologists
re sharply divided about whether such memories are real or false memories.
relearning
reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time.
disorganized attachment
react to the toys, the stranger, and moms departure and return with an inconsistent and confused set of responses (about 5-10 percent of U.S. infants)
If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to
recall stereotypic-consistent, not inconsistent, information when questioned later.
Just before taking your French I exam you were reviewing 5 terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the
recency effect
Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. His memory of things at the end of the list demonstrates the __________________.
recency effect
Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?
regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur.
Children involved in "Strange Situation" research change attachment styles frequently in follow-up studies, meaning that this method of measuring attachment style lacks
reliability
Children involved in "Strange Situation" research change attachment styles frequently in follow-up studies, meaning that this method of measuring attachment style lacks
reliability.
Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be _________
reliable
Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be __________. standardized valid normed reliable
reliable
In a study of twins reared apart in the 1980s and 1990s, a sample of identical twins who were raised in separated environments produced scores on three measures of intelligence that were as similar to each other as a sample of twins who were raised together. Though the sample sizes were relatively small, this research has been repeated with approximately the same findings. We can have some confidence that these findings are valid because of the critical thinking principle of
replicability
Some research examining the facial feedback hypothesis has found that subliminal exposure to faces displaying a specific emotion is associated with changes in the observer's facial muscles that correspond to that displayed emotion. These findings have not been consistently repeated, however. This makes it harder to know if subliminal emotional perception is or is not real due to the concept of
replicability
William Perry has done research that shows a transition in the way college students think. They go from a staunch need to have a "right" or "wrong" answer to a more flexible and tolerant way of viewing problems as ambiguous and having multiple levels of "rightness." Perry's findings have generally persisted in the decades since they were first published. This demonstrates the principle of
replicability
Stress is a(n) ____ while a stressor is a(n) _____.
response, stimulus
When Jose played basketball with his friends, height correlated highly with those who scored the most points, However in a game of professional basketball, height hardly matters because all the players are tall. This is an example of
restriction of range
In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of
retrieval
When siblings Marcia and Greg come home from school, Marcia is expected to clean any dishes that have been left in the kitchen and to vacuum the family room rug. Greg, on the other hand, is expected to take out the trash and, when needed, to mow the lawn. These different responsibilities are examples of gender _______.
roles
Mary just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about. Mary just made a _____.
secondary appraisal
Some research has found that children from different cultures have a different percentage of kids who have the three temperamental styles. For example, Chinese American babies have been found to generally be calmer then European American infants. One possible explanation for this difference is the presence of different intrauterine exposure to hormones. This demonstrates the principle of
ruling out rival hypotheses
After he asked Rachel to be his girlfriend and she declined his request, Trey spent the next several days recounting the rejection in his mind. He thought about different ways he might have asked, reasons why she might have said no, and felt sure that everyone would be talking about him behind his back. Each time he thought of these unpleasant things, he got a little more upset. Trey is engaging in a practice called _____.
rumination
According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results from
scaffolding
According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results, at least in part, from
scaffolding
fixed ratio
schedule-deliver reinforcement after a predetermined number of responses
Knowing how to navigate the route from one's residence hall room to the location of one's college algebra class is an example of a
schema
A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from ____
schizophrenia
A patient in a mental hospital exhibits disordered thinking, perceptual abnormalities, unusual emotions, and suspiciousness. This person is probably suffering from:
schizophrenia.
Dr. Darling designs an experimental test of his theory of aggression against a competing theory. After conducting the appropriate statistical tests, he finds that the data are better explained by the competing theory. His willingness to accept the evidence that another theory is superior is a characteristic of which of the following?
scientific skepticism
preoperational stage
second stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience but not yet perform operations on them. from 2 until about 7 years
embryonic stage
second stage of prenatal development. continues from the second to the eighth week of development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs begin to take shape
embryo
second to eighty week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form
A skill is like a habit, except that __________________.
skills are more flexible
Which of the following is one of the changes detected by a polygraph?
skin conductance
Some researchers have operationalized and measured "hunches" by using ________.
skin-conductance response
Alan and his friends were playing a game of pool at the local bar and grill. Jackie, a girl Alan likes, and her friends came over to talk. As Alan is an inexperienced pool player, his pool game suffered from Jackie's presence. Social psychologists would explain his poor performance as
social disruption.
When Jacob's girlfriend and her friends stopped by his house during a basketball game with his friends, Jacob's performance increased slightly due to what Zajonc calls
social facilitation.
Seth is using visualization to imagine himself throwing pitches for strikes when he plays baseball. The ability to recognize that he is constructing these images rather than recalling them from an actual game in which he played results from accurate
source monitoring
Kenneth is especially skilled when it comes to chart reading, map reading, and graph reading tasks. According to Gardner, Kenneth's skills reflect ________ intelligence. spatial naturalistic logic-mathematical linguistic
spatial
Kenneth is especially skilled when it comes to chart reading, map reading, and graph reading tasks. According to Gardner, Kenneth's skills reflect ______intelligence.
spatial
How well we perform on a given mental task depends not only on our general intelligence, but also on our particular skills in a narrow domain. This factor that shows unique skills is called
specific abilities
In addition to general intelligence, Charles Spearman believed that intelligence scores also reflected
specific intellectual abilities or s factors
chemas and scripts are valuable memory tools because they
ssist us in interpreting new and unfamiliar situations.
Texture gradient
textured surfaces appear to become smaller and finer the farther away they are
According to the Flynn effect, for at least several generations
the IQ scores of the children are higher than those of their parents and grandparents.
According to the Flynn effect, for at least several generations..?
the IQ scores of the children are higher than those of their parents.
False memory syndrome
the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others
Cultural distance is a measure of...
the dissimilarity of habits, customs, language and values between people of different cultures
As suggested by the facial feedback hypothesis, our emotions are most likely to be affected by
the facial blood vessels.
The need for cognitive efficiency is very important, but sometimes it can lead people to poor decision-making. For example, when considering whether or not to buy the latest "miracle diet" program, one should balance cognitive efficiency with
the fact that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence
Which of the following best describes the "Flynn effect"?
the finding that IQ scores have steadily increased over the last decade
One crucial way in which humans outperform computers relates to
the flexibility of human thought.
Deductive reasoning appears to rely on ________.
the form that is implied in the question
syntax
the grammatical rules that govern how we compose words into meaningful strings
Researchers have attempted to implant false memories in the memories of students at Gotham State University. To be certain that the event never occurred, they asked students if they recall getting to meet Yosemite Sam (a Warner Brothers character) at Disneyland. When approximately 41% of the students reported this memory, the researchers knew it was indeed evidence of a false memory because
the memory was of an impossible event
Jasmine needs to remember an 8-line poem for her 5th-grade English class next week. Her mother suggests that she link the first few words from each line with a different part of their home, starting with the front door. This suggestion is most similar to the memory strategy known as
the method of loci.
You can combine numbers and images to remember lists of words. For example, you can generate an image of the word and associate it with a numbered item on a list you already know. This is an example of ________.
the pegword system
According to Piaget, egocentrism involves
the perception that others view the world as you do
According to Piaget, egocentrism involves
the perception that others view the world as you do.
During new worker orientation, you wish to make a good impression by being able to recall everyone's name. Research on encoding would suggest that you are most likely to forget the name of
the person immediately before you.
Which of the following areas of the brain, by virtue of its dense neural connections to other brain structures, might actually be the "command and control center" of human intelligence?
the prefrontal cortex
decision making
the process of selecting among a set of alternatives
Difficulty in the "hiking monk problem" is usually a result of how you set the problem up. This is called ________.
the representation problem
Longitudinal design
the same participants are studied at various ages
The very first developmental crisis that human beings experience, according to the theory of Erik Erikson, is
trust vs. mistrust
Sam and Julie each scored 110 on the WAIS. Based on their scores, which is true? If Sam scored high in comprehension, then Julie scored high in comprehension. Two people with the same IQ score could have very different abilities. Two people with the same IQ score should have the same abilities. If Sam scored high in math, then Julie scored high in math.
two people with the same IQ score could have very different abilities
Procedural memory
type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses is called
permastore
type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent
Modern intelligence tests don't
typically assess practical intelligence
Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an) ________.
unconditioned stimulus
When a child applies a word on a much narrower sense than is needed - for example thinking that the word "house" refers only to their own house - they are engaging in
underextension
A recognition memory task is often easier than a recall memory task because
we only have to eliminate the incorrect options to get the correct answer.
