Psychology midterms

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis?

An idea that proves a theory

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures.

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Humanism

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"?

It would be unethical by today's research standards.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?

Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

accuracy

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ________ wave activity in the brain.

alpha

Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads?

androgens

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associative

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

biological

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.

biopsychologist

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

Ravon is deaf. He was born without the ability to hear, and has never experienced an auditory stimulus. When people write using "sound" type words like "loud," "soft," and "quiet," he sometimes has difficulty understanding what they are trying to convey. Ravon has ________ deafness.

congenital

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.

conscientiousness

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?

cross-sectional

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine; norepinephrine

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.

faster; long lasting

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.

five factor

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.

genotype; bb

One principle of civil engineering is that when you design a highway you should have traffic flow in the same direction and avoid interruptions to that flow as much as possible. Exit ramps tend to be curved so that cars don't have to stop rather than having 90-degree angles that force stops and starts. This is an application of which Gestalt principle?

good continuation

Mescaline is considered a(n) ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

her own conscious experience

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.

latent

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

learned

In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens; fovea

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitude

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

narcolepsy

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

observation of phenomena.

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.

only the right visual field

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

parasomnias

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Crack is regarded as more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

Some neurons can only generate action potentials up to a certain speed, and no faster. This fact is a limitation of the ________ theory of pitch perception.

temporal

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio