Psychology: Memory Review

Eidetic Imagery

Form of photographic memory in children where the child is able to examine a picture for 10-30 seconds and hold the image in its mind for several minutes

What is Maintenance Rehearsal Good for?

Good for Keeping information in short term memory

Echoic Memory

Hold auditory information for 1-2 seconds

Levels of Processing Theory

How well a person remembers the information depends on how information is encoded

Name the 2 types of Sensory Memory

Iconic echoic

Sensory Memory

Initial process that receives and holds environmental information in its raw form for a brief period

Declarative Memory

Involves facts or events, stories, words, faces, conversations, daily events that we are aware of and can easily retreive

Semantic Memory

Involves knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, language. This we learn at school

Episodic Memory

Involves knowledge of specific events, personal experiences, activities

Procedural (Nondeclarative) Memory

Involves memories for motor skills

What happens to the information in your short term memory if you don't use it?

It will disappear

What happens to the information in your short term memory if you use it?

It will remain in your short term memory longer, and may transfer into your long term memory

Why is repressed memories controversial?

Its not completely accurate and may have been shaped Memories can be planted

2 characteristics of short term memory

Limited Capacity Limited Duration

Name the two types of declarative memory

Semantic Episodic

Why type of information is usually involved with Effortful encoding?

Semantic Information

Name the 3 types of Memory

Sensory, Short Term (Working), Long term

What happens to the information in your sensory memory if you pay attention to it?

The memory is transferred ti short term memory

What happens to the information in your Sensory memory if you don't pay attention to it?

The memory will disappear without a trace

What happens to the repressed memories?

Those memories remain there and cannot be retrieved until something releases it.

Effortful Encoding

Transfer of information from short term memory to long term memory either by working hard to rehearse the information or by making associations

Automatic Encoding

Transfer of information from short term memory to long term memory without any effort and usually without awareness

Retrieving Long Term memories

Transferring information from long term memory back to short term memory

Elaborative Rehearsal

Using effort to actively make meaningful associations between new information that you want to remember and old information that is already stored

Flashbulb Memory

Vivid Recollection Great Detail Change with retelling Not always accurate Emotional Event Can be forgotten

What is the main difference between Declarative and Procedural Memory?

You cannot retrieve Procedural, while Declarative you are able to willingly retrieve the information

Shallow encoding

paying attention only to basic features

What happens to the information from your iconic information if you shift your attention else where?

the information will diappear

What is the key to retrieving long term memories?

Effectively encoding the information

3 process of memory

Encoding Storing Retrieving

Photographic Memory

Ability to form, sharp detailed visual images after examining a picture or page for a short period of time and recall the entire image at a later date.

How many items and how many seconds can your short term memory process?

About 7 items for 2-30 seconds

What generation does photographic memory occur in?

Adults

Name the 2 types of encoding

Automatic Effortful

Iconic Memory

Automatically holds visual information for about a quarter of a second or more

Primary Effect

Better at recalling information at the beginning of a task

Primary-Recency Effect

Better at recalling information presented at the beginning and end, but not the middle

Recency Effect

Better at recalling information presented at the end of the task

What generation does Eidetic Imagery occur in?

Children

What does Procedural Memory involve?

Cognitive skill (reading) and Emotional behaviors, learned through classical conditioning

Chunking

Combining separated items of information into a larger unit, to increase the amount of information held in short term memory.

Name the two types of long term memory

Declarative Procedural(Nondeclarative)

Name the two types of Effortful Encoding

Maintenance Rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal

Encoding

Making mental representations of information so that it can later be placed in our memories Associating it with something

Deep Encoding

Making new associations= deeper understanding

What are the down sides of memory?

Memories are not copies, but representations Vary in accuracy Subject to bias and error

Is our long term memories accurate?

No, they may undergo change overtime

What is Maintenance Rehearsal not good for?

Not a good form of encoding information to transfer into long term memory.

What are involved in Automatic Encoding?

Personal Events, Interesting Facts, Skills and Habits

Name the 3 main functions of sensory memory

Prevents us from being overwhelmed Gives us decision time to see if its important Provides stability, playback and recognition

Repression

Process by which the mind pushes a memory of something threatening or traumatic even deep into the unconscious

Storing

Process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent storage

Retrieving

Process of recalling information

Long Term Memory

Process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time

Short - Term (Working) Memory

Process that can only hold a limited amount of information

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating of the information