Psychology Final Review

The process in which memories registered in the hippocampus are transferred for long-term storage to other regions of the brain is called

memory consolidation

It can be expected that social reasoning skills will increase during

middle childhood***

The power of one or two individuals to sway a majority is known as

minority influence

A person whose self-esteem is temporarily lowered is especially likely to

insult others

Henry is listening to a speaker at his local community center who insists that "the federal government should use intelligence scores to identify those who should and should not reproduce in order to benefit humankind." This speaker is advocating

eugenics

In which type of research would an investigator manipulate at least one factor and observe its effect on some behavior or mental process?

experimentation

The DSM-5 does NOT

explain the causes of the various psychological disorders.

Reducing patients' anxiety by having them repeatedly experience in safe settings the things they fear and often avoid is most central to

exposure therapies

Gardner's concept of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is most likely to be criticized for

extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of skills or talents.

After Tim was scratched by a cat, he became afraid of all cats. He has since been exposed to many tame cats in safe settings, and his fear of cats has gradually faded. Tim's diminishing fear of cats best illustrates

extinction***

To help Mr. Strothers overcome his drug addiction, his therapist first attempted to learn whether his use of cocaine was somehow a reaction to his wife's behavior. The therapist's concern is most likely to be characteristic of a

family therapist

In explaining serious childhood misbehavior, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized

faulty child-raising practices

Chris has greater difficulty remembering what he learns during his Spanish class if he experiences less than his normal amount of REM sleep the night after the class. Which theory best accounts for Chris' experience?

information-processing theory

To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the dependent variable was

interpersonal attraction

Rebecca suffers from social anxiety disorder and stays home most of the time to avoid feeling anxious. Her behavior is considered ________ because it prevents her from learning to cope with her environment and increases feelings of loneliness.

maladaptive

Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen has proposed that autism spectrum disorder is characterized by an inborn

male systemizing tendency

A disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic is known as

mania

It would be most difficult to use the ________ to explain why susto occurs mostly in Latin American cultures.

medical model***

A common identity is shared among

members of an ingroup

Explicit memories are

memories of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved.

Bernadette is able to find her way back to her dorm room after class because of her

memory

When retrieving memories of a past event, we often fill in memory gaps with guesses about details. The fact that these guessed details are then incorporated into our memory of that event is most relevant to appreciating the importance of

memory construction.

Which synthetic opiate is sometimes prescribed as a substitute for heroin?

methadone

Repeated lying can actually change your own memories. This is related to the

misinformation effect.

Children often imitate the exact aggressive actions seen on television and online videos. This best illustrates the impact of

modeling

Studies have found that those with a smaller-than-normal amygdala are

more likely to develop antisocial criminal tendencies***

Gloria had a stroke that damaged the right side of her brain. Yet, she has difficulty moving her left arm, not her right arm. This indicates that the

motor cortex on the right side of the brain controls movements of specific body parts on the opposite side of the body.

Stimulating the right side of the brain will cause movement on the left side of the body. This indicates that the

motor cortex on the right side of the brain controls movements of specific body parts on the opposite side of the body.

Devin is playing soccer. Instructions about where and how to move are carried from his CNS to his muscles by

motor neurons

Dr. Packwood is examining Twitter messages among men and women as part of her research project. This is an example of how modern technology has improved research using

naturalistic observation.

Inherited ability is to learned skill as ________ is to ________.

nature; nurture

Maturation is to education as ________ is to ________.

nature; nuture

Parents who are neither demanding nor responsive are said to be

negligent

Which of the following cultures teach adolescents who they are?

neither collectivist nor individualist***

Before learning painfully that the sound of a buzzing bee signaled she was about to be stung, Becky felt no fear in response to the buzzing sound. At that time, the sound of the buzzing bee was most clearly a(n )

neural stimulus

When children are interviewed about their recollections of an event, their reports are especially credible if

they are asked nonleading questions by a neutral interviewer soon after the possible abuse.***

Like most psychologists and psychiatrists, Dr. Westinghaur uses the DSM in his private practice. Which of the following is NOT a reason that Dr. Westinghaur uses the DSM?

to suggest appropriate treatment***

Psychotherapy is defined as

treatment involving psychological techniques that consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to achieve personal growth.

Laura and several classmates are studying for an upcoming test. As they talk, levels of oxytocin in Laura's bloodstream begin to rise. This is most likely to lead Laura to experience increased feelings of social

trust

Which stage in speech development emerges around 2 years of age in which children speak mostly in two-word statements?

two-word stage

Studies of implicit prejudice indicate that prejudice is often

unconscious

Subliminal stimuli can briefly influence our responses to subsequent events. This best illustrates the importance of

unconscious thought

Piaget and Kohlberg believed that most moral action resulted from moral reasoning. More recent research by Haidt suggests that much of our moral action occurs as a result of

unconscious, automatic thinking

Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson ________ the impact of biological limits on classical conditioning and they ________ the impact of cognitive processes on classical conditioning.

underestimated; underestimated

Humanistic theorists have been criticized for

underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors.

Streaming a movie in which a husband and wife are constantly fighting led Stephanie to recall several instances in which her husband had needlessly picked an argument with her. The effect of the streamed movie on Stephanie's recall provides an example of

priming

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a(n )

projective test

Some people are likely to take less time to recognize a man as a doctor than a woman as a doctor because a man more closely resembles their doctor

prototype

In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of

prototypes

One function of glial cells is to

provide nutrients to neurons

People are most inclined to like those who are nearby. This most clearly illustrates the association between ________ and interpersonal attraction.

proximity

Sigmund Freud's theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques is referred to as

psychoanalysis

Theodore quit gambling after he lost more than $500 betting on dog races. This best illustrates the effects of

punishment

Magnetic resonance imaging uses magnetic fields and ________ to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue.

radio waves

Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of

reaction formation

To assess mental age, Binet and Simon measured children's

reasoning skills

Which operant conditioning process is associated with the development of phobias?

reinforcement

If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of

reliability

Leah cannot remember the abuse she experienced while in foster care when she was 5 and 6 years old. According to her psychoanalyst, Leah has ________ these memories into her ________.

repressed; unconscious mind

During psychotherapy, Diego would begin to stutter whenever he began discussing personally sensitive thoughts. Sigmund Freud would have been likely to interpret this stuttering as

resistance

Jeaneth and Delon work as waiter and assistant waiter in the ship's dining room. Jeaneth is very good with the passengers and Delon is very efficient in keeping everything moving. They both benefit from working together. They are now friends and spend time together when they are not working. Which theory best explains the emergence of their friendship?

reward theory

Zack can't decide what he wants to do with his life. He has tried several different jobs but has been fired for lack of effort each time. According to Erikson, Zack best illustrates

role confusion

Which theory most clearly suggests that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame when things go wrong?

scapegoat theory

Some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture. However, ________ occurs worldwide.

schizophrenia

After his last drinking spree, Daniel hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Daniel's pattern of recall best illustrates

state-dependent memory

Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes are referred to as

stimulants

Amphetamines are classified as ________, and barbiturates are classified as ________.

stimulants; depressants

The parasympathetic nervous system

stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat.

Fifteen-year-old Brittany is becoming concerned that her use of marijuana on weekends has increased. To reduce her use of this drug Brittany should

stop associating with friends who use marijuana

People living in "cultures of honor," which prize ________, tend to be more reluctant to seek mental health care.

strength and toughness

People's scores on a test of extraversion are likely to be most strongly correlated with the number of social conversations they initiate during the course of a single

month

The strengthening of the brain's synaptic connections facilitates the formation of

neural networks

When 10-year-old Danielle repeatedly practices the precise motor skills involved in texting, the cortical areas directly controlling these motor skills are likely to develop more complex

neural networks

Rhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact of

observational learning

Unrestraining is to ________ as uninvolved is to ________.

permissive; negligent

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student learning when using online adaptive quizzing?

respondent behavior

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to

walk on its hind legs

Barbara has a psychology exam tomorrow and has been studying all day today. What advice would you give her to help her on her exam tomorrow?

"Make sure you get enough sleep tonight because sleep strengthens neural connections and replays recent learning."

Stanley met Rosalie when they sat next to each other on a flight to Hawaii. This led to the beginning of a relationship that resulted in marriage. This best illustrates that the directions in which our lives develop are influenced by

chance events

After turning to wave at one of her friends during lunch, Ivy fails to notice that her new iPad, which had been right next to her lunch plate, is no longer there. Her oversight best illustrates

change blindness

Wanda once loved the taste of string beans. But after eating string beans contaminated by nausea-producing toxins, she developed a taste aversion to string beans. This best illustrates the impact of

classical conditioning***

Theories of human development have been most likely to be criticized for overemphasizing

clear-cut age-linked stages

Which theory emphasizes that dreams simulate reality by drawing on our current understandings of reality?

cognitive development theory

Investigating patterns of brain activity that accompany people's recollections of a stressful experience would be of most direct interest to the specialty area known as

cognitive neuroscience

Demetria fails to see any connection between her contributions to the company's success and the size of her annual bonus. As a result, she no longer puts much effort into her job, even though she really wants a big bonus. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the operant conditioning of work habits.

cognitive processes

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of

cognitive processes

In his research, Professor Simpson focuses on how the use of heuristics influences the way people decide which car to buy. Which specialty area does his research best represent?

cognitive psychology

Online quizzes and exercises based on ________ have helped people alleviate insomnia, depression, and anxiety.

cognitive-behavioral therapy

The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes by

conducting the first psychological experiment.

Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce

confirmation bias

Mrs. Jones cut Lorena's sausage into eight pieces and Jenn's into six pieces. Jenn cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much sausage as Lorena. Piaget would say that Jenn doesn't understand the principle of

conservation

Recall of what you have learned is often improved when your physical surroundings at the time of retrieval and encoding are the same. This best illustrates

context-dependent memory

Which research method assesses how well one variable predicts another without demonstrating a cause-effect relationship between the variables?

correlational research

Damaris' mother tries to reduce his fear of heights by giving the 4-year-old his favorite toy as soon as they're on a tall bridge. The mother's strategy best illustrates

counterconditioning

What conditioning technique have psychologists used to promote personal growth?

counterconditioning***

To assess the effectiveness of the pneumonia vaccine for city residents, Mr. Bromberg wants to administer vaccine injections to all city residents rather than give half of them a placebo injection. Mr. Bromberg is most clearly underestimating the importance of

creating a control group

At the beginning of the semester, Professor Jones tells her history students that they will be quizzed at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Jones' surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

variable interval

In Milgram's original obedience experiment, participants who were assigned the role of "teacher"

were deceived about the real role of the "learner" and the level of shock that he actually received.

Conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual information requires ________ memory.

working

The WAIS yields an overall intelligence score, as well as separate scores for more specific abilities such as

working memory

Fifty-year-old Wayne insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably

would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep.

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n )

zygote and finally develops into a fetus

The heritability of intelligence is estimated to range from ________percent.

50 to 80

Reduced immune system functioning is most likely to accompany long-term repeated use of

Ecstasy

Automatic processing most clearly occurs without

conscious rehearsal

An EEG shows bursts of rapid brain-wave activity during ________ sleep.

N2***

Which of the following people is most likely to earn a doctorate degree in psychology today?

Samantha, who is from the United States***

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor for obedience?

There are role models of defiance

Psychology is currently best defined as the science of

behavior and mental processes.

Aaron Beck developed a ________ therapy for depression.

cognitive

Which of the following people is most likely to enjoy an enduring marriage?

Zach, who smiled all the time as a child

Recurring symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal are an indication of

substance use disorder

Shelly's baby is 12 months old and is not walking yet. What should you say to Shelly?

"This is perfectly normal. Although 50 percent of babies walk by the time they are 12 months old, many don't until they are 15 months old."

Marla, a college English professor, is eager to promote creativity in her writing class students. Which of the following reminders is likely to do the most to accomplish her goal?

"You can produce interesting insights through your writing."

Which of the following would be most characteristic of a 2-year-old's telegraphic speech?

"to park"***

With transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), the therapist administers ________ of electricity to the scalp of a depressed person.

1-2 milliamps

Babbling transforms from general sounds to the sounds associated with one's native language around ________ months of age.

10

Rovenia's baby is learning how to talk and can say "ma" and "da." How old is the baby likely to be?

12 months of age***

About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115.

68

Who would have been the LEAST enthusiastic about relying on eugenics for the improvement of human intellectual functioning?

Alfred Binet

Mrs. Gaunt believes that parents should accept and try to understand their children's feelings and should honestly disclose their own inner feelings to their children. Her approach to parent-child interaction was most explicitly recommended by

Carl Rogers

Person-centered therapy was developed by

Carl Rogers

Which of the following people is most likely to be convicted of a violent crime during emerging adulthood?

Casey, who exhibited conduct problems as a child

Who proposed the theory of natural selection?

Charles Darwin

Who would have been most enthusiastic about the value of a single intelligence test score as an index of an individual's mental capacities?

Charles Spearman

The American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual is used for several purposes, including

all of these purposes.

Howard Gardner is most likely to agree that the concept of intelligence includes

spatially analyzing visual input

Carolyn is home alone when she hears someone trying to open her front door. She is immediately frightened. Which brain area is involved in her emotional response?

amygdala

What were the basic results of psychologist Stanley Milgram's original obedience study?

Despite hearing protests from the "learner" in another room, 60 percent of the participants continued to administer shocks all the way to the full 450-volt level.

Many people would find it more morally repulsive to kill someone by thrusting a knife into his or her body than by shooting him or her with a gun from a distance. This is best explained in terms of

Erikson's psychosocial perspective.***

Which of the following illustrates peripheral route persuasion?

Ethan is tempted to buy a new car because he is impressed that his favorite actress advertises the car on television commercials.

George and Jenny are both in late adulthood and have been married for the past 50 years. Which of the following would NOT be an accurate description of their sexual activity?

George, but not Jenny, will feel less sexually satisfied

________ play(s) an important role in information processing.

Glial cells

Which of the following statements about psychoanalysis is FALSE?

It is a myth that Sigmund Freud's patients lay on a couch during psychoanalytical sessions.

Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?

Jean Piaget

Which of the following is NOT true regarding well-being in late adulthood?

Older adults experience increased cognitive functioning compared with younger adults.***

Alicia is sleeping and is currently dreaming. Which sleep stage is she in?

REM

During the course of a full night's sleep, young adults are most likely to spend more time in

REM sleep than in N1 sleep.

Five ingredients of creativity were identified by ________ and his colleagues.

Robert Sternberg

Among Americans scoring in the top hundredth of 1 percent on the ________ at age 12 or 13, more than half have earned doctorates.

SAT

Cultural traditions in ________ discourage caregivers from talking with young children.

Senegal

Lila has been learning how to drive a car. When given the opportunity to drive by herself for the first time, how is she likely to think about what she needs to do?

She is likely to think in images

________, which are often unconscious, can automatically influence how people see those from other racial backgrounds, religions, and sexual orientations.

Stereotypes

Which treatment procedure involves the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain?

TMS

Twenty-two-year-old Taylor is slightly overweight and loves to eat, particularly snack foods and rich desserts. Fearful of gaining more weight, she frequently takes laxatives and vomits following episodes of binge eating. Tayor most clearly suffers from

bulimia nervosa

When children are told that certain classmates have learning disabilities, they may behave in ways that inhibit the success of those students in the classroom. This best illustrates that labels

can be self-fufilling

Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your

cerebral cortex

Jenny, Mark, Shelly, Abigail, and Nate are working on a group project for their psychology class. They will all receive the same grade for the project. While Shelly, Nate, and Abigail have been working hard on the assignment, Jenny and Mark have done very little. Which aspect of social loafing applies to Jenny and Mark's lack of work?

They are taking a free ride on the efforts of the other members of the group.

Mandy heard that Jacob was angry at her, but he was not. She came into the house with an angry facial expression and spoke very little. Jacob, who took her behavior to mean that she was in a bad mood, spoke sarcastically to her, which led to an argument. This misunderstanding was facilitated by each person forming

a self-fufilling prophecy

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative sample of a population is known as

a survey.

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin introduced

a three-stage information-processing model that distinguishes among sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Echoing, restating, and asking for clarification of what a client expresses is most central to the process of

active listening

According to Erikson, trust is to infancy as identity is to

adolescence

Because of her fear of panic attacks, Veronica rarely steps outside her home. Her fears are so intense that she won't even go out to get her mail or even to sit in her patio. For the most part, she is afraid of having another panic attack and not being able to get help. Veronica is suffering from

agoraphobia

Internal, stable, and global explanations of one's own failures are indicative of

a negative explanatory style

While he was making dinner, Guney was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense fear that something terrible was about to happen. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Guney was most likely suffering from

a panic attack

Animal trainers' expectations may have led them to interpret some chimpanzees' signs as indicating greater linguistic ability than is warranted. This best illustrates the shortcoming of

a perceptual set

A direct relationship in which two factors increase together or decrease together represents

a positive correlation

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced is referred to as

a reinforcement schedule

Melvin's violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic social scripts, his rejection by men in his office, and his abuse of alcohol. A comprehensive understanding of Melvin's behavior is most clearly provided by

a biopsychosocial approach

Anorexia nervosa is typically characterized by

a fear of being fat

The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because

a high level of arousal inhibits the correct performance of difficult tasks.

Punishment is defined as

an event that decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows.

Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who proposed the concept of

an inferiority complex

Frank's motorcycle would occasionally stall out. Frank thought about possible solutions: changing the ignition wires, putting an additive in the gas tank, or taking his motorcycle to a mechanic and letting the mechanic figure out the problem. Frank decided to put an additive in the gas tank to see if that corrected the problem. Which of Sternberg's intelligences was Frank using?

analytical intelligence

Sluggishness, tremors, and twitches similar to those of Parkinson's disease are most likely to be associated with the excessive use of certain first-generation ________ drugs.

antipsychotic

Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and seemingly random changes in scene. This best serves to support the theory that dreams

are initiated when neural activity spreads upward from the brainstem.

Hernando tends to be aggressive. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a contributing factor in his aggressive behaviors?

attending a football game in the winter

Social loafing is most likely to occur among

audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced

During her psychology test, Danielle could not remember the meaning of the term semantic memory. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared around the middle of a right-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of

automatic processing

In 2015, a photograph of a Syrian child lying dead on a beach went viral. In response to the photograph, Red Cross donations increased. Donations at this time were 55 times greater than in response to statistics that described hundreds of thousands of other refugee deaths. This demonstrates that our emotions as well as actions can be related to the

availability heuristic

Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?

barbiturates

Beth is great at playing soccer. She should thank her

basil ganglia

Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with a person's memory of how to play the piano.

basil ganglia

Our selective attention is drawn to distinctive features of a less-familiar minority. Therefore, a person who does not fit easily into our racial categories will

be assigned to their minority identity

All of the following are true regarding those with high self-esteem EXCEPT that they

behave negatively towards others

When a mild-mannered woman had an electrode implanted in her amygdala, she

behaved aggressively towards her doctor

Smiling is to feeling as ________ is to ________.

behavior; mental process

Peripheral route persuasion involves

being influenced by unimportant cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

We can more easily extinguish a fear of driving a car than a fear of holding snakes. This is best explained from a(n ) ________ perspective.

biological

The scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes is called

biological psychology.

The sequence of brain regions from the oldest to newest is

brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of pubertal development for girls?

breast buds, pubic hair, menarche

Mandi's grandmother has taught Mandi how to cook and sew and has explained to Mandi that these are important skills for women. This illustrates how

culture may influence views related to gender.

The terminal decline phenomenon involves a decrease in mental ability that accompanies the approach of

death

In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes

deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment.

The body's natural production of endorphins is likely to be

decreased by heroin use and increased by vigorous exercise.

Charlotte plans to take a couple of tablets of Ecstasy during a dance party that may last the entire night. One of the immediate dangers of using the drug at this event is

dehydration

Electroconvulsive therapy has proven to be effective in the treatment of

depression

Random assignment minimizes ________ between experimental and control groups. Random sampling minimizes ________ between a sample and a population.

differences; differences

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called

discrimination

While Professor Villafranco was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his students unusually low grades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of

displacement

The DSM-5 has broadened the diagnostic criteria for diagnosing children who exhibit persistent irritability and frequent temper outbursts. This pattern of behavior is labeled

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Accurately hitting a baseball a split second before we consciously recognize that the ball has reached our bat best illustrates our capacity for

dual processing.

Although we may be unaware of our gender prejudices, they often influence the way we consciously perceive men and women. This best illustrates

dual processing.

Experimental participants viewed symbols on a computer screen without knowing that these symbols had earlier been subliminally flashed on the screen. Based on information provided in the text, it can be expected that half the participants will report experiencing

déjà vu

The use of mnemonics, which often rely on vivid imagery, illustrates

effortful processing

When Claudine listens to her friend discuss her marital problems, she does not tell her what to do but rather mirrors what she says and reflects her feelings. Claudine is using ________ to help her friend understand the problem.

empathy

The inability to recall which symbols are on top of which numbers on a computer keyboard is most likely due to

encoding failure

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often replace some of the words on the original list with similar but more familiar words. This best illustrates the impact of

encoding meaning

The effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) comes from

energizing the left frontal lobe of the brain

Stressful experiences can influence gene expression and thereby increase the chances of suffering a disorder such as PTSD. This best illustrates the importance of

environmental effects

Bradley is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Bradley prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed ratio

Pedro and Alan sell newspaper subscriptions by telephone. Pedro is paid $1.00 for every six calls he makes, while Alan is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Pedro's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Alan's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

fixed-ratio; variable-ratio***

Samuel has a vivid memory of his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his father's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.

flashbulb

The ability to learn how to navigate a new internet communications program is to ________ as knowledge of European countries is to ________.

fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence

Juanita is 75 years old and hasn't seen her granddaughter, Maria, in a few months. When Maria came to visit, Juanita asked her "Are you getting fat?" This bluntness may be related to

frontal lobe shrinkage

Melinda is a returning college student. She took 10 years off when she had her first child and is now finishing course requirements for her bachelor's degree. She has noticed that many of her classmates are much younger than she is and that they miss many classes and talk about "partying" frequently. This may be because their ________ are not yet completely developed.

frontal lobes

Damaris tends to be aggressive. His childhood neighborhood was overrun with violent gangs. By the time Damaris was 18 he had been arrested many times for aggressive actions against other teens. Damaris' aggressive behavior is a result of

gene-environment interactions

The heritability of intelligence is lowest among

genetically similar individuals who have been raised in different environments.

Margo is vegan and is an advocate for animal rights. She is very active online in chat rooms for vegans, online support groups, and even social media friends. The more she associates with like-minded people online the stronger her views become. This illustrates

group polarization

Overactivity in the thalamus among those with schizophrenia is related to

hallucinations

The use of physical punishment may

have all of these results.

Which of the following abilities is NOT directly related to functional connectivity?

hearing***

A sense of humility regarding the accuracy of our commonsense thinking is most likely to be undermined by

hindsight bias.

The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on

how long ago we learned the information

Dr. Anderson is a therapist who tends to focus on his client's growth potential and their need for love and acceptance. Dr. Anderson's area of specialization is

humanistic psychology.

One of psychology's early mottos was "The rat is always right." Which aspect of the scientific attitude did this represent?

humility

Shortly after falling asleep, Josh felt like he was falling from the top of a high cliff. His experience best illustrates

hypnagogic sensations

According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the

id

Maureen wants to be just like her mother. She imitates what her mother does around the house and says that she likes what her mother likes. According to Freud, this ________ with her mother provides Maureen with her gender identity, or sense of being female.

identification with

After watching violent cartoons, Kevin and Julie engaged in the very same violence they saw on TV, such as flying karate kicks. This best illustrates that one of the factors contributing to the violence-viewing effect is

imitation

Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory.

implicit

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

implicit; explicit

Youths' intelligence test scores have been found to predict their_________ decades later.

income levels

The release of epinephrine into the bloodstream is most likely to

increase blood sugar

Denise is from the United States but travels frequently. So far, she has been to seven other countries. Research has demonstrated that these experiences are likely to

increase her creativity

Aggressive behavior is most likely to be ________ by injections of testosterone and ________ by drinking alcohol.

increased; increased

One of Bree's new college instructors tends to lecture in a low monotone voice very similar to one of her high school teachers whom Bree disliked. Without consciously realizing the voice similarity, Bree's gut-level reaction to the voice led her to form an unduly negative first impression of her new instructor. This best illustrates the impact of

intuition***

Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by

involuntary muscle movements

Compared with peripheral route persuasion, central route persuasion tends to

involve a greater number of logical arguments***

Fidgety babies with an intense and very emotionally reactive temperament tend to be

irritable and unpredictable

The characteristics of savant syndrome most directly suggest that intelligence

is a diverse set of distinct abilities

When completing a verbal aptitude test, members of an ethnic minority group are particularly likely to perform below their true ability levels if they believe that the test

is biased against members of their own ethnic group.

A major reason for criticism of the Rorschach test is that

its scores have not demonstrated validity

Our explanations of our own admirable actions are ________ likely to involve situational attributions than our explanations of our own shameful actions. Our explanations of our own actions performed long ago are ________ likely to involve personality attributions than our explanations of our own very recent actions.

less; more

By activating the amygdala, stress hormones promote

long-term potentiation

Compared with the general population, those who have suffered ________ have at least five times greater risk of suicide.

major depressive disorder

Severe, debilitating depression is to ________ as chronic, low-grade depression is to ________.

major depressive disorder; persistent depressive disorder

Lorena publicly agrees with her eighth-grade classmates that parents should allow 12-year-olds to date. Later that day, she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents should prohibit kids from dating until they are at least 16 years old. Lorena's public conformity to her classmates' opinion best illustrates the power of

normative social influence

Repeatedly thinking about contamination from algae-laden water is to ________ as taking five showers a day is to ________.

obsession; compulsion

Advocates of therapeutic lifestyle change recommend the use of a daily supplement of ________ to reduce aggressive behavior.

omega-3 fatty acid

Voluntary behaviors that become more frequent when followed by reinforcers are called

operant behaviors

A learned association between behaviors and resulting events is central to

operant conditioning

Marisa's nail biting has become habitual because she feels less anxious when she bites her nails. This best illustrates the process of

operant conditioning

Replication of a research study is most likely to be made easier by

operational definitions

Which of the following represents the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Depressed people frequently explain their failures in terms that are internal, stable, and global. Their explanations thus tend to be self-blaming and

overgeneralized

Darleen is in labor with her first child. Which hormone is responsible for the contractions that she feels as part of labor?

oxytocin

Using different neural networks to simultaneously encode the sights, sounds, and smells of a remembered football game best illustrates

parallel processing***

Children raised in the same family are not especially likely to have similar personalities. This most clearly implies that we should be cautious about attributing personality to

parental influences

Which portion of the cerebral cortex is located nearest the top of the head just behind the frontal lobes and receives sensory input for touch and body position?

parietal lobes

The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates

partial reinforcement

The best evidence that there is a critical period for learning language is the fact that

people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood.

Which nervous system is responsible for gathering information and transmitting decisions from the CNS to other parts of the body?

peripheral nervous systemq

Which therapeutic approach relies most heavily on clients discovering their own ways of effectively dealing with their difficulties?

person-centered therapy

The hypothalamus influences the ________ to send messages to the ________.

pituitary; endocrine glands

Poverty and unemployment have been explained in terms of personal traits by ________ and in terms of situational influences by ________.

political conservatives; political liberals

All those in a group being studied make up the

population.

People with acute schizophrenia more often have the ________ symptoms that respond to drug therapy.

positive

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality as respecting the laws of society is to ________ morality.

preconventional; conventional

The taste of a cool soda and relief from the pain of a sprained wrist are both ________ reinforcers.

primary

The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of money as ________ is to ________.

primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus is called

selective attention

After long-term potentiation has occurred

sending neurons release their neurotransmitters more easily.

SSRIs relieve depression by partially blocking the reuptake of

serotonin

B F Skinner believed that "machines and textbooks" could promote effective learning because they allow for both

shaping and immediate reinforcement.

Stacey insists that Dr. Hendricks' theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of

skepticism.

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.

Although we often cannot directly control all of our feelings, we can influence our feelings by changing our behavior, according to

social facilitation theory***

Ingroup bias best illustrates the impact of our ________ on prejudice.

social identities

Which of the following is NOT a factor related to groupthink?

social loafing

A therapist suggests that Rosemarie is depressed because she attributes her failures to her own incompetence instead of blaming her parents and teachers for the unreasonable demands they place on her. The therapist's interpretation most clearly reflects a ________ perspective.

social-cognitive

Muzafer Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by

superordinate goals

Suppose you want to find out which candidate women will vote for in an upcoming national election. To be sure the sample you survey is representative of the population of women, you should

survey a large representative sample of the population of women.

The sites where nerve cells communicate with one another by means of chemical messengers is known as the

synapse

Compared with environmentally impoverished rats, those rats housed in enriched environments experienced a dramatic increase in the number of their

synapses

A token economy is to operant conditioning as ________ is to classical conditioning.

systemic desensitization

Hajeong immigrated to the United States with her mother and father when she was 13 years old. Since last year when she moved away to attend the university, she has demonstrated social anxiety; she also blushes and avoids eye contact with other students and her instructors. A Japanese psychologist is likely to diagnose Hajeong with

taijin-kyofusho

The labels "easy" and "difficult" are used to refer to differences among infants in

temperament

Billy, who has schizophrenia, experiences auditory hallucinations. Based on research using PET scans, which brain structure is active when Billy experiences these hallucinations?

thalamus

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were most likely to deliver high levels of shock when

the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher."

If psychologists discovered that older parents have smarter children than younger parents, this would demonstrate that

the age of parents and children is positively correlated.

Brenda's cat salivates in response to the taste of food in its mouth. Each morning, Brenda places the cat's food on the back porch. Each time Brenda opens the door to her porch a bell rings. Now, Brenda's cat salivates every time the bell rings. Which of the following is the neutral stimulus in this example?

the bell on the door***

The importance of environmental influences on intelligence is provided by evidence that

the cognitive development of neglected children is often delayed.

To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control groups can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of

the double-blind procedure.

The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates the influence of

the environment

After Brad's mother said he was too young to go on a date Friday night, Brad let all the air out of her car's tires. His action is best explained in terms of

the frustration-aggression principle

Vikas, who averages two touchdowns a game for his football team, did not score a touchdown in today's game. The other players believe that he was "slacking off," but in reality he was playing despite an injury. Vikas' teammates have committed

the fundamental attribution error

In the nature and nurture issue in developmental psychology, which of the following is an example of nature?

the genetics you inherited from both parents

B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called

the law of effect

After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Kathy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates

the mere exposure effect

In one study, McMaster University students were more trusting of the virtual game player whose face had some of their own facial features morphed into it. This best illustrates the impact of

the mere exposure effect

Psychologists who view the developmental process as a sequence of distinct stages generally believe that ________ is(are) the same for everyone.

the order but not the timingq

Chunking refers to

the organization of information into meaningful units.

Karen was introduced to several foreign exchange students from China and Germany. Although she had no trouble later distinguishing each of the German students, she had a very difficult time remembering each of the Chinese students. Karen's inability to later recognize the Chinese students illustrates

the other-race effect

In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research participants to ensure that

the participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying.

Researchers have demonstrated that the way a question is phrased can affect how people respond. This reveals that

the words used can reflect values.

Western cultures are hard on introverts as evidenced by the fact that

their superheroes tend to be extraverts