psychology final

Sabrina is very good at managing her stress. From the research on stress it is most likely that Sabrina is in the _____ age group

. 67+

Low levels of _____ in the brain have been linked to Alzheimer's disease.

. acetylcholine

The electrical potential created by the difference in charge between the inside and outside of a neuron is called the neuron's _____ potential

. action

Dr. Hernandez is attempting to diagnose a brain injury in a patient. In order to observe the function of her patient's brain using a(n) _____, Dr. Hernandez places electrodes on the patient's scalp to record electrical activity.

. electroencephalogram (EEG)

Are you a secretive person? How high is your self-esteem? According to 19th-century _____, the answers to these questions lie on the surface of the skull.

. phrenologist

As part of a research project, Lauren is conducting a survey of undergraduate students on her campus about their top sources of stress. If responses to her survey are similar to what other researchers have found, most students will report that _____ are the top sources of stress.

. unsuccessful attempts at managing stress

About _____ of all psychotherapy clients show clinically significant improvement after 21 sessions.

1/2

The field of health psychology gained momentum in the

1960s

Joseph et al. (2013) found that unemployment following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 increased the likelihood of "cardiometabolic events" by a factor of:

5

Professor Young has the following data: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8. What is the median?

5

The empirical rule tells us that _____% of values will fall within two standard deviations of the mean

95

Aurelio is a psychologist who has conducted research on strategies that improve learning in a laboratory setting. Cassandra is a psychologist who has taken the findings of Aurelio's research and has used them to improve learning in a group of fifth graders at a public school. Which statement is correct regarding Aurelio's and Cassandra's research?

Auerlio's search is basic, as cassandra's is applied.

Beatriz has just received her doctoral degree in psychology. She has decided to devote her career to basic research, which means she is likely to find employment in a:

College/university

means favoritism or hostility to others based on some factor such as ethnicit

Discrimination

Anti-anxiety drugs, such as Valium and Xanax, work by enhancing the effects of:

GABA

In the 1920s, _____ found that the English language identified more than 4,500 personality traits.

Gordon Allport

Which of these situations illustrates an approach-avoidance conflict?

Justin is trying to decide whether to clean the bathroom or fold the laundry. He doesn't want to do either, but he must do both at some point.

. If a person describes themselves as an "ESTJ", they are referring to their scores on the:

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).

In a myelinated axon, the action potential hops from one node of _____ to the next.

Ranvier

Amy is conducting a survey of dating attitudes and behaviors among young adults as part of her master's thesis work. Amy distributes questionnaires to 200 randomly selected students enrolled in an introductory psychology class at her university. The 200 students are Amy's _____. The people to whom she assumes her results will generalize are the _____.

Sample; population.

Sebastian was preparing to cook his lunch when he activated his sensory pathway by accidentally touching a hot pan with his bare hands. Which of these explanations accurately describes the science of what happens next?

Sebastian's brain signals motor neurons in his arm to withdraw his hand.

The _____ consists of 20 cards with black-and-white illustrations of ambiguous scenes

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Which factor is a component of informed consent?

a statement of the potential risks of participating in the study

While conducting an experiment with a split-brain patient, an image of a screwdriver will be flashed in a split-brain patient's right visual field. Based on research in this area, it is expected that the patient will be:

able only to point to a screwdriver with their left hand.

_ is the process of cultural adjustment and adaptation, including changes to one's language, values, cultural behaviors, and sometimes national identity.

acculturation

An advertisement for a new drug therapy is eye catching. The advertisement claims that the drug will counteract the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. The drug potentially works by acting as a(n):

acetylcholine agonist.

Volunteering is an excellent stress reliever because it helps others. This is an example of:

altruism

Simply being exposed to life-threatening situations can cause damage to key brain areas related to fear. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that soldiers returning home are at a far greater risk of developing psychological disorders related to fear if being in a war-zone has caused damage to their:

amygdala.

In a histogram, the raw frequency or actual number is presented

as lines on graph

Psychology is the scientific study of:

behavior and mental processes

When Sam was waiting to meet her identical twin for the first time, she heard a laugh coming from behind the door. It sounded just like her own laugh but it was the laugh of her identical twin, Anaïs. This similarity in laughter is an example of a _____, which is one of the things studied in _____.

behavior, psychology. The primary difference between mental processes and behavior is that unlike behavior, mental processes cannot be directly

A famous psychologist once said, "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." Which theoretical approach is this quotation most consistent with?

behavioral

Penny is a recovering drug addict. Her treatment program emphasizes an understanding of the reinforcers in the environment—the "people, places, and things"—that underlie her addiction. Her program reflects the _____ perspective of psychology.

behavioral

Deborah is a graduate student studying how levels of the hormone testosterone affect aggressive behavior. What psychological perspective is she taking?

biological

Dr. Gayle studies behavior by considering people's brain chemistry, thoughts, feelings, and societal factors, and the ways in which these factors interact with each other. He takes the _____ perspective.

biological

Chloe is majoring in psychology. She is about to graduate and has applied to several PhD programs. Chloe's interested in understanding how the brain and other biological systems influence human behavior. It is likely that Chloe plans to specialize in

biopsychology.

At the broadest level, the nervous system is divided into the _____ and the _____ nervous systems.

central; perihreal

The part of the brain responsible for higher order thinking such as decision making is the:

cerebral cortex

Orlena knows that she is a lesbian, but she has promised herself to never act on her true nature because she knows that her family will immediately reject her and kick her out of the house if they knew the truth. According to Rogers, Orlena is experiencing _____ and this will cause _____.

conditions of worth; ever-present anxiety

As people get older, they tend to score higher in _____ and lower in _____.

conscientiousness; neuroticism

The goals that lay the foundation for the scientific approach in psychology include:

describing, explaining, predicting, and changing behavior.

One advantage of the experimental method over the correlational method is that the experiment _____, but the correlational study does not

determines cause and effect

The intricate pathways of myelinated axons in the brain can be seen using _____, which tracks the diffusion of water molecules in the brain.

diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)

When catecholamines are released in the human body:

digestion will slow.

The "D" in Type D personality stands for:

distress.

The lack of nonverbal cues and the difficulty of establishing a therapeutic relationship are two shortcomings of _____, which uses the Internet to provide support and treatment.

e-therapy

Mandy assesses children for special classroom programs. Mandy specialized in the subfield of _____ psychology.

educational and school

Nuer is giving a group presentation for the National Honor Society in Psychology. The group is describing careers in psychology. Nuer's focus is on the type of psychologist who assists students with special needs in the classroom. Nuer is discussing _____ psychology.

educational and school

Leon understands what motor neurons are. However, today his neuropsychology professor used a different term to describe them. She referred to them as _____ neurons.

efferent

Action potentials are _____ signals _____ neurons.

electrical; within

When it comes to reading graphs and charts, critical thinking involves:

evaluating the source of evidence

_____ psychologists are considered science enthusiasts

experimental

While interviewing for a job, Fabian reminds himself that whether or not he gets the job depends on whether luck is on his side. Fabian is showing a(n):

external loss of control

A _____ schedule of reinforcement is one in which reinforcement is given after a pre-established number of responses.

fixeed-ratio

Yana is writing a paper for a psychology course on the topic of biofeedback. She intends to explain how the technique can be used to

focus on her breathing and be mindful

After a stroke, Maz has difficulty with his decision making, perception, and impulse control. It is most likely that Maz's stroke damaged the _____ lobe.

frontal

In which lobe is the motor cortex located?

frontal cortex

Touroutoglou and her research team investigated the brains of super agers. Their results published in the Journal of Neuroscience showed that the brains of super agers:

had a larger hippocampus.

A negatively skewed distribution:

has a long tail to the right.

If a sample is representative, then it can be said with certainty that the sample:

has an equal number of men and women in it.

Arella is one of several students Dr. Walker has hired to assist with her research. In collaboration with a local school, Dr. Walker was able to measure the locus of control for over 1,000 10-year-old children. Now, more than 20 years later, she is examining current health-related information about the participants. She expects that a greater percentage of the participants with an internal locus of control at age 10 will _____ today.

have psychological problems

Warren suffers from damage to Wernicke's area. A rehabilitation specialist should expect a patient like Warren will

have trouble producing speech

A _____ psychologist examines the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors on personal well-being.

health

Whether you are interested in a traditional academic track or a technical education, remember to be an active learner. Doing so will:

help key brain areas to enlarge and work bette

Andy, a sophomore, works after school as a waiter at a local cafe to meet his financial needs. He often finds it difficult to strike a balance between his studies and work. When his finals were close, he crammed to compensate for the time he had lost, and as a result he became sick and suffered from high blood pressure and anxiety. In the given scenario, which factor represents a physiological aspect of stress for Andy?

high blood pressure

Darnell underwent surgery to remove a tumor that was causing severe epilepsy. Now Darnell cannot form new memories of his experiences, although he does remember events in the past. All of the tissue removed from Darnell's brain was damaged. However, based on Darnell's symptoms, his surgeon suspects that some of the damaged tissue removed was part of the:

hippocampus

The HPA system oversees the sympathetic nervous system's response to stress. The "H" and "P" in the acronym stand for the _____ and the _____ gland.

hypothalamus; pituitary

When Christy, an undercover police officer, entered a dangerous situation like the home of a drug dealer, her brain's _____ activated her _____ nervous system.

hypothalamus; sympathetic

Taverniers and colleagues found that when police officers participated in a realistic simulation of being targeted by shooters their cortisol levels _____ and their working memory ___

increased; decreased

Zariah is working on a group project related to the biopsychosocial perspective on stress. Her friend Tom is looking for suggestions of a positive biological factor related to stress. Zariah suggests Tom think about:

increases in behaviors such as smoking.

In an experiment to test the effects of throat lozenges on children with sore throats due to a cold, some of the children were given a medicated lozenge and some of them were given a lozenge made of sugar. In this experiment, children who received the sugar lozenge were the _____ group.

independent

A relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experiences is called:

learning

Holmes and Rahe were among the first to propose a link between

life events and stress

After Brandon was injured in Iraq, a brain scan determined that he had damage to the areas of his brain involved in speech and language. The fact that specific brain regions are responsible for certain functions is called:

localization of function

Adding an outlier to a dataset will have the biggest impact on the:

mean

Standard deviation decreases when the values in the data set are close to the

mean

Located in the hindbrain, damage to the _____ can disrupt some of the body's most vital functions, such as breathing and heart rate maintenance.

medulla

The reticular activating system is located in the _____. It regulates _____.

midbrain; arousal

Compared with behaviors reinforced on a continuous schedule, behaviors reinforced on partial schedules are _____ resistant to extinction.

more

Sending a child to a corner for a "time out" is an example of _____, whereas giving a child a spanking is and example of _____.

negative punishment; positive punishment

The big five of the five-factor model include:

neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness.

At this very moment, _____ are relaying signals across the synapses between neurons in your brain.

neurotransmitters

Dr. Villatte is overseeing a naturalistic observation study of children's aggression. He notices that male and female research assistants vary in how they rate the aggressiveness of girls' behaviors. Dr. Villatte suspects the presence of _____ bias.

observer

Dr. O'Connor is telling his participants before he begins the experiment that their participation is completely voluntary and that they can stop taking part at any time. Dr. O'Connor is:

obtaining informed consent

After a terrible car accident, Portia's family is just happy she's alive. However, doctors are now concerned that Portia has sustained an injury to brain areas that process visual information. Where do doctors suspect she has been injured?

occipital lobe

Which statistical concept is used to measure the statistical significance of the difference between 2 means?

p-value

Toni sees herself as creative and intelligent. In Carl Rogers' terms, these attributes are:

part of Toni's self-concept.

After completing her undergraduate degree in psychology, Yazmine completed a Master's degree in social work before becoming the director of an assisted-living facility. Since she understands the importance of _____ she lets the residents choose their own dinnertime and what they want to eat.

personal control

In _____ reinforcement, every instance of a behavior is reinforced.

positive

If the mean is greater than the median, then the distribution is:

positvely skewed

a technique in which individual muscle groups are first tensed and then relaxed are?

progressive muscle relaxation

If Kayla were writing a research ethics paper on the topic of confidentiality, she should write that "It is important for researchers to:

protect research data from misuse as well as from theft."

The humanistic perspective represents a reaction to both the _____ and the ______ perspectives.

psychoanalytic and behavioral

Faith just found out that she has a midterm next week! A type of primary appraisal Faith might engage in is

remembering that she has done well on all the quizzes so far this semester

Roger works full-time, has a part-time second job, and has started a new consulting company in response to his son's special needs. He seems to be coping with everything quite well for the moment. According to Hans Selye, Roger is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

resistance

Neurotransmitters that attach to receptors may be reabsorbed by the sending axon terminal in a process known a

reuptake

At a police checkpoint for drunk drivers, some cars are stopped at random; many others are not stopped. The cars that are stopped may be considered a _____ of all the cars that pass by the checkpoint.

sample

Octavia is a clinical psychologist whose work focuses on what she calls 'growth mindset'. This is the idea that children and adults who believe that they can change and progress are more likely to persevere in difficult situations and are also more likely to succeed. This new concept has its foundation in:

self effiancy

As Chewy views a famous Impressionist painting, _____ neurons are receiving visual information about the art and carrying this information to her brain.

sensory

Mrs. Martin is teaching cursive writing to her third-grade class. At first, she reinforces even crude attempts to reproduce letters with an encouraging word. As time goes on, though, she reinforces only well-formed letters. By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using:

shaping

Her friend had a bowl of microwave popcorn to share. When Jaskaran microwaved popcorn at home a few weeks later:

she experienced the serial position effect due to the original odor during encoding

The concept of working memory represents a contemporary conceptualization of _____ memory

short term

Dr. Montalbano is a clinical psychologist who relies on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual to provide her with:

signs and sym of disorders

It is important that during the _____ process that experts attempt to catch cases of fabricated data before it is published.

statistical analysis

After a researcher collects raw data from a study, the raw data must be analyzed using _____ to give it meaning.

statistics

Valeria is a school psychologist who conducts quite a few personality assessments on the students who are referred to her. These assessments tend to be ones based on standardized procedure in which scoring is free of her opinions and values. Valeria is using _____ tests.

subjective

Aaron has been experiencing a great deal of stress. An analysis of Aaron's immune system has revealed that the stress he is experiencing has

suppressed the action of T lymphocytes and NK cells

A sports psychologist conducted an experiment on the effects of whey protein on people's muscle development. In this experiment, whether or not people consumed whey protein is:

the independent variable

As compared with the other perspectives on personality, the _____ perspective is less interested in explaining than in describing personality

trait

Compared to action potentials in unmyelinated neurons, action potentials in myelinated neurons:

travel much slower

Ellen was excited to receive a large tip from a customer. Ellen has experienced a(n):

uplift

Sonja has a tumor in a region of the brain known as _____. Doctors are concerned that removal of tissue in this area will result in difficulties with language comprehension.

werinkes area

Students majoring in psychology:

will need at least a master's degree.

In a histogram, the classes are distributed:

y axis