Psychology Test #1

Among the examples below, the strongest correlation coefficient is

-0.90

Although the brain is about ______ of a human's body weight it consumes about ______ of all calories we consume

2%, 20%

Researchers have found that men generally are more likely than women to be willing to consent to sex with strangers and to require less emotional investment for sex to occur. From an evolutionary perspective this is likely because:

The investment of pregnancy is much higher for a woman than men

The most accurate research method of determining whether caffeine supplements improve memory performance is:

experimental study

When a researcher accidentally influences how participants behave, this effect is referred to as:

experimenter expectations

Fitness in evolutionary psychology refers to:

reproductive success

The function of the myelin sheath is to:

To speed up the transmission of action potentials along the axon Title Biological Basis- Neuroanatomy- frontal Lobes (application)

When Marissa went skiing for the first time she felt confident she could handle the slow of the medium difficulty runs. When she rode the chair to the top, however, the slope appeared much steeper and she became worried. This is an example of:

Visual descent illusion

Dru is reading about the different types of research. If he reads, "This type of research has the primary advantage of allowing a scientist to determine cause and effect relationships," what kind of research method is he studying?

a Laboratory experiment

______ are the basic information that is passed along in DNA that tells cells and molecules how to "build" an organism and how that organism should behave.

genes

Imagine a person has the ability to pull a lever that will direct a speeding train onto one of two tracks. Unfortunately, their best friend is tied to one of the tracks and their sibling is tied to the other. Which of the following would best explain people's widespread desire to choose to save a sibling?

inclusive fitness

____________ is important to obtain before starting a research study to ensure people know they are involved in the study, what will happen in the study, and understand they can choose to stop participating at any time.

informed consent

Which noted psychologist developed the first modern intelligence test?

Alfred Binet

Children's behavior on a playground is observed and later parents complete a questionnaire regarding home behavior of these same children. This method would best be described as a:

Correlation Design

The __________ method is a research approach in which participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day through systematic recollection on the following day

Day Reconstruction

The famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe observed and charted the movement of the stars across the night sky. His approach to astronomy was different than many earlier astronomers whose theories were informed by religion, philosophy and politics. Brahe was clearly a proponent of ________, which emphasizes observation and personal experience.

Empiricism

________ refers to a policy of selective breeding founded on the belief that society can be improved by promoting reproduction among the most highly intelligent of its citizens.

Eugenics

The experience of jealously leads heterosexual men to be more likely to protect their mates and guard against rivals, which increases their reproductive success. This statement is best reflected by which of the following psychological perspectives?

Evolutionary Psychology

With which early perspective in psychology was Max Wertheimer most closely associated?

Gestalt Psychology

Why is Wilhelm Wundt often credited as being responsible for the initial development of modern psychology?

He prompted the idea that psychology could be studied scientifically and provided classes, textbooks, and laboratory for training students.

G. Stanley Hall is, perhaps, one of the most prolific of the early American Psychologists. Which would NOT be accurately included in a list of his accomplishments?

He published the first American textbook of psychology, The Principles of Psychology, in 1890

Of the following, which was NOT among the early psychologists who were functionalists and who were influenced by Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory?

Joseph Horne

Which ethical guideline would a scientist be breaking if they videotaped children, without asking their guardians, while the children were taking a test in class?

Privacy

Isiah is still young but has lied to his mom that he stole cookies from the kitchen. Isiah feels guilty which leads him to tell the truth and apologize to his mom. Isiah's guilt is one example of how mechanisms of the mind can help solve specific problems to help survival. What is the concept associated with this example?

Psychological Adaptations

Marsha was talking to Conrad being very friendly. Marsha was smiling and touching Conrad on the arm when she laughed. Due to the ______________ bias, Conrad interpreted these unclear cues as sexual interest from Marsha

Sexual overperception

Which of the following best describes the difference between structuralism and functionalism?

Structuralist are interested in what the mind is and functionalists are interested in what the mind does.

When researchers collect in-the-moment (or, close-to-the-moment) self-report data directly from participants as they go about their daily lives, they are:

Studying daily experiences

Imagine that researchers were interested in learning about public support for gay marriage. If the researchers analyzed Facebook posts regarding the acceptance or rejection of homosexuality (via opinions in status updates, article posts, or groups they officially like), they would be:

Studying online behavior

Over time, humans developed the ability to shiver. This is an example of ___________.

Survival adaptation

Gestalt psychology, with its emphasis on topics such as learning and perception, was an important early precursor to the rise of ________ psychology in America.

cognitive

Dr. Sharma wants to study the extent to which stress is related to suicidal ideation in people who suffer from depression. She gathers information about the level of stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts a set of participants experience the day after they attend the funeral of a loved one. Because this study is assessing people under conditions that are not typical of everyday life, it is lacking in __________ validity.

ecological

The belief that knowledge is best acquired as a direct result of experience is called ________.

empiricism

If you see a bird flying toward you this information is most likely processed in the:

occipital lobe

The main difference between the brains of humans and animals is that:

humans have a more developed frontal cortex

Evidence reveals a correlation between the number of hours toddlers spend watching television and their level of hyperactivity in later childhood. What does this definitively indicate?

that there is a relationship between television viewing and hyperactivity

Which doctoral degree in psychology was first introduced in 1973, and places a greater emphasis on clinical training and practice as opposed to the development of scientific research skills?

the Scholar- Practitioner model

The heavily myelinated fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres are collectively called the:

the corpus callosum

Some people retain their virginity because they believe it will make them more attractive to potential marriage partners. This idea is an example of __________.

the ways that cultural norms affect psychological adaptations

While a _______ is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, _______ is a logical idea that can be tested.

theory; Hypothesis

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?

Do native English speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish?

_______ was an 18 th century philosopher who, in the early years of psychology, argued that human observers acquired knowledge through their senses?

Thomas Reid

What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their research?

A study should only be conducted if the study benefits outweigh the risks.

To image electrical activity of neurons firing in the brain researchers use _________ which attaches electrodes to the outside of a person's head.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

What is one reason why scientific psychologists follow a specific set of guidelines to help them make decisions when doing research?

To ensure they protect participants from potential harm

Dr. Hart is interested in the role of relationships in preventing heart disease. As her patients come into her office in Bluebell, Alabama, she asks them two questions: Are you a in a relationship? Have you experienced any heart problems in the last 8 years? Based on her findings, she concludes that relationships cause cardiovascular (heart) problems. One issue with her methodology is that the results are not generalizable. What does this mean?

Her results may not be true for the entire population.

Who was the German physiologist whose early work involved measuring the speed of neural impulses and exploring the physiology of hearing?

Hermann Von Helmholtz

Which of the following is the best statement regarding the relationship between different forms of validity in psychology research?

It is very difficult to achieve high levels of both internal and external validity in the same research study.

In what way did the behavioral perspective in psychology differ with almost every other perspective to come before it?

It rejected any reference to "the mind" and focused on observable behavior as the only legitimate topic of the field.

People's basic survival instincts such as fear, aggression, hunger and sex are associated with the:

Lambic system

Researchers studied language development in the same group of children every year over a five year period. This research design is called

Longitudinal

Halaina is a participant in research being conducted by Wilhelm Wundt. In the study, she is asked to push a button as quickly as she can after she hears an audible tone. This study examines reaction time, or what Wundt might have called ______________

Mental chronomety

When using imaging techniques to study the brain researchers often have to weigh a trade-off between

Temporal and Spatial resolution

nformed consent to serve as a subject in research requires signing a document that states:

The purpose of the study that the subject may end participation at any time The probable risks involved

Which cliché most fully encompasses the beliefs of early Gestalt psychologists?

The whole is more than the sum of its parts

While a _______ is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, _______ is a logical idea that can be tested.

Theory; Hypothesis

Researchers find a correlation of +1.20 between coffee consumption and mental alertness. This indicates that:

There is a flaw in the computation of the correlation coefficient

An article headline claimed that "Drugs Cause Homelessness" due to a positive relationship found between homeless populations and drug use. Educated psychologists thought this might be flawed, because they thought unemployment was influencing both drug use and homelessness. This is an example of:

Third Variable

Lonnie needs to make a long business trip back to of Minnesota but is uncertain of when to leave. According to the weather report, there is a big storm starting that he may encounter. The cost of deciding to leave later will make him late for his meeting but the cost to leave too early might put him in a car accident on the slippery roads. Which theory would predict that because of evolution, Lonnie would choose the less costly or dangerous option and leave later in the day to avoid the storm?

error management theory

Students who study for 7 hours over the course of a week will perform better than students who cram for 7 hours the night before the exam. The dependent variable in this hypothesis is:

exam performance

Dr. Tylka is conducting research about the risk of developing eating disorders in adolescent boys. She concludes that her findings apply not only to the sample of high school boys she studied, but to other males in other settings and contexts. In this regard, Dr. Tylka is stating that her findings have high __________ validity.

external

Some might say that women have a preference for taller men. Their preference for tall males puts pressure on mate selection. As a consequence, the evolution of mate qualities changes because of women's preference and the average height of males has increased with time. While this is not scientifically proven, what concept would this be an example of if it were true?

intersexual selection

Gary and Cole both see Ashley across the department store. They both find Ashley attractive so they decide to arm wrestle for the chance to talk to her. The winner will hopefully be able to ask her on a date. Gary and Cole's behavior is an example of the first process of sexual selection also known as what?

intrasexual competition

Emilio has taught himself to savor each bite of his meals. He closes his eyes, focuses intensely on the flavors of his food, and maximizes his enjoyment of every bite. His ability to focus intently on the sensation and perception of taste is similar to Wilhelm Wundt's procedure of ______________

introspection

The Central Nervous System is:

is made up of the spinal cord and brain

Confidentiality requires that:

it will. be impossible to correlate data to individuals

A male peacock has bright feathers even though this could potentially make him a target for predators. Which of the following best explains his bright feathers?

mating advantage

Students who study for 7 hours over the course of a week will perform better than students who cram for 7 hours the night before the exam. The independent variable in this hypothesis is:

method of studying (spaced or crammed)

While survival is important, it is only important if it contributes to reproductive success. These differences in heritable attributes are also known as _____________.

natural selection

What is the term for an electrochemical signal that enables a neuron to communicate with other cells?

neural impulse

Betty decided to conduct an experiment on the effectiveness of a new anti-anxiety pill. She decided that participants who had been diagnosed with anxiety would be in the treatment group and participants who had never been treated for anxiety would be the control group. Which aspect of proper research design did Betty ignore?

random assignment

An example of an operational definition for anxiety is a:

score on a anxiety questionnaire

The development of _________ has provided a new level of advantage for gathering information from research participants at specific times, often randomly selected, throughout a given day.

smartphone's

The primary function of an axon is:

to conduct electrical signals that help cells communicate

One reason for using random assignment is:

to help ensure that participant characteristics don't become confounding variables