Psychology Final

Carla was bitten by a dog when she was a toddler. She's older now, but still backs up in fear whenever a dog approaches her. This is an example of:

Conditioned emotional response.

_____ is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

Observational learning.

Dr. Evans wants to show a causal relationship between tobacco smoking and cancer. Dr. Edwards should:

Observe people smoking.

When Donna took the survey in the mall, she noticed that the interviewer was wearing an Obama button. She answered the questions more favorably toward Obama than she might otherwise have, probably because:

Of courtesy bias.

Once you learn how to tie your shoes, the action becomes part of:

Procedural memory.

A ________ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

Psychiatrist.

Mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious minds. To which perspective does Mary ascribe?

Psychodynamic.

Whenever Vernon comes home too late on a Saturday night, his parents refuse to give him his weekly allowance. Vernon's parents are using what technique to modify his behavior?

Punishment by removal.

Experimenters control the effects of extraneous or confounding variables upon members of experimental and control groups by using:

Random assignment.

According to the textbook, scientists are investigating the use of stem cells to:

Repair damaged or diseased brain tissue.

Information that enters long-term memory by automatic encoding:

Requires little or no effort to retrieve.

In the three-stage process of memory, the second stage is:

Short-term memory.

Which sense is the only one that is NOT processed through the thalamus?

Smell.

When people are walking, raising their hands in class, or smelling a flower, they are using the:

Somatic nervous system.

A work-related accident left Bob with a paralyzed left arm and an inability to recognize the left side of his visual field. Bob's condition is called:

Spatial neglect.

___________ is a method for comparing mental age and chronological age that was adopted for use with the revised Binet intelligence test.

Stern's formula.

After having many cavities fixed as a child, Kyle now has an active dislike of the dentist's drill. His tendency to become anxious when hearing a similar-sounding noise is termed:

Stimulus generalization.

Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as:

Successive approximations.

Higher false recall and recognition response can be predicted by:

Symptoms of depression.

The sac-like structures that are found at the end of a neuron's axon and that contain neurotransmitters are called:

Synaptic vesicles.

What did Watson believe about behavior?

That it is learned.

Because psychologists want to be precise and measure as carefully as they can, they use ________ to study psychology.

The Scientific Method

Neuroplasticity is:

The brain's ability to change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience and trauma.

When the action potential gets to the end of the axon:

The message gets transmitted to another cell.

Vegetables, fruit, vehicles, and animals are all examples of _______, or categories of objects.

concepts.

Mechanical solutions may involve solving by:

rote.

Brainstorming, keeping a journal, and subject mapping are all _________________________.

strategies to stimulate divergent thinking

Writing a term paper may be best approached by using:

subgoals.

Autobiographical memories:

tend to form when children are able to talk about shared memories with adults.

Researchers use ________ for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data.

the scientific method.

The venom of a black widow spider is an example of a(n) __________, which mimics or enhances the effects of neurotransmitters.

Agonist.

Which psychologist is best known for working with children and a Bobo doll to study whether aggressive behavior is learned by watching others be aggressive?

Albert Bandura.

________ focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information.

Cognitive psychology.

In _________, new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed.

Anterograde amnesia.

Short-term memory tends to be encoded primarily in:

Auditory form.

The law of effect states if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, the action is likely to:

Be repeated.

Birds, who find their food by sight, will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like the one that made them sick. This is a result of:

Biological preparedness.

Addison is 45 years old and is suffering from hot flashes and extreme moodiness. From a(n) _____ perspective, Addison's symptoms can be attributed to menopause.

Biopsychological.

The ______ acts as interpreter for both the visual and auditory information in short-term memory (STM).

Central executive.

The ______ is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

Central nervous system.

Mrs. Minor participated in a study in which she was given no treatment for her condition. Mrs. Minor was in the ________ group.

Control.

Pavlov initially set out to study his dogs' ___________.

Digestive system.

A drug company is determining the effects of a treatment for depression. Neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the treatment and who is given a sugar pill. This type of study is:

Double-blind.

The adrenal glands are located right on top of:

Each kidney.

Neurons fire:

Either full strength or not at all.

A(n) _____ is used to record the activity of the cortex just below the skull.

Electroencephalograph.

_________ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

Extinction.

________ is a developmental delay related to living in poverty and one that usually produces relatively mild intellectual disabilities.

Familial retardation.

In a(n) ________, the occurrence of reinforcement is more predictable and therefore the individual being reinforced is more likely to adjust his response to the timing of the reinforcement.

Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.

The psychological perspective that is associated with William James is:

Functionalism

The job of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is to:

Get the body ready to deal with stress.

In his classical conditioning experiment, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate when they:

Heard the sound of the metronome.

Which of the following is a feature of the storage stage of memory?

Holding information just long enough to work with it.

Visual sensory memory is known as:

Iconic memory.

Correlation will tell researchers all of the following EXCEPT ________ between variables.

If there is causation.

It is extremely difficult to bring ______ into consciousness.

Implicit memories.

Freud believed that personality was formed:

In the first 6 years of life.

The _________ assumes that how long a memory will be remembered depends on the stage of memory in which it is stored.

Information-processing model.

In Köhler's experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was lying in his cage to rake the banana into the cage, and then he learned to fit two sticks together to reach a banana placed farther away. This was an example of:

Insight.

Divergent thinking is especially difficult to teach to:

Japanese children.

In Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone:

Jumped over the fence when the shock started.

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called:

Latent learning.

In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that did not receive reinforcement for solving the maze had:

Learned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map.

While hypnosis may make it easier to recall some memories, it also:

Makes it easier to create false memories.

Changes such as an increase in height or the size of the brain are called:

Maturation.

The part of the brain that controls life-sustaining functions, such as heartbeat, breathing, and swallowing, is the:

Medulla.

Which of the following is one of Bandura's elements of observational learning?

Memory.

Which of the following examples does NOT illustrate divergent thinking?

Michelle knits a blanket and uses it as a cover for her bed.

Special types of glial cells generate a protective fatty substance called:

Myelin.

A researcher wants to describe children's normal behavior on the playground. The best method for this research is to use:

Naturalistic observation.

The ____ is a network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body.

Nervous system.

A branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and functioning of the nervous system is called ________.

Neuroscience.

A teacher has decided to give "caught being good" tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. This teacher is using:

Operant conditioning.

The part of the autonomic nervous system known as the "eat-drink-and-rest" system is the:

Parasympathetic division.

Which of the following is a guideline for doing research with people?

Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation.

The "master gland" that controls or influences all of the other endocrine glands is the:

Pituitary gland.

Teri sat in the preschool classroom and watched the children play, writing down how well they interacted with each other. The children could see that Sasha was watching them, so they made an attempt to be extra well-behaved for her. Teri's research will be impacted by:

The observer effect.

Mrs. Puckett participated in a study in which she was told she would try out a new allergy medicine. She was in the group that received a sugar pill, but she believed that the pill did indeed help control her allergy symptoms. This phenomenon is known as:

The placebo effect.

Which statement most accurately explains the difference in functioning between the right hemisphere of the brain and the left hemisphere?

The right processes information all at once, whereas the left breaks things down into parts.

The information-processing model assumes that the length of time a memory will be remembered depends on:

The stage of memory in which it is stored.

If a correlation coefficient is positive:

The two variables increase in the same direction.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding algorithms?

They will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found.

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a/an:

Unconditioned stimulus.

Anterograde amnesia can be caused by:

a concussion.

Decay is the fading of:

a memory trace.

An example of an episodic memory would be:

a special gift you received on your 13th birthday.

Echoic memory lasts ______ iconic memory.

about two to four seconds longer than.

Terman determined that gifted people:

are more resistant to mental illnesses than those of average intelligence.

The ________ heuristic is based on one's estimation of the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is to think of related examples.

availability.

Csikszentmihalyi found that:

creative people are not necessarily unconventional in all aspects of their lives.

In a well-known animal language research study, Kanzi the chimp _________________________.

demonstrated four consistent sounds to represent banana, grapes, juice, and the word yes.

When people think, they often have _______ in their minds.

images and words.

Early memories from the first few years of our lives are often difficult to bring into consciousness because they tend to be:

implicit.

In The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray made the unfounded claim that:

intelligence is largely inherited.

In some languages, changing the ______ of a spoken word can change its entire meaning.

intonation.

Standard deviation is the average variation of scores from the:

mean.

Gardner theorized that there are ____ types of intelligence.

nine.

Long-term memories may be inaccessible because:

of interference.

Sternberg's three types of intelligence are analytical, creative, and:

practical.

A useful heuristic that works much of the time is:

working backward from the goal.