Psychology quiz3

Jenna tickles her 5-year-old son. This sensory input is first translated into ____.

haptic code

The recovery of stored information is called _____.

retrieval

The three steps of memory are encoding, storage, and _____.

retrieval

_____ memory is organized like a timeline.

Episodic

Which of the following is not a common teratogen?

Folic acid

According to the Atkinson and shiffrin model of memory, information flows through three stages. What is the correct flow of information in this model?

Sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory

What is the basis for the effectiveness of the method of loci?

We form excellent representations of visual images in memory.

Semantic or episodic memories that reference the self are called ____ memories.

autobiographical

Acoustic codes are also known as _____ codes.

echoic

Roger is preparing for his final exam in bioethics. In terms of memory retrieval, the most difficult type of exam question will most likely be ____.

essay

The final stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model refers to the location of permanent memories. This is called ____ memory.

long-term

_____ enhances communication between two neurons.

long-term potentiation

The ____ gives rise to muscle and bone.

mesoderm

The hippocampus_____.

participates in the consolidation of information into long-term memory

Superior recall for the last words on the list is known as the _____.

recency effect

Aaron is studying for his sensation and perception exam by explaining terms and concepts to his friend Catherine in his own words and providing self-referential examples. This is called ____.

recitation

Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because ____.

they provide more cues

Encoding is the process of acquiring information and ____ it into memory/.

transferring

Both brains and computers have the ability to store memories, with one critical difference. What is this difference?

A computer stores exact copies of data, whereas a brain stores bits of data that are reconstructed later for use.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the definition of the term "forgetting"?

Chris is finding it increasingly difficult to remember the Latin vocabulary he learned in high school.

_____ refers to development that changes abruptly from one stage to the other.

Discontinuity

In humans, zygote is the correct term for a developing organism during which period of time?

During the first 2 weeks after conception

_____ rehearsal involves linking material to things you already know.

Elaborative

Which of the following is an accurate statement?

Epigenetic tags continue to accumulate in response to ongoing experience throughout the life span.

Who was part of a team that demonstrated persistent changes in the strength of synapses responsible for several types of learning in sea slugs?

Eric Kandel

_____ memory is an especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event.

Flashbulb

_____ codes are used to process touch and other body senses.

Haptic

Alex is starting his day. Which of the following represents a procedural memory?

He brushes his teeth

What is the main evolutionary benefit of memory?

It allows animals to use information from the past to respond quickly to immediate challenges.

Which scenario best exemplifies an ecological approach to development?

Liam was toilet trained at 18 months, a standard approach for his community.

_____ rehearsal is simple repetition of the material.

Maintenance

According to the levels of processing theory, who will be able to remember the most definitions of the vocabulary words in a given chapter?

Pat, who takes turns with her roommate defining and explaining each term

_____ refers to the process of finding memories or reconstructing the details that make up a memory.

Retrieval

A graph of the serial position effect, where the likelihood that an item will be recalled is plotted as a function of the item's position in a list during presentation, takes the shape of a ____.

U-shaped curve

Medications prescribed to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease boost _____ activity.

acetylcholine

Psychologists taking the universal approach to development look for ___ that are found across the entire human species.

age-related behaviors

Matt remembers visiting Disney World and SeaWorld in Florida with his family when he was 8 years old. This is an example of ____.

an episodic memory

a cue is _____.

any stimulus that helps you access target information

If you are sleep deprived for one night, it will take ___ of good sleep to make up the difference in your ability to remember things.

at least three nights

Under the spreading activation model, which of the following concepts or properties would have the weakest connection with the word "rose" for most people?

aunt

Development is believed to _____.

be continuous in some aspects and more abrupt in others

which external environmental factor is NOT mentioned in the text as a factor that can chemically "tag" our DNA?

behavior

The effect of our motivations on our retrieval of memories ____.

can lead to distortion so that the original information is hardly recognizable

classic method of measuring the retention of material in long-term memory over time is to ____.

compare the rate of learning material the first time to the rate of learning the same material a second time

Which of the following is the best description of interference?

competition between newer and older information

_____ is a confusion between imagined and true memories.

confabulation

_____ may cause you to believe strongly in a memory that is simply not true.

confabulation

What theory views the mind as an interconnected network made up of simpler units?

connectionist theory

_____ refers to development that proceeds gradually and smoothly over time.

continuity

Psychologists taking an ecological view ask questions about the impact of ____ on development.

culture and environment

The reduction in the ability to retrieve rarely used information over time is called ____.

decay

The _____ approach views development as a staircase to be climbed.

discontinuity

_____ refers to the process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory.

encoding

Tom often smokes while studying in his apartment. Of course, he cannot smoke during his exams. This may make retrieval of the material more difficult because of ____.

encoding specificity

Like other adaptations, forming memories requires _____.

energy

Throughout the remaining life span of a person after birth, _____ tags continue to accumulate in response to ongoing experience.

epigenetic

Chemical tags are another term for _____.

epigenimes

Procedural memories are easy to describe in words.

false

among the animals, only humans capable of forming memories.

false

Mr. Langley's former high school Latin students are holding a 25-year reunion. He surprises them with a vocabulary game show quiz. His students most likely ____.

have retained much of the vocabulary they knew in high school

Learning changes neural structure in that neurons have _____ axon terminals following sensitization.

large numbers of

Memory aids that link new information to well-known information are called ____.

mnemonics

Kevin is legally required to send a quarterly check to his former wife, whom he divorced 20 years ago. It annoys him greatly, and he finds that he often forgets until several days after the due date. This is likely an example of ____.

motivated forgetting

Professor Sevilla asks one of his graduate students, Leland, to finish his class lecture on memory. Leland begins by explaining that nondeclarative memories (1) are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories; (2) are easy to verbalize; (3) include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; and (4) are also known as implicit memories. Which part of his definition is inaccurate?

nondeclarative memories are easy to verbalize

Which of these statements about long term memory is NOT true?

older people are less able to add new information to their long-term memories than younger people are

Scientists have discovered correlations between activity in parts of the human brain and specific components of long-term memory through the observation of ____.

patients with brain damage and brain-imaging studies in healthy participants

The component of working memory that is responsible for verbal and auditory information is the _____.

phonological loop

Students who pull all-nighters tend to perform _____ on tests the next day.

poorly

Episodic memories are affected by damage to the ____.

prefrontal cortex

Priming is a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a _____.

previous stimulus

Dinesh takes a quick call from his wife and then returns to a conversation with his coworker. His wife asked him to pick up six items at the grocery store on his way home from work, and while walking to his car, he realizes that he can remember only the first three items. This illustrates the ____.

primary effect

Superior recall for the first items on a list is known as the _____.

primary effect

Gregory was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, which produces degeneration in the basal ganglia. He likely will experience increasing difficulty with learning new ____ memories.

procedural

An implicit memory for how to carry out a motor skill or action is called____.

procedural memory

In most cases, information moves from short-term or working memory to long-term memory through _____.

rehearsal

Marietta has memorized the capital cities of all 50 states. This is an example of ____ memory.

semantic

Within the category of declarative memories, far more is known about _______ organization than other types of organization.

semantic

Declarative memories are consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize and include_____.

semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information

The first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model involves the retention of large amounts of time. This is called ____.

sensory memory

_____ memory allows us to use information without burdening our storage capacities.

short-term

Most types of memories appear stronger after _____.

sleep

Research has shown that _____ plays an important role in the consolidation of memories.

sleep

Ava is almost 1 month old. What does she spend most of her day doing?

sleeping

______ refers to the process of keeping information in the brain for future reconstruction.

storage

Two of the most common causes of retrieval failure are interference and _____.

stress

fMRIs have shown that prefrontal areas of the brain appear to actively ____ memories that are used less frequently.

suppress

Memory's benefits to survival are shown in the fact that nearly all animals are able to form memories despite_____.

the high energy costs

A mother's use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or cocaine during pregnancy can significantly reduce ____.

the volume of gray matter in her Childs brain

The spreading activation model proposes that people organize general knowledge based on ____.

their personal experiences

It is thought that sleep-related processing helps to reorganize existing memories to accommodate new information.

true

Long term memory is characterized by _____.

unlimited duration and unlimited capacity

Evolutionary psychologists view memory as a component of a neural machine designed to _____.

use information from the past to coordinate behavior in the present

As Harry walks out of the supermarket, he sees his parked car get hit by another car. He tries to memorize the make, model, and license plate number of the other car. According to Baddeley's model, he is using his working memory's ____.

visuospatial sketch pad

Which of the following is an adaption of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation of multiple types if information simultaneously?

working memory

Carlos asks Laura to write down her phone number and e-mail address. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he stills remembers them both. This is possible because ____.

working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time

The ability to remember seven numbers plus or minus two was first identified by psychologists_____.

George miller

What is memory?

The ability to retain knowledge

A declarative memory that us accessed in a conscious, direct, and effortful manner is also called _____.

an explicit memory

The ability to remember seven numbers plus or minus two refers to the ___.

capacity of short term memory

DNA stands for _____.

deoxyribonucleic acid