Psychology Final Uwyo

Tracks radioactive glucose

A PET scan ___ in the brain.

Testable prediction

A hypothesis is an:

Feeling nauseous after smelling the pumpkin

A month ago, Lois ate pumpkin pie after dinner. Unfortunately for Lois, the pumpkin pie had gone bad. Before going to bed, she began to feel nauseous and became ill. now when she smells pumpkin pie, she feels ill. In this example which of the following is the conditioned response (CR)?

The directionality problem

A researcher found that self-esteem and depression are correlated. But, the researcher should not assume causation because she does not know if low self-esteem causes high levels of depression or if high levels of depression cause low levels of self-esteem. Based on the lecture we call this specific problem with inferring causation from correlation:

The resting potential

A situation where ions in the neuron are more negatively charged, while ions outside the neuron are more positively charge is called ____.

AT

A split- Brian patient is shown the word "MEAT" so that "ME" is sent to the right hemisphere of the brain and "AT" is sent to the left hemisphere of the brain. If the patient is asked to verbally report what she saw, the patient will likely say:

Affluent; physically attractive

According to Buss's ideas on evolutionary theory, women seek men who are___, while men seek women who are ___.

Integrity vs. despair

According to Erikson's psychological theory of development, older adults are reflecting on their lives and may feel satisfaction or a sense of failure. These adults are in which of Erikson's stages?

Two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion or percentage to be perceived as different

According to Webbers law:

The reciprocity norm

According to ___, we are likely to help someone if they have previously helped us.

NREM-1

According to lecture, a hypnagogic state occurs during:

The halo effect

According to lecture, people who are attractive are often assumed to have other good qualities. This is called:

Encoding

According to lecture, the inability to remember the exact appearance of a penny is most likely due to a failure in:

Activation synthesis

According to the ___ approach, dreams are the result of neuronal activity in the brain.

Small nerve fibers activated, which opens the neural pain gate

According to the gate control theory, in which case would Sam experience the most pain?

salty, bitter, sweet, sour, umami

According to the lecture and the textbook, which of the following lists best captures the sense of taste?

Sleep protects animals by keeping them out of harms way, sleep provides a time for neurons to repair themselves

According to the textbook, which of the following is a reason that sleep has evolved

Hyperthymesia is a syndrome associated with highly superior autobiographical memory

According to the video on memory shown in class:

Antisocial personality disorder

According to your textbook, which of the following is not anxiety or anxiety-related disorder?

Trigger muscle activity in the left foot

Activating an electrode placed on the motor cortex in the right hemisphere would most likely:

Frontal lobe

After a car accident, Jill has severe difficulties producing the muscle movements necessary to speak words, Jill most likely damaged her:

Anterograde

After an automobile accident and a specific type of brain damage, Sam has difficulty remembering newly learned information. Based on the material presented in lecture, Sam is likely suffering from___ amnesia

Sympathetic nervous system

After nearly being hit by a car while crossing the street, Andre's heart rate accelerates, his pupils dilate, and he begins to perspire. Which part of Andre's system was responsible for increasing arousal?

Depressant; stimulant

Alcohol is a___, and methamphetamine is a ___.

Natural selection

An animal is born with modification in its muscles that allows it to run faster and be more successful in capturing prey. Therefore, this particular animal us able to feed itself and have many offspring who also excel in capturing prey. This muscle is passed on to subsequent generations of that animal. This describes the principle of:

Successive approximations

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, she gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of:

He is clumsy

As Fred walked into class he tripped and fell on his face. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his classmates to conclude that Fred tripped because

Figure

At a party, you focus on one person as you talk to them and ignore everyone else. Based on the figure-ground principle, the person you are talking to is the:

A theory of mind

At approximately four years of age, children understand and can pass a "false belief task" indicating that they understand the mental processes of others. Therefore, they have developed:

Chimpanzees understand symbols at a level similar to that of three-year-old human children

Based on lecture and the video shown in class, which of the following is true?

Stereotype threat

Before taking a difficult math test, researchers remind students that men typically score higher on math tests than women. As a result, when Maria takes the test she worries about her performance and ends up doing less well than if she was not thinking about the gender difference in performance. In this example, Maria's performance is likely suffered because of:

Temporal lobe

Damage to the ____ could disrupt your ability to process auditory information.

Implicit memory

Damage to the cerebellum or basal ganglia would disrupt:

Observational learning

Dan and Joel, both 4 year- olds have been watching Superman on TV. Their mother recently found them on the roof ready to try flying. What accounts for the boy's behavior?

Human behavior is about striving for personal growth and bettering the self.

Dr. Smith is a psychologist who identifies mostly with the humanistic school of thought. Which statement about human behavior is she most likely to agree with?

Magnify a neurotransmitter's effect by mimicking a neurotransmitter or blocking the reuptake of a neurotransmitter

Drugs that act as agonists

REM behavior disorder

Enrique has a rare condition where he moves around during REM sleep. Based on the material from lecture, Enrique likely suffers from:

belief perseverance

Even though DNA evidence and several eye witness cleared Mr. Oliver as a suspect in a murder, The district attorney clings to her belief that Mr. Oliver is guilty. The district attorney's resistance likely demonstrates the power of:

Humanistic therapy tends to focus on:

Facilitating the client's growth through active listening.

That rats can still learn to associate a conditioned stimulus (CS)and an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) even if the two stimuli are separated by several hours

Garcia and Koelling's research on taste aversion showed:

Participants recalled words better on land if they initially learned the words on land, and if they learned the words underwater they recalled the words better underwater.

Godden and Baddeley exposed individuals to a list of words either underwater or on land. Later, these individuals had to recall the words either underwater or on land. The researchers found that:

Priming

Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the word "hair" as "H-a-r-e." This best illustrates a process known as:

Medulla

Heartbeat and breathing are controlled by this part of the brain.

Cross-sectional research

If a researcher uses a questionnaire to measure a group of individuals attitudes toward abortion, at one point in time, this is an example of:

Higher levels of self-esteem are related to lower levels of depression

If self-esteem is negatively correlated with depression, this would mean that:

The representativeness heuristic

If you believe an individual who is 6ft tall, 210 lbs, with a beard wearing a flannel shirt is more likely to be a lumberjack than someone scrony, you are likely using:

Salivating for the food

In Pavlov's experiment with the dogs what was the unconditioned response (UCR)?

CS; UCS

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when a ___ is no longer paired with a ___.

Spaced Practice

In preparation for a test, Joan studies for one hour a day for ten days. Research-based on___ has found that Joan's technique is more effective than if she studied for ten hours in one day.

Baby Monkeys run to the cloth mother when faced with a scary looking robot.

In the short video clip shown in class, Harlow demonstrated that:

Unaware mind-wandering

Ivan is reading his statistics textbook. Based on the lecture, Which of the following is most likely to create problems for Ivan's understanding of the material?

Jess has damaged hair cells

Jess suffers from sensorineural hearing loss. Which of the following is most likely to be explained by:

The absolute threshold

Jill can correctly detect the presence of one drop of perfume in a large room about half of the time. Jill's ability to detect the smell is an example of:

Latent content

Jody remembers riding a horse through a forest in her dream. Freud might interpret the symbols in the dream as being related to Jody's unconscious wishes related to sex. In this example, the underlying meaning of Jody's dream is referred to as the:

Suppression

Joe is consciously trying to forget his bad grade in Art History class. In this example, Joe id experiencing:

An algorithm

Joe is trying to find donuts in a grocery store. He does this by checking each aisle, and within each aisle, checking each row until he happens upon the donuts. In this example, Joe is using:

Partial; continuous

Learning based on ___ reinforcement is most resistant to extinction, while ___ reinforcement is best for rapid learning of a new skill.

Encoding

Learning or getting information into memory is called:

Reported seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident

Loftus and Palmer asked observers hoe fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Some observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident later:

Variable interval

Malik receives mail each day. His mail typically arrives around 1 pm. Sometimes the mail comes earlier, sometimes it comes later, and most the time it arrives between noon and 2:00 pm. If the time the mail arrives changes from day to day, Malik is being reinforced on which type of reinforcement schedule?

Preconventional

Marcus helps an elderly woman cross the street because he thinks she might give him candy. Kohlberg would say that Marcus is operating at which stage of moral reasoning?

A built-in readiness to learn grammatical rules of language

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language is facilitated by:

The serial effect

On the first day of the statistics class, the teacher takes attendance by calling the name of each student enrolled. Immediately after the roll-call, you are asked to remember your fellow students' names. The tendency to remember the first names called and the last names called better that the names in the middle is called:

The mere exposure effect

Over time, Joan's liking for John increases as she becomes more familiar with him. This supports:

Variable ratio

Pat frequently asks out women on dates. Sometimes they accept and sometimes they turn Pat down. Pat's asking for dates is being maintained in which type of partial reinforcement schedule?

Decrease; Increase

Positive punishers ___ the likelihood of target behavior in the future. Negative reinforcers ___ the likelihood of target behavior in the future

Dendrites

Receives messages from other cells

Classical conditioning

Sally has learned to associate seeing lighting with hearing thunder. Learning to associate these two stimuli demonstrates:

Cornea, lens, pupil, retina

Sean enters a completely darkened room except for the green light coming from his x-box. Which of the following sequences best represents the path of the X-box's light as it enters his eye?

Overconfidence

Shan estimates that it will only take her an hour to write a paper for her social psychology class. Later, Shan discovers that the term paper took much longer to write than she had estimated. WHich of the following problems offers the best explanation for Shan's mistake?

Suggests that a person who scores highly in one intellectual ability will score highly in other areas

Spearmans idea of "g"

Short-term memory

The ability to hold approximately 7+/-2 items is the capacity of:

Negative punishment

The consequence of a behavior is that something positive is removed. This consequence Reduces the likelihood that the behavior occurs in the future. This demonstrates:

Systematic desensitization

The creation of a fear hierarchy and using progressive relaxation are aspects of:

Echoic sensory memory

The momentary memory for auditory stimuli, which lasts approximately 3 to 4 seconds, is called:

bottom-up processing

The process by which sensory receptors take in information from our surroundings and then integrate that sensory information is referred to as:

opponent-process theory

The reason we see afterimages after staring at red or blue stimulus can be best explained by:

The peripheral nervous system

The somatic nervous system is part of:

Thalamus

This part of the brain operates as the brains "relay station" or sensory control center. It receives incoming sensory information and redirects that information to different parts of the brain to be processed.

Egocentrism

Two-year-old Marie puts her hands over her face because she cannot see her mother, she thinks her mother cannot see her. Marie's belief is an example of:

sensory adaptation

Upon wearing his glasses for the first time, Tom feels a weight upon his nose. But, after 5 minutes her no longer notices them. Tom's diminished sensitivity to the weight of the glasses is an example of:

Has yet to develop object permanence

When a grandmother covers her head and face with a blanket, 2-month old Nathan looks away disinterested. When the grandmother appears again Nathan is surprised and delighted. In this example, it is obvious that Nathan:

Deindividuation

When an individual feels like they have a very low probability of being personally identified, they may feel less personally responsible for their actions. Therefore, the individual may engage in behavior like vandalism, rioting, or food fight. This is called:

In the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

Where are the receptors for the vestibular sense located?

People integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Which idea is most closely associated with Gestalt psychology?

Delta waves

Which of the following best characterizes the brain activity that occurs during deep sleep?

Auditory canal, eardrum, bones of the middle ear, motion of fluid in the cochlea, bending hair cells, auditory nerve

Which of the following best represents the order in which sound waves are converted to nerve impulses?

Epigenetics

Which of the following concepts can explain why identical twins might look different?

A political candidate visits your home and asks you to take a free campaign pin supporting the candidate. you agree. Later in the week they return and ask you to post a sign in your yard and you agree again.

Which of the following examples best demonstrates the foot-in-the-door effect?

The algebra formulas that Ethan learned last month are hindering his ability to remember formulas in his current calculus class

Which of the following examples best illustrates proactive interference?

Bipolar disorder

Which of the following is a mood/depressive disorder?

Currently, there is little to no research evidence supporting the existence of repression

Which of the following is true based on lecture and the textbook

An experiment

Which of the following research designs provides the best test of cause and effect?

During REM sleep, a person's brain is highly active, but the body looks relaxed

Which of the following statements is true regarding REM sleep?

Research suggests that there is not a mid-life crisis. Satisfaction stays relatively stable across the life-span.

Which of the following statements is true regarding adulthood?

Hypnosis can have some therapeutic benefits

Which of the following statements is true regarding hypnosis?

Epigenetics studies show how environmental factors can turn certain genes "on" or "off"

Which of the following statements regarding genetics is true?

In 2000, college students performed better on intelligence tests than college students in 2000

Which of the following statements would support the Flynn effect?

Long-term potentiation

Which of the following terms is described by your textbook as providing the neural basis for learning and memory?

Black lab

Which of the following would be a prototype for the concept "dog" (especially in Wyoming)?

Sandra took an intelligence test last month and scored an 82. Sandra retook the test today and earned a 120

Which of the following would suggest that a test has low reliability?

corpus callosum

Which part of the brain connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex and carries messages between the right and left hemispheres?

Two-word stage

Which stage of language development immediately follows the one-word stage?

Nociceptors; hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals

___, located in your skin and muscles, detect___

After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of:

accommodation

Which type of cell lines the basilar membrane in the cochlea

hair cells

Authoritative

parents who set rules, but are willing to discuss the reasons behind those rules as well as occasionally allowing exceptions to those rules, would be described as:

Increase energy

stimulant use will likely:

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

retinal disparity

which of the following is a binocular cue that helps us perceive depth?

Frequency theory

which theory explains how we hear low pitched sounds?