Psychology final
Can attitudes predict behavior?
-when attitudes are strong -when attitudes are rehearsed -when person has vested interest
OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)
5 factor model of personality
Latency Stage (6-puberty)
A phase of dormant sexual feelings
________ is a psychological disorder that is characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.
Antisocial personality disorder
Who may benefit the most from electroconvulsive therapy?
Brad, who is acutely depressed and contemplating suicide
personal growth and self-determination
Carl Rogers
Which of the following statements is true of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)?
It includes new diagnoses such as binge eating disorder and gambling addiction.
Which of the following statements is true of well-being therapy (WBT)?
It is a directive approach that enables clients to accentuate positive experiences.
Identify a true statement about psychotherapy.
It is a nonmedical process.
Which of the following is true of the sensation approach to autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
It maintains that people with ASD have problems integrating sensory experiences.
In the context of structures of personality described by Freud, who among the following is most likely acting according to the demands of the id?
John, a 2-year-old, who snatches a toy from another child
Who among the following most likely suffers from antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)?
Jonathan, who thinks that it is fine to physically abuse his girlfriend because she deserves it
Which of the following individuals would benefit from aversive conditioning?
Jordan, who has a habit of overeating
Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from the "question the evidence" technique in cognitive therapy?
Linda, who states that she can never be happy alone after her divorce
participants ("teachers") were instructed to give electric shocks to another person ("learner") who only pretender to be shocked
Milgram's obedience experiment theory
567 items, control for social desirability, assess mental health and used to make hiring decisions and to determine criminal risk
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Who among the following is most likely to be diagnosed with excoriation disorder?
Natalie, who has the habit of picking at her skin
According to the five-factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality?
Neuroticism is low in calm and self-satisfied individuals
Which of the following statements is true of the biological factors involved in schizophrenia?
Problems in prenatal development may predispose a brain to develop schizophrenic symptoms later in life.
Which of the following statements is true of biological therapies?
Psychiatrists prescribe medications that alter aspects of bodily functioning
_______ is Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique for analyzing an individual's unconscious thoughts.
Psychoanalysis
Who among the following displays a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Ray, who shows no emotion
personality score based on description of inkblots, questionable reliability and validity
Rorschach Inkblot Test
In the context of drug therapy, ________ are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants because they are thought to be effective with the fewest side effects.
SSRIs
Who among the following therapists is most likely following Freud's psychoanalytic methods in treatment?
Sam, who helps his patient recount a difficult interaction the patient had with her son
Pablo had an intense fear of giving oral presentations in class. He also is very fearful of dating. Base on this description, he is probably suffering from?
Social anxiety disorder
conducted the varying line study and determined that people will choose the obviously wrong answer if the crowd does the same. if at least one person chooses the right answer though, people regain confidence. deindividuation
Solomon Asch
Which of the following is true of the structures of personality as described by Sigmund Freud?
The ego acts as a mediator between the conflicting demands of the id and the superego, as well as the real world.
Which of the following statements is true of behavior therapies?
They do not change thoughts or emotions that underlie behaviors.
Which of the following is a criticism of the trait theories of personality?
They miss the importance of situational factors in personality and behavior.
Which of the following behavior patterns refers to a cluster of characteristics—including being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile—related to a higher incidence of heart disease?
Type A behavior pattern
In the context of psychological factors implicated in depressive disorders, who among the following most likely has a pessimistic attributional style?
Victoria, who thinks that she is not getting a job solely because she is not smart and that she will never get a job
Ryan, a schizophrenic patient, believes that he is the reincarnation of a famous preacher. In this scenario, he most likely experiences
a delusion
Jemima is shattered after surviving a rape attack. She has lost confidence and does not want to connect with her family and friends. Which of the following types of therapy groups is most likely to help her regain her confidence?
a self-help support group
In the context of the symptoms of schizophrenia, which of the following is true of catatonia?
a state of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time.
prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself
altruism
Tipah lives in a small village in Malaysia. According to the local villagers, Tipah suffers from a mental disorder.He often experiences sudden, uncontrolled outbursts of anger. Tipah has attacked and injured many people during these fits of rage. His family claims that Tipah usually seems emotionally withdrawn before the onset of these attacks. Which of the following culture-related disorders best fits the description of Tipah's mental disorder?
amok
Uncontrollable fears that are disproportionate and disruptive
anxiety disorders
Justin is an eight-year-old boy who suffers from autism and frequently engages in self-harming behavior. His mother brings him to Sasha, a behavioral therapist. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is most likely to be implemented by Sasha to curb Justin's self-harming behavior?
applied behavior analysis
Which of the following therapies represents the application of operant principles to psychological disorders?
applied behavior analysis
According to Jung's analytic theory, emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people are known as
archetypes
Identify a true statement about dissociative disorders.
are thought to be rooted, in part, in extremely traumatic life events.
-overestimate the importance of internal traits -underestimate the importance of external causes
attribution errors
explanations for why people behave the way they do
attributions
As part of a smoking cessation program, Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette. Even though he knows he is receiving the drug, it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less. This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in
aversive conditioning
Henry is an alcoholic. To help him with his drinking problem, his therapist gives him an alcoholic drink laced with a nausea-inducing drug so that he feels like throwing up after drinking it. From the given scenario, it can be concluded that the therapist is using
aversive conditioning.
Abnormal behavior is
behavior that is deviant.
Janet's psychiatrist prescribes benzodiazepines to treat her anxiety disorder. Janet is worried that she will develop an addiction to the drug. Her psychiatrist tells her that her concerns are valid and suggests an alternative that poses a lower risk of addiction. In this case, the alternative drugs prescribed by the psychiatrist are most likely to be
beta blockers.
Dr. Sullivan, a psychologist, believes that the lack of emotions experienced by psychopaths can be attributed to amygdala dysfunction. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, Dr. Sullivan's belief supports the
biological approach.
Etiology of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
biological factors- genetic predisposition, GABA deficiency, respiration psychological and sociocultural factors- harsh self standards, critical parents, negative thoughts, trauma
genetics, amygdala and limbic system, testosterone and serotonin levels
biological influences on aggression
The interaction of biological influences, psychological influences, and social-cultural influences on our behavior is known as
biopsychosocial model
Dr. Wren is in the process of diagnosing Lily's psychological disorder. When he asks Lily a few questions about her symptoms, Lily reveals that she experiences alternating episodes of euphoria and distress. On some days, Lily claims that she feels like she is capable of doing anything in the world; during this phase, she cannot sleep, feels restless, and is extremely excitable. On the other days, Lily feels utterly worthless and miserable; during this phase, Lily lies in bed all day and is troubled by morbid thoughts. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, Dr. Wren is most likely to diagnose Lily with
bipolar disorder
Instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and affective regulation; impulsivity
borderline personality disorder
Simone feels insecure and needy in any relationship. She can switch from idolizing a person to completely disliking the person. She often threatens to kill herself and has engaged in self-mutilation on multiple occasions. In this case, Simone is most likely to be diagnosed with
borderline personality disorder
what are the biological factors implicated in depressive disorders?
brain structure/function, neurotransmitters, and genes
Ria, a schizophrenic patient, sometimes lapses into a phase during which she becomes unresponsive and stiff. In this state, her body becomes rigid, and she sits for hours by herself as if in a stupor. In this scenario, she most likely experiences
catatonia
type of information processing that involves attending to the content of the message itself
central-route processing
Izzie tells her therapist, Kim, that she is insecure and would be devastated if her live-in boyfriend of 10 years ended their relationship. In response to Izzie's statement, Kim asks her the manner in which she would be devastated and suggests ways of alleviating this feeling. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Kim?
challenging idiosyncratic meanings
Phobias developed through associations of a aversive stimuli with previously neutral stimuli. This expresses the _____ explanation of podia development.
classical conditioning
sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's attitudes
cognitive dissonance
Can behavior predict attitudes?
cognitive dissonance and self perception
Roberto is a behavioral psychologist. Tracy, one of his patients, feels that she is a failure and is not capable of achieving anything in life. Roberto instructs Tracy to change the way she feels about herself. He asks her to write down five positive qualities about herself and to focus on those positive qualities whenever she feels low. Which of the following techniques of therapy is exemplified in this scenario?
cognitive restructuring
Mindy's therapist uses the technique of distraction to help her deal with anxiety and asks her to count to 200 by 13s when she feels anxious. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Mindy's therapist practices
cognitive therapy
In the context of Adler's individual psychology, ________ refers to an individual's attempt to overcome imagined or real inferiorities or weaknesses by developing one's own abilities.
compensation
changing one's behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change
compliance
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
conformity
Dennis tells his therapist that his dream of getting into an Ivy League college for law is ruined because he has performed poorly in his midterm exams. In response to Dennis's statement, his therapist questions whether this is really a foregone conclusion. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Dennis's therapist?
decatastrophizing
Ron is at work. He receives a phone call from the police station in his hometown, informing him that his mother has had an accident and has been hospitalized in critical condition. Ron's ego attempts to reduce the anxiety from receiving the news by distorting reality and preventing him from acknowledging the situation. According to Freudian theory, Ron is most likely using a
defense mechanism
the lessening of personal identity, self-restraint, and the sense of personal responsibility that can occur within a group
deindividuation
the ego deal with the
demands of reality
Ashton's girlfriend confronts him about his excessive smoking habit, but he thinks that he doesn't have any such problem. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, this scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of
denial
disbelieve present reality
denial
Meena is a family therapist of Mr. and Mrs. Smythe, and she helps them address their son's delinquent behavior. However, after a couple of sessions, Meena realizes that Mr. and Mrs. Smythe's marital relationship is not as stable as it seems. According to her, their son's behavioral issues are a result of their marital conflicts. In the context of family therapy, which of the following techniques should Meena use to help the family?
detriangulation
abnormal behavior is behavior that is...
deviant (atypical), maladaptive(dysfunctional), personally distressing (despair)
Angela has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. She has been asked to visit Judith for therapy. In the initial few sessions, Judith gave homework assignments to Angela. In the later sessions, Angela explored her early childhood experiences with the help of cognitive interventions from Judith. This therapy significantly reduced Angela's symptoms. In the context of the types of integrative therapy, it can be inferred that Judith has implemented ________ in this scenario.
dialectical behavior therapy
shift feelings to new object
displacement
Caleb, a mercenary, was tortured for days in an underground cell. When he was rescued by Special Forces a month later, Caleb could not remember the events of the previous month. To Caleb, it felt like he had just gone to war and, minutes later, was being pulled out of an underground cell. The doctors attributed Caleb's memory loss to the extensive psychological trauma that he experienced during imprisonment. In the context of dissociative disorders, which of the following best describes Caleb's psychological disorder in this scenario?
dissociative amnesia
A class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness, memory, or self identity is know as?
dissociative disorders
sudden loss of memory or change in identity
dissociative disorders
Eleanor is a quiet 41 year old housewife. Occasionally, she seems to become a 14 year old male juvenile delinquent. Other times she becomes a 52 year old feud mouth alcoholic. This sounds like a textbook case of?
dissociative identity disorder
Hilda was physically abused as a child by her father. To cope with the trauma, Hilda developed an alternate personality called Max. During her adolescent years, she created another personality called Emma. The personalities of Max and Emma take control of Hilda's behavior often. In the context of psychological disorders, Hilda's case is a classic example of
dissociative identity disorder
asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment
door-in-the-face technique
Schizophrenia may involve imbalance in nerve pathways that utilize which neurotransmitter?
dopamine
In the context of psychoanalysis, when a psychotherapist questions a client about the nightmares the client has had, the therapist is engaging in the method of
dream analysis
helping others for personal advancement
egoism
model of persuasion stating that people will either elaborate on the persuasive message or fail to elaborate on it and that the future actions of those who do elaborate are more predictable than those who do not
elaboration likelihood model
In the context of biological forms of therapy, when an individual is suffering from a severe episode of major depressive disorder, which of the following treatment approaches will be useful in reducing his or her symptoms and provide rapid relief to the person's mood?
electroconvulsive therapy
Ivan is very depressed and is suicidal. He is not responding to the drugs normally employed to treat depression. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prove helpful in reducing Ivan's depression and suicidal behavior?
electroconvulsive therapy
In the context of psychotherapy, ________ is an approach to treating psychological disorders that advocates making treatment decisions based on the body of research that has shown which type of therapy works best.
empirically supported treatment
Nigella tells her therapist that she is depressed because she wants to pursue a postgraduate degree but is unable to attend regular college since she has to earn for her family. In response to Nigella's statement, the therapist suggests that she attend a part-time education program instead of a regular postgraduate course. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Nigella's therapist?
examining options and alternatives
boys were randomly separated into two groups, competitions fostered hostility between groups, experimenters contrived situations requiring cooperation for success
experiment @ robber's cave
On a personality questionnaire that aims to assess hostility among women aged 25-40, researchers have included the items "I react strongly when someone gets in my way" and "I will let someone know if they have made me angry." The questionnaire also requires respondents to indicate the extent to which they agree with these two statements. On the basis of these factors, the questionnaire items would be considered to have
face validity
overestimating the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do
false consensus effect
Lester has a fear of public speaking. He visits a cognitive therapist to overcome his fear. The therapist asks him to imagine a situation that involves speaking on the stage and then encourages him to give mock speeches in front of his family and friends. Gradually, his therapist teaches Lester some coping strategies to deal with his fear in an effective manner. In the given scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Lester's therapist?
fantasizing consequences
Sarah tells her therapist that she is scared of being assertive in front of her superiors. So her therapist initially asks her to imagine a situation that requires her to be assertive. Then, she helps Sarah develop the requisite skills to be assertive. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Sarah's therapist?
fantasizing consequences
Felicia reports that she is hearing voices that continually demean and belittle her. By what criterion is her behavior considered abnormal?
faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality
nyctophobia
fear of darkness
aerophobia
fear of flying
xenophobia
fear of foreigners
Remain locked in particular developmental stage
fixation
Which of the following statements is true of humanistic therapies?
focus on an individual's self-healing capacities
asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment
foot-in-the-door technique
Lisa is a psychologist who follows the psychodynamic approach to psychotherapy. She asks her clients to share any thought that comes to their minds. She listens to her patients without any judgment and interprets the information. Which of the following processes is best exemplified in this scenario?
free association
neuroticism extraversion openness Inventory (NEO-PI-R)
free, face validity
the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situation factors
fundamental attribution error
Bency has an abnormal fear of marriage and commitment. She has never been in a committed relationship and is terrified of getting married. In this case, she is most likely to be diagnosed with
gamphobia
Brad has been in a state of incessant worry for almost half a year now. He has trouble sleeping and breathing. Dr. Simons, a psychiatrist, asks Brad detailed questions about his symptoms and medical history. Brad tells Dr. Simons that he cannot stop worrying and is constantly nervous. Brad also complains of muscular tension and stomach problems. After conducting a quick examination of Brad's symptoms, Dr. Simons discovers that Brad's incessant worry does not have a particular cause but has taken a toll on Brad's physical health. Which of the following disorders is Dr. Simons most likely to diagnose Brad with?
generalized anxiety disorder
One of the reasons for the concerns raised by the critiques of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is that
generally U.S. insurance companies will only reimburse for treatments of diagnoses that appear in DSM-5.
biological factors of panic disorder
genetic predisposition (Neurotransmitters, lactate, hormones)
In the self-instructional method, which is a cognitive-behavior technique, a therapist
gives a client examples of constructive statements.
the tendency for members involved in a group discussion to take somewhat more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions when compared to individuals who have not participated in a group discussion
group polarization
kind of thinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problems with which the group is concerned
groupthink
Amy tells her therapist that she feels extremely low these days as her husband is going to be transferred to a military base in another country. In response to Amy's statement, her therapist helps Amy understand that her sadness stems from her fear of being lonely. Once Amy understands the reason for her sadness, she can take measures to address it. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques is exemplified?
guided association
What is trichotillomania?
hair pulling disorder
Cognitive shortcuts that speed decision making
heuristics
Teena is pursuing an undergraduate course in architecture. She receives an assignment from her professor that involves building a replica of a famous fort. Teena is confident that she can complete the assignment a day before the deadline. According to Bandura, Teena most likely has
high self-efficacy
Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts all individuals as they are. It is important to Brittney that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinions of others. In this scenario, Brittney's views of personality fit best within the _____ perspective.
humanistic
Santiago has been seeing his therapist, Mariam, for over six months. He often feels distressed and anxious. Mariam focuses on Santiago's current state and emphasizes personal growth. Mariam also suggests ways to bridge the gap between what Santiago actually is and what Santiago wants to become instead of focusing on his depression. In this scenario, it can be inferred that Mariam is adopting the ________ approach to psychotherapy.
humanistic
emphasis on a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities
humanistic perspectives
James, a therapist, helps his clients identify and understand their own genuine feelings. He also assists them in becoming highly congruent by bringing their actual self closer to their ideal self. In this scenario, which of the following forms of psychotherapy does James most likely practice?
humanistic therapy
Kiara finds an abandoned wallet with $300 in it and no identification. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Kiara's decision to keep the money or turn it in will cause the greatest conflict between her
id & superego
sets of assumptions about how different types of people, personality traits, and action are related to each other
implicit personality theory
the forming of the first knowledge that a person has concerning another person
impression formation
________ refers to Alfred Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is the key motivator in human life.
individual psych
Dr. Guerrero uses different therapies based on the benefits they provide for her clients. Currently, she is using a behavioral approach to treat an individual with panic disorder and a cognitive therapy approach to treat a client with major depressive disorder. Dr. Guerrero is practicing
integrative therapy.
commitment to partner, investment in relationship, & lack of attractive alternatives
investment model
Chaz has been on antipsychotic medication for several weeks now. As a consequence, he will experience the side effect of
involuntary muscle movement
In Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory, the behavioral inhibition system
is involved in avoidance learning
The main criticism of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is that it
is rooted in the medical model of psychological disorders.
A critic of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is most likely to state that
it focuses solely on problems.
Nina has the habit of eating nonfood substances. Nina's behavior is considered abnormal because
it is deviant.
In the context of schizophrenia, which of the following is true of referential thinking?
it means ascribing personal meaning to completely random events
A major criticism of social cognitive theory is that
it's too concerned w/ situational influences on personality
Abigail tells her therapist that she becomes anxious in the presence of strangers and her mind fills with negative thoughts. Her therapist asks her to maintain a record of the number of times such thoughts cross her mind in the presence of strangers. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Abigail's therapist?
labeling of distortions
Jane is afraid of crowds. If her therapist uses the systematic desensitization technique, Jane will be asked to
learn how to relax.
As described in the text, behavioral models of abnormality assume that abnormal behavior?
learned the same way as normal behavior
Hilda's colleagues find it difficult to work with her on projects as she is uncooperative. They describe Hilda's personality as ruthless and untrustworthy. According to the five-factor model of personality, Hilda is most likely to be rated
low on agreeableness
getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment
lowball technique
Bonnie has been feeling extremely sad for the last two months. She has difficulty getting out of bed to face the day and has lost interest in formerly pleasurable activities. Occasionally, sheathings about comment suicide. She sounds like she may bee suffering from _____ disorder?
major depressive disorder
Cathy is worried about her mental health. She visits Dr. Henderson, a psychiatrist, to seek treatment for her condition. When Dr. Henderson asks her questions about herself, Cathy reveals that she is unhappy and feels worthless most of the time. She does not eat or sleep well and has even contemplated suicide. Dr. Henderson also learns that Cathy has been experiencing these distressing symptoms for almost three weeks. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, Dr. Henderson is likely to diagnose Cathy with
major depressive disorder
Significant episode that lasts for at least 2 weeks
major depressive disorder
________ refers to a psychological state in which an individual feels overexcited and unrealistically optimistic.
mania
Which of the following types of treatment is typically used in biological therapies?
medication
television vs print
medium
Avril is suffering from major depressive disorder and has been administered Elavil, a tricyclic drug. According to this information, which of the following side effects is she likely to experience as a result of prolonged intake of this drug?
memory loss
rational vs emotional strategy
message
Luke is suffering from schizophrenia and has been administered Risperdal, an atypical antipsychotic medicine. According to this information, which of the following side effects is he most likely to experience as a result of the intake of this drug?
metabolic syndrome
Approximately how many people are hospitalized for schizophrenia in a given year?
more than 100,000
A stereotypical man with antisocial personality disorder is like to have been raised in a home characterized by?
neglect, abuse, & lack of warmth
Keith, a 12-year-old, listens to his mother curse every time she is frustrated. Keith starts using the same curse words in school. Which of the following aspects of Bandura's social cognitive theory is best exemplified in this scenario?
observational learning
Reduction of anxiety that occurs when fear objects are avoided is the basis of which explanation of phobia avoidance?
operant conditioning
The decatastrophize technique in cognitive therapy involves helping the client evaluate whether he or she is
overestimating the nature of a situation
Lola often experiences abrupt, brief episodes of overwhelming fear. She does not know what triggers them, but she has these attacks in the grocery store, in busy restaurants, and even while driving. During these episodes, Lola's heart pounds and she has difficulty breathing. She fears that she may have a heart attack. In the context of psychological disorders, Lola most likely has panic disorder.
panic disorder
Takoo occasionally find himself in a state of sheer terror. The sensation last for secular minutes, and he often believes he is "going crazy". His symptoms most closely describe?
panic disorder
type of information processing that involves attending to factors not involved in the message, such as the appearance of the source of the message, the length of the message, and other non-content factors
peripheral-route processing
physical atractiveness; beauty is good stereotype
person perception
a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world
personality
Zach, a 20-year-old, adopts sublimation as a defense mechanism. He has a keen interest in poetry. He wants to pursue a career in theater as he loves acting. In the context of Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development, he is most likely to be fixated at the
phallic stage
Oral Stage (0-18 months)
pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing
Anal Stage (18-36 months)
pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
Ted has antisocial personality disorder. It is likely thatTed shows abnormal functions in which part of his brain?
prefrontal cortex
An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based to the individual's membership in a group
prejudice
Marcus and his wife are friends with their neighbors Allen and Jane. Marcus is sexually attracted to Jane. He, however, accuses his wife of being attracted to Allen. Marcus's behavior best illustrates the defense mechanism of
projection
attribute own faults to others
projection
Dr. Crane is looking for a test that he can use to understand more about his clients' unconscious feelings and conflicts. Which of the following types of assessment tools will be most ideal for Dr. Crane?
projective assessment tools
socially desirable behavior that benefits others
prosocial behavior
Advantages of DSM-V Classification System
provides a common basis for communication, helps clinicians make predictions, naming the disorder can provide comfort
Sean, a psychologist, told his colleague, "My client must confront the conflicts he faced in his childhood and gain release from this burdening anxiety." According to this statement, it can be concluded that Sean follows the ________ approach.
psychodynamic
________ perspectives on personality emphasize that personality is primarily unconscious.
psychodynamic
Which of the following is the least used biological intervention for patients with severe psychological disorders?
psychosurgery
Schizophrenia is best desired as a type of ___ disorder?
psychotic
Neal, a psychologist who follows the humanistic approach to personality, intends to examine the levels of achievement motivation among neurosurgeons in a hospital. Which of the following personality assessment techniques will be best suited to Neal's examination?
questionnaires
Claim different motive
rationalization
Convert to opposite emotion
reaction formation
theory stating that prejudice and discrimination will be increased between groups that are in conflict over a limited resource
realistic conflict theory
Alexander, a 16-year-old, tells his therapist that he is a failure as he has been performing poorly in his new school. In response to Alexander's statement, the therapist asks him to explore other reasons for his failure, such as adjustment difficulties with respect to his new school, lack of friends, and so on. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Alexander's therapist?
reattribution
behavior, environment, and cognitive & factors interact to create personality
reciprocal determinism
Tyra believes that her neighbor is actually a terrorist who works undercover to assassinate the president of the United States. In the context of schizophrenia, in this scenario, Tyra most likely engages in
referential thinking.
Every time Antony, a 30-year-old architect, experiences stress at work, he goes home to his parents to find comfort. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, this scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of
regression
Revert to earlier, "safer" period
regression
forget the unacceptable
repression
He learned that people obey authority figures even if it means hurting, injuring, or possibly killing another.
result of stanley milgram study
Malia's psychotherapist Natasha is practicing the technique of free association. Natasha has most likely asked Malia to
say aloud whatever comes to her mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
Which of the following is a cognitive therapy technique in which clients rate their emotions in order to gain a perspective on their situation?
scaling
A breakdown in the logical structure of thinking and speech, revealed in the form of a loosening of associations best described which psychological disorder?
schizophrenia
In the context of drug therapy, ________ are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants because they are thought to be effective with the fewest side effects.
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
According to Abraham Maslow, ________ is the motivation to develop to one's full potential as a human being.
self-actualization
the tendency of one's expectations to affect one's behavior in such a way as to make the expectations more likely to occur
self-fulfilling prophecy
Which of the following forms of treatment relies on paraprofessionals?
self-help support groups
individuals make inferences about their own attitudes by perceiving their own behavior, especially if their attitudes are unclear
self-perception theory
the main determinant of personality development
sex drive
behavior and personality vary considerably across context
situationism
Andrew is fearful of public gatherings. He does not like to interact with people and always avoids public events as he is scared of being embarrassed by people. Which of the following anxiety disorders is exemplified in this scenario?
social anxiety disorder
the mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world around them
social cognition
Fair exchange of "goods" Minimize costs, maximize benefits
social exchange theory
the tendency for the presence of other people to have a positive impact on the performance of an easy task
social facilitation
theory in which the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison
social identity theory
the tendency for the presence of other people to have a negative impact on the performance of a difficult task
social impairment
the process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual
social influence
the tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task
social loafing
Eric has an extreme fear of being humiliated in public. As a result, he avoids public gatherings and functions. The thought of speaking in front of a crowd induces panic in him. Eric most likely has
social phobia
the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior influence and are influenced by social groups: area of psychology in which psychologists focus on how human behavior is affected by the presence of other people
social psych
When treating a client with a psychological disorder, a therapist makes the assumption that the person's difficulties stem primarily from the context in which a person lives. This therapist most likely identifies with the ________ to psychological disorders.
sociocultural approach
Which anxiety disorder has the highest lifetime prevalence in the population?
specific phobia
the effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior
stereotype vulnerability
disadvantages of DSM-V classification system
stigma (shame, negative reputation) medical terminology implies internal cause focus on weaknesses, ignores strengths
Taylor is a family therapist who intends to resolve a mother-child coalition that has formed in the case of her client Hannah. The coalition has formed because Hannah's husband does not spend quality time with them. According to this information, it can be inferred that Taylor intends to implement the ________ technique.
structural change
Jeff has been extremely aggressive since childhood. He pursues a career in boxing, which provides a socially acceptable channel to express his aggression. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, this scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of
sublimation
transform vile to valuable
sublimation
If Marcy is feeling guilty about lying to her mother, supporters of Freud's psychoanalytic theory would most likely argue that her ________ is making her feel this way.
superego
Ann has a phobia of lizards. During her first therapy session, her therapist asks her to think of all her fears associated with lizards and arrange them in a hierarchy. According to this information, which of the following behavioral therapies has been implemented by Ann's therapist?
systematic desensitization
Clients in cognitive therapies are most likely to gain insight about
the automatic thoughts that underlie their problems.
It states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.
the biopsychosocial model
Which of the following is true of the delayed maturation hypothesis about the origins of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
the brains of children with ADHD develop more slowly than typical developing people
trustworthiness, expertise, attractiveness, likability, similarity
the communicator (credibility)
With regard to somatic symptom disorder, the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) focuses on
the experience of excessive thoughts and feelings about the symptoms.
Teresa loves socializing in college and participates in almost all extracurricular and social activities. However, back home, she is reserved and prefers spending time alone. In the context of Jung's analytical theory, which of the following is represented in the scenario?
the persona
Natalie had to close her start-up firm because of heavy losses. She is depressed and thinks of herself as a complete failure. She visits a psychologist to deal with her depression. Her psychologist focuses on changing her thoughts and provides a set of positive statements that Natalie can say to herself whenever she feels low. In this scenario, the psychologist is most likely using
the self-instructional method.
Derek is diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Derek's counselor, Mary, believes that Derek's poor relationship with his alcoholic stepfather is a factor that contributed to Derek's psychological disorder. Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders most likely conforms to Mary's beliefs in this scenario?
the sociocultural approach
Keith, a 10-year-old boy, is diagnosed with conduct disorder. Leah, Keith's psychologist, says that his abnormal behavior is most likely because of his exposure to chronic parental conflict. Which of the following approaches to psychological disorders is best exemplified in this scenario?
the sociocultural approach to psych disorders
Age, attitude, strength
the target
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
Which of the following is an important determinant of the effectiveness of psychotherapy?
the therapeutic alliance
According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following is a true statement about self-actualizing people?
they can appear childlike in their ability to be spontaneous and straightforward
Identify a true statement about the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
they reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions
A therapist who implements the cognitive restructuring technique believes that ________ are the causes of maladaptive behavior.
thought patterns
Kendall's therapist has asked her to imagine a large "X" when she begins to think about things that make her anxious. According to this information, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Kendall's therapist?
thought stopping
Which of the following is a primary goal of cognitive therapists?
to change feelings and behaviors by changing inner thoughts
Which of the following is a primary goal of psychodynamic therapists?
to help clients resolve unconscious conflicts and gain insight
Clapton is suffering from depression and has been administered Nardil, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. According to this information, which of the following side effects is he likely to experience as a result of the intake of this drug?
toxicity
In the context of psychoanalysis, a client interacting with an analyst as if the analyst were a parent or lover exemplifies the concept of
transference
Raphael has been undergoing psychotherapy. He has started to feel the same kind of anger toward his therapist as he had felt toward his father. In the given scenario, Raphael is exhibiting
transference
Sherice started seeing a psychotherapist because of marital problems. She is unhappy because she feels her husband does not give her enough attention. After several sessions, she is quite taken with her male therapist because he gives her undivided attention. This growing affection for the therapist is called
transference
Mathew is a critic of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). He is most likely to agree that the DSM
treats psych disorders as if they're medical illnesses
Each time Harry feels anxious, he compulsively pulls at his hair, from the scalp or eyebrows. This compulsive urge to pull at his hair has made him partially bald. In the context of disorders related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Harry is most likely to be diagnosed with
trichotillomania
Ryan is depressed about the fact that he has been fired from his job, so he visits a cognitive therapist. His therapist encourages him to take this opportunity to hone his skills by taking some courses. According to this information, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Ryan's therapist?
turning adversity to advantage
Alyssa tells her therapist that she is depressed as she has been laid off. Her therapist Sheila asks her whether she has considered landscaping full-time, something she is good at and does for her friends as a hobby. Sheila encourages Alyssa to consider approaching nurseries for leads to people who may require landscaping services. In this scenario, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been used by Alyssa's therapist?
turning adversity to change
Mathew is a 14-year-old adolescent. He is poor in academics but is a basketball player at the national level. Despite his poor performance in academics, his parents never criticize him. They try to assist him in academics and encourage him in sports. In the context of Carl Rogers' humanistic psychology approach, which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario?
unconditional positive regard
Do the Big 5 Personality traits exist cross-culturally?
yes esp. agreeableness, extraversion, & conscientiousness
Do the big 5 personality traits show up in animals?
yes, dogs & hyenas.
