Psychology II
Embryo
Developing human organism about 2 weeks after fertilization through the end of the eighth week
General Intelligence
Factor that Spearman believed underlies all multiple intelligences
Defense Mechanisms
Repression, Regression, Denial, Reaction Formation, Projection, Rationalization, Displacement
Anxiety
Vague feeling of apprehension or nervousness
Menopause
When the menstrual cycle ends; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as the ability to reproduce declines
traits
characteristic patterns of behavior and motivation
Rooting Reflex
A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple
Unjustifiable
A behavior which does not have a rational basis
Disturbing
A behavior which is troublesome to other people
MUDA
A mnemonic device used to remember the four attributes of a psychological disorder Maladaptive Unjustifiable Disturbing Atypical
mania
A period of abnormally high emotion and activity?
Neuroticism
A personality dimension describing people with high levels of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self-consciousness.
Extraversion
A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness
A personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting.
conscientiousness
A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized
Projective Test
A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Alzheimer's disease
A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language and finally physical functioning 3 percent of world population develop this by 75
Humanistic Perspective
A school of thought that focuses on how healthy people strive to reach their full potential
Fluid Intelligence
Ability to reason speedily and abstractly
50 percent
About what percentage of people will qualify for DSM-IV-TR here in the U.S?
Unconditional Positive Regard
According to Carl Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance towards another person
Accomodation
Adapting current schemas to incorporate new information
Humanistic Therapy
Aims to promote self-fulfillment by increasing self-acceptance and self awareness
Regression
Allows an anxious person to retreat to a more comfortable, infantile stage of life
Gordon Allport
American Psychologist and trait theorist who researched the idea that individual personalities are unique
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by reliving severely upsetting event in unwanted recurring memories (flashbacks) and dreams
OCD
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted, repetitive thoughts and actions Obsessions-Repetitive thoughts Compulsions-Repetitive actions The obsessions/compulsions begin to take control of the person's life Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Ancient Greek Personalities
Ancients Greeks classified four personality traits Sanguine (Cheerful) [Blood] Melancholic (Depressed) [Black Bile] Choleric (Irritable) [Green Bike] Phlegmatic (Unemotional) [Yellow Bile] -Felt those were caused by humor (body fluids)
mental set
Angela always tries to solve problems by rewriting it in a math formula she has developed what for it?
Valium
Antianxiety drug which boost levels of neurotransmitter GABA
Serotonin
Antidepressant drugs: boost what levels in the brain to treat major depression? Classification of antidepressants which work by blocking the reuptake of what after it has been released?
Howard Gardner
Author of a contemporary theory of multiple intelligence consisting of eight separate kinds of intelligence
Robert Sternberg
Author of a contemporary theory of multiple intelligences consisting of analytical, creative or practical intelligence
Dependent Personality Disorder
Behave in clingy, submissive ways and displays a strong need to have others take care of them
Delusions of Grandeur
Beliefs that a person is more important than they really are Patients may believe they are a famous person (ex: Napoleon, Jesus, Abraham Lincoln)
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Antidepressant drugs
Category of medications used primarily to boost serotonin levels in the brain
Antipsychotic Drugs
Category of medications used primarily to treat schizophrenia
Antianxiety drugs
Category of medications used to treat people undergoing significant stress
Postconventional Moral Reasoning
Characterized by references to universal ethical principles that represent the rights or obligations of all people
Schemas
Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information
Big Five Personality Factors
Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability) Openness Extraversion
Lawrence Kohlberg
Created a 3-stage theory of moral development
Erik Erikson
Created an 8-stage theory of social development
Social Clock
Culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement
Alfred Binet
Developer of the first test to classify children's abilities using the concept of mental age
Fetus
Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Emerging Adulthood
Developmental stage between the age of 18 and 29. Five features of emerging adulthood: age of identity exploration, age of instability, age of self-focus, age of feeling between age of possiblities
DSM-IV-TR
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- The most accepted and widely used classification system for mental disorders
Projection
Disguises threatening feelings of guilty anxiety by attributing the problems to others
Rationalization
Displaces real, anxiety-provoking explanations with more comforting justifications for one's actions
Active Listening
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates and clarifies
Raymond Cattell
English Psychologist who researched whether some traits predicted others; he proposed 16 key personality dimensions or factors to describe personality
Borderline Personality Disorder
Exhibit instability of emotions, self-image, behavior, and relationships
Validity
Extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to test
Reliability
Extent to which a test yields consistent results, regardless of who gives the test
Delusions
False Beliefs that are symptoms of schizophrenia and other serious psychological disorders Four Major types of delusions:Grandeur, Persecution, Sin or guilt, Influence
Delusions of Influence
False beliefs of being controlled by outside forces
Delusions of Persecution
False beliefs that people are out to get the person Believe they are being followed or someone is always watching them, the phone is wiretapped, etc.
Delusions of sin or Guilt
False beliefs that the person is responsible for some misfortune
Agoraphobia
Fear of situations the person views as difficult to escape from Fear of leaving one's home or room in the house
Zygote
Fertilized egg
Sigmund Freud
Founder of psychoanalysis
Philippe Pinel
French physician who worked to reform the treatment of people with mental disorders Encouraged more humane treatment
Hans Eysenck
German psychologist who researched the genetically-influenced dimensions of personality Two Major Dimensions: -Introversion/Extraversion -Emotionally Unstable/Stable
Identical Twins
Identical twins share similar traits, stability, Twins developed from a single fertilized ovum and therefore identical in genetic makeup at the time of conception.
Reliability
If a tense yields consistent results it has what?
Intimacy
In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving, open relationships; a primary task in early adulthood.
Morphemes
In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
Conscientiousness
Individuals who are disorganized, careless, and impulsive which personality (big 5 personality) would they fall under?
Assimilation
Interpreting the new experience in terms of existing schemas
Ego
Largely conscious " executive" part of the personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality Operates on the reality principle- satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Systematic Desensitization
Learning relaxation methods (Progressive relaxation) Slowly think through the hierarchy working to relax whenever anxiety is felt
Denial
Lets an anxious person refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening
Destructive to one self or others
Maladaptive refers to what?
Senile Dementia
Mental disintegration that accompanies alcoholism, tumor, stroke, aging and most often alzheimers disease Cognitive changes and transitions: Memory People in teens and twenties do better on recall memory tasks- tasks that give us no clues to jog our memories Recognition remains stable from age 20 to 60
Concept
Mental grouping based on shared similarities
Fixation
Mental set that hinders the solution of a problem
algorithm
Methodological step by step procedure for solving problems?
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian who thought social tensions were more important than sexual tensions in the development of personality
Dopamine
Neurotransmitter that affects learning, attention and emotion Those with schizophrenia have a larger number of receptor sites for the neurotransmitter dopamine Tardive dyskinesia- a permanent condition of muscle tremors (blocking too many dopamine receptors would result in this) Antipsychotic drugs work by blocking dopamine
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as breast and hip development in females and voice quality and facial hair in males
Thorazine
One of the first anti-psychotic drugs Side effects include: dry mouth, blurred vision, and constipation Tardive dyskinesia- a permanent condition of muscle tremors (blocking too many dopamine receptors would result in this) Still on the market today
Superego
Part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and for future aspirations
Puberty
Period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
Personality disorder categories
Personality Disorders Related to Anxiety Dependent Personality Disorder Personality Disorders With Odd or Eccentric Behaviors Schizoid Personality Disorder Personality Disorders with Dramatic or Impulsive Behaviors Borderline Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Psychopath and Sociopath
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Personality disorder which the person shows a lack of conscience for wrongdoing Shows no respects for the rights others Usually male Also known as psychopathic or sociopathic personality disorder
valid
Personality test measures what its supposed to measure?
Jean Piaget
Pioneer in the study of developmental psychology who introduced a stage theory of cognitive development that led to a better understanding of the children's thought processes
Conventional moral reasoning
Primary concern is to fit in and play a role of a good citizen People have a strong desire to follow the rules and laws Typical of most adults
Algorithm
Problem-solving strategies that guarantees the the solution to a problem
Personality Disorders Related to Anxiety
Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
Repression
Puts anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings and memories into the unconscious mind The basis for all other defense mechanisms
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Rare and controversial disorder in which an individual experiences two or more distinct and alternating personalities, Formerly called multiple personalities
Deinstitutionalization
Release of patients from mental hospitals into the community The development of drug therapies led to an 80% decline in the number of hospitalized mental patients from 1950 to 2000 Many of the former patients became part of the homeless population
Reaction Formation
Reverses an unacceptable impulse, causing the person to express the opposite of the anxiety-provoking unconscious feeling
Heuristic
Rule-of-thumb problem-solving strategy that makes a solution more likely and efficient but does not guarantee a solution
low reliability
Sadie takes a personality test, next day takes same test gets a very different result. That means this test has what?
Prozac
Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors Classification of antidepressants which work by blocking the re-uptake of serotonin after it has been released
Displacement
Shifts an unacceptable impulse toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
Teratogens
Substances that cross the placental barrier and prevent the fetus from developing normally
Insight
Sudden realization (Aha!) of the solution to a problem
Mental Set
Tendency to approach a particular problem in a particular way
Functional Fixedness
Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
Achievement Tests
Tests that attempt to measure what the test-taker has accomplished i.e. classroom tests at the end of an unit
Aptitude Tests
Tests that attempt to predict the test taker's future performance
general intelligence
The fact that people who excel in one area tend to excel in another area provides support for what?
Alfred Adler
The neo-Freudian who hypothesized the existence of the inferiority complex
GABA
The neurotransmitter that Antianxiety drugs boost to help the brain reduce anxiety
1 because the word it is in it, one unit of meaning, if it was a compound word it would have multiple not kit since root word is it
The word kitty is made up of how many morphemes?
Charles Spearman
Theorized that a general intelligence factor underlies other, more specific aspects of intelligence
Psychoanalysis
Theory of the personality and therapeutic technique that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
Cognitive Therapy
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting
Neuroticism
Those who are anxious, insecure and self pitying have a low score on which of the personalities?
Aversive conditioning
To help Jill quit smoking the therapist administrates a shock, this therapist is using what?
Adolescence
Transition from childhood to adulthood From puberty (the start of sexual maturation) to independence
Prototype
Typical best example incorporating the major features of a concept
Antianxiety drugs
Valium and Librium are what?
Anxiety, Odd and Eccentric and dramatic impulsive
What are the 3 types of personality disorders?
concept
When you have a tree you know it is tree because you have a ____ of the tree?
hans eysenck
Which researcher was most interested in the introverted v.s. extroverted personality traits?
Gordon Allport
Who came up with 18,000 traits of personality?
Psychoanalysts
a system of psychological theory and therapy that aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free association.
Atypical
behaviors so different from other peoples behavior that it violates a norm Norms vary from culture to culture
Preconventional Moral Reasoning
characterized by the desire to avoid punishment or gain rewards typically children under the age of 9
Schizoid Personality Disorder
detached from social relationships Are true hermits, preferring life alone and avoiding intimate interactions at all costs
PET scans
indicate less activity during periods of depression
Tardive Dyskenesia
involuntary movement of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
Objective Test
tests of personality that can be scored objectively and that are based on a research foundation
Waxy Flexibility
the persons arms and legs will remain in place after being moved there