Psychology Final

Of the following, which is the most rigorous level of statistical deviation?

.99

A 6-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of

100

A person's predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way is known as

a perceptual

People adapt very quickly to the procedures and behaviors that are appropriate in a church setting. The general knowledge of how to behave in church is called a

a schema

Gary lives near an intersection. In his hall, he can hear cars honking. However, in his bedroom, he cannot hear any cars honking. In this scenario, the volume of car honks in Gary's bedroom fall below his

absolute threshold

Claudia has bought a recipe book that gives her step-by-step procedures to prepare Italian cuisines. This scenario illustrates the use of

algorithms

In the context of emotion, when information about fear is conveyed through the direct brain pathway, it moves from the thalamus to the

amygdala

Which of the following best defines an instinct?

an innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species

Which of the following is true of anorexia nervousa?

anorexia nervous is said to have the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder

Subliminally presented stimuli

can sometimes be subconsciously perceived.

Which of the following is a way to improve short-term memory?

chunking

Many smokers like to associate themselves to the late George Burns, a famous actor who smoked cigars continuously for many years and lived to be nearly a hundred, as evidence that smoking is relatively harmless. These individuals tend to ignore the thousands of people who die every year from lung cancer. They are illustrating:

confirmation bias

Rahul has job offers from three different employers. He carefully analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each of the offers. He compares the offers and evaluates them thoroughly to select the one that would be best for him. Which of the following types of thinking is Rahul employing in his decision making?

convergent thinking

Dhiraj excels at his work as a designer for the established fashion brand, "Vivacious." According to Sternberg's theory of intelligence, it can be concluded that Dhiraj has a high level of _____ intelligence.

creative

In the context of sensory receptors, the intensity of the stimulus is communicated to the brain by varying the ____ of the action potential sent to the brain.

frequency

Melinda suffers from migraine headaches. Which neurotransmitter may be overactive in her system?

glutamate

Goals that are short-term, specific, and moderately challenging lead to

greater success

Every week during football season, Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams. Before the games, Fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out. On Monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the games came out exactly as he thought they would and why. Fred seems to be demonstrating _____.

hindsight bias

As a person exercises, the oxygen levels in his body begin to drop. Hence, the person begins to breathe more rapidly in order to ensure an adequate supply of oxygen to his cells. This increase in his breathing rate is an attempt to restore

homeostasis

According to Noam Chomsky, the fact that children all over the world acquire language the same time indicates

human beings are presided to learn language at a certain time

Deception in research is ethically allowed

if the anticipated benefits outweigh the anticipated costs, and if participants are debriefed.

____ refers to the failure of a person to detect unexpected events when he or she is focused on another task.

inattentional blindness

Human beings will often reason from the specific to the general. That is, people often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples. This type of reasoning is termed as:

inductive reasoning

The conductor of a symphony, whose job it is to get all of the different musicians to come together, is performing a role similar to which aspect of the brain functioning?

integration

The concept of​ _____ is best defined as the ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.

intelligence

Cognitive appraisal refers to the way an individual

interprets a situation

Miguel is able to think clearly about himself and has a clear understanding of his own goals and ambitions. He understands how human personality works and the psychology behind human behavior. According to Garndner's types of intelligence, which of the following type of intelligence is Miguel exhibiting?

intrapersonal intelligence

Laura is a corporate employee. As she is interested in art, Laura enrolls herself for oil painting classes. During weekends, she attends the lessons and derives huge satisfaction from painting portraits in oil. Which of the following is responsible for stimulating Laura to paint?

intrinsic motivation

Paris thinks her friend, Nicole, may be suffering from an undiagnosed case of anorexia nervosa. She shares her concerns with Nicole, but Nicole insists that anorexia nervosa is "no big deal." What is the most serious consequence of anorexia nervosa?

it can cause damage to the thyroid.

Thomas, a war veteran, still experiences occasional aches in the arm that was amputated when he was injured in a war. In the context of sensory receptors and the brain, what phenomenon best illustrates Thomas's condition?

phantom limb pain

Which of the following receptors is most activated when a person is watching a silent movie?

photoreceptors

Sonja believes the pill her doctor gave her has cured her of her anxiety disorder, even though the pill contained no active ingredients. Sonja's belief that she is better now is an example of the _____ effect.

placebo

The brain's special physical capacity for change is referred to as its

plasticity

The influence of multiple genes on behavior is referred to as

polygenic inheritance

In the context of sensory receptors and the brain, a person's ability to sense future events is known as

precognition

____ is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.

priming

Cognitive psychologists are interested in examining the process of

problem solving

_____ is the method of improving short-term memory that involves the conscious repetition of information.

rehearsal

Shizuka administered a self-developed depression scale twice on a group of patients at a hospital. At both times, she observed that different scores were yielded by the same set of patients. From this scenario, it can be concluded that Shizuka's scale lacks

reliability

Felix, a record-holder in the area of memory skills, amazed the 150-member audience at his show when he accurately recalled all their names in correct alphabetical order. Which of the following processes of memory has Felix demonstrated in this scenario?

retrieval

Rahul wants to be a nuclear physicist. He believes that he can compete with his peers and achieve his goal of becoming the best nuclear physicist in the world. In the context of competence motivation, his beliefs represent his

self-efficacy

The process by which an organism effortfully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives is known as

self-regulation

_____ refers to a person's knowledge about the world, his or her areas of expertise, general knowledge, and everyday knowledge.

semantic memory

Lionel steps on a jellyfish as he walks barefoot on the beach. At the moment of contact, the physical pain he experiences most accurately exemplifies

sensation

The process of receiving stimulus energy from the environment and transforming it into neural energy is called

sensation

____ is the system of memory that holds information for time frames of a fraction of a second.

sensory memory

In the context of sensation and perception, specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to agreement nerves and the brain are called

sensory receptors

If you were a neurologist and had a patient who presented with symptoms of depression, which of the following neurotransmitters would you be most interested in?

serotonin

A person is most likely to store a seven digit phone number in his other ____ memory.

short-term

Derek is watching an airplane fly by. The plane seems to get smaller as it goes farther away. Which of the following aspects of perceptual constancy allows Derek to understand that the airplane is not getting smaller?

size constancy

Ryan learns that he is always late to work. He analyzes his reasons for being late to work and learns that he always wakes up very late in the morning. As per the problem-solving process, which of the following should Ryan do?

He must develop a good strategy to improve his sleeping pattern.

Which of the following is true of long-term memory?

It has a storage capacity that is virtually unlimited.

Which of the following is true of short-term memory?

It is a limited-capacity memory system.

Identify a true statement about bulimia nervosa

It typically begins in late adolescence.

At the age of 33, Ricky is a highly1ranked partner in a law firm. He lives by himself and doesn't find the time to socialize. He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life?

Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met

Who among the following is extrinsically motivated to pursue his or her goals?

Ryan, who participates in a debate competition to win the prize money of $15,000

Which of the following is true of brain structures and memory functions in long-term memory?

The amygdala, a part of the limbic system, is involved in emotional memories.

Which of the following is true of the biological factors involved in emotion?

The limbic system is involved in the experience of positive emotions.

Identify a true statement about heuristics.

They aid in narrowing down the possible solutions to a problem.

What is unique about stem cells?

They can develop into most types of human cells.

Jenny detects a change in brightness when a 25W light bulb is replaced with a 100W light bulb but not when it is replaced with a 50W light bulb. However, she detects a change if the same 50W light bulb is replaced with a 200W light bulb. The differences in Jenny's ability to perceive these changes can be explained by

Weber's Law

Identify a true statement about the relationship between language and brain.

Wernicke's area is responsible for language comprehension.

Confidentiality requires that

data from a study is stored without names attached.

_____ is the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated.

declarative memory

Vivian visits the public aquarium in her city. While looking at the fish tank, she notices an apple snail stuck to the glass wall of the tank. She feels nostalgic because she remembers collecting apple snails with her brothers when they were younger. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing Vivian has engaged in while encoding her childhood memory of apple snails?

deep

Which of the following best describes how information is transmitted within a new iron?

dendrite -> cell body -> axon

The feeling of hunger that initiates the act of opening a refrigerator for food best represents a(n)

drive

____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

elaboration

Melanie is a strong advocate of the James-Lange theory of emotion. Which of the following statements is she most likely to make?

emotions and psychological reactions occur simultaneously

The first step in the memory process is _________ information in a form that the memory system can use.

encoding

Sarah is reading a book on the different species of insects found in the Amazon Basin. In this scenario, Sarah is primarily

encoding information into her memory.

The set of glands that regulates the activities of certain organs is called the _____ system.

endocrine

_____ refers to the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings.

episodic memory

Jared is a salesman at a large retail store. Upon meeting his monthly sales target, he is honored with the title of "Star Salesman" by the management. Despite the recognition, Jared is not very happy. He feels that the management should have rewarded him with a bonus instead of a title. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Jared seeking to fulfill?

esteem needs

Kate, a member of the sorority at Quantasia State University, argues that AI machines will become intent on domination of the human race as soon as they realize that they are intellectually superior to humans. As a psychology major, Laura scoffs at this position and argues that AI machines will never come to the realization that they are smarter than humans because they

lack the capacity for self-awareness.

In the auditory system, _____ is the perception of a sound wave's amplitude.

loudness

Which of the following sensory processes is most activated when a person is listening to a song?

mechanoreception

You work for a business that has many employees whose salaries range from $22,000 to nearly $400,000 for the top executives. Your boss tells you that your next raise can be based on the mean, median, or mode. You currently make $28,000 a year. Which measure should you choose?

median

While preparing for a biology test, Aaron studies the human heart by closing his eyes and forming a picture of it in his mind, just as it is shown in the textbook. He also labels each part in his mind. Which of the following encoding processes is Aaron using in this scenario?

mental imagery

If an outcome measure is normally distributed, this means that

most scores are around the average with some scores being lower or higher.

Whenever Olivia watched a television commercial featuring food, she is ridden by a desire to eat. These feelings of hunger stimulate Olivia to go to the kitchen to search for food. Olivia's behavior can be studied by conducting research in the area of

motivation

Vineet is bored. He wants to play soccer with his friends. He goes to a store and buys himself a ball and then plays with his friends. In this case, Vineet is satisfying his

need

The cell body contains the _____, which directs the manufacture of substances that a neuron needs for growth and maintenance.

nucleus

An individual's phenotype is his or her

observable characteristics

Which of the following neurotransmitter plays an important role in human bonding?

oxytocin

In psychology, the process of organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information is called

perception

Rachel is walking in the woods and feels a sudden pain in the back of her neck. Due to the nature of the pain she recognizes that she has been stung by a bee. In this scenario, which of the following processes has most likely helped her identify the source of her pain?

perception

When shopping for their brother, Jack and James are presented with a red shirt by the sales person. While Jack likes the shirt, James dislikes the shirt. In this scenario, even though the color of the shirt is the same, Jack and James disagree because of differences in their _____ of the shirt.

perception

The terms somatic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are best associated with the

peripheral nervous system

You are sitting in a public place next to a new acquaintance to whom you are attracted. You feel this person's hand touch yours. You move your hand to return the gesture. Your heart beats faster and you feel "butterflies" in your stomach. Your hand movement was initiated by your _______ nervous system while your increased heart rate and stomach contractions were initiated by your _______ nervous system.

somatic; autonomic

According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following frames of mind describes the ability to think three-dimensionally?

spatial

Norman is involved in the process of developing instructions for administering and scoring a personality scale. Thus, it can be concluded that Norman is in the process of establishing _____.

standardized norms

Intermediate processing in memory is the level at which

stimulus is recognized and labeled

____ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

sustained attention

Teresa, a young woman, sees words in colors and sees shapes whenever she hears a sound. In the context of sensory receptors and the brain, Teresa's experiences best illustrate the phenomenon of

synaesthesia

The physical space between two neurons is called the

synapse

In the context of sensory receptors and the brain, a person's ability to read another person's mind is known as

telepathy

One of the important functions of the hypothalamus is

the maintenance of body temperature

Which of the following is true of individuals with binge eating disorder (BED)?

they do not try to compensate for what they have eaten by purging

As Mike gets up to go to his kitchen, the lights go out. Despite not being able to see in his house, he is still able to go to his kitchen. In this scenario, Mike's ability to use his knowledge of the layout of his house to find his way is an example of

top-down processing