Psychology Test #2 11/12/20

age of sensorimotor stage

0-2 years

Milestones of Motor Development

1. Lifts head up - 2 months 2. Rolls over - 2 1/2 months 3. Sits propped up - 3 months 4. Sits up without support - 6 months 5. Stands holding on 6 1/2 months 6. Walks holding on - 9 months 7. Stands momentarily - 10 months 8. stands alone - 11 months 9. Walks alone - 12 months 10. walks backwards - 14 months 11. Walks up steps - 17 months 12. Kicks ball forwards - 20 months

early childhood play in order

1. solitary play 2. Parallel play 3. Cooperative play

age of formal operational stage

12 years and up

age of preoperational stage

2-7 years

age concrete operational stage

7-12 years

True and False: Most abusive parents were themselves battered or neglected as children.

True: a rate 6 times higher than the national rate of child abuse

True and False: Newborns turn their heads in the direction of human voices but not in response to artificial sounds.

True: baby's sensory equipment is "wired" to facilitate social responsiveness

True and False: If a mother is a heroin addict, her baby is born a heroin addict.

True: teratogens

Zygote

a fertilized egg

Jean Piaget believed they "fit" into the world as they experience

a particular age

Development means that change can be ______ or ________

abrupt or gradual

during the formal operational stage they can do _____ and ______ reasoning

abstract & hypothetical

Jean Piaget believed cognitive development is a way of

adapting to the environment

Decades of Life 10-19

adolescence, puberty, drive, attitude, friends. Party, sports, relationships

teratogen

any agent that can cause a birth defect (e.g., drugs, radiation, viruses)

head turning =

auditory attention

Decades of Life 20-29

bars, college, marriage, kids, job, travel, individualization, party, gamble

immature visual system means

can only detect movement and large objects

Physical development begins at _________

conception

during what stage would the kid think the water with. the same amount it more because the glass is taller

concrete operational stage

During the concrete operational stage they can do _______ and _______ tasks

conservation & classification tasks

during the preoperational stage their are no ______ or _______ tasks

conservation or classification tasks

grasping

curling the fingers around an object

Decades of Life 70-79

dentures, diapers, alzheimers, pants to your chest, news 24/7

continuity

development is continuous

during the preoperational stage the thinking is ______

egocentric

during the formal operational stage they can reason contrary to ________

experience

Decades of Life 30-39

family, career, sedan, house, mini van, weekend cabin, more kids, boredom, divorce

babinski

fanning and curling toes when foot is stroked

Germinal period

first two weeks after conception

Prenatal environment can have lifetime influence on ________ and ________ ability

health and intellectual ability

Decades of Life 50-59

hot flashes, golf, nightline, retirement, play cards, bingo, grandkids

Infants are born with

immature visual system

during the preoperational stage they understand

intuitive relations

Decades of Life 0-9

legos, barbies, cute, carefree, 1st day school, diapers, santa, sprinkler

During the concrete operational stage they can do ____ operations

logical

sucking, reaching, kicking =

measure interest

Infant reflexes provide insight into their

mental life

during the peroperational stage what do they use to describe, remember and reason the world

mental representations and language

Decades of Life 40-49

mid life crisis, old, empty nest, over hill, established, sportscar, Rogaine

Decades of Life 80-89

nursing home, death, walker, great - grandparents, bed pans, meds. (lots)

during the sensorimotor stage they develop

object permanence

Shemes

plans for knowing

fantasy play is possible in what stage

preoperational stage

Physical maturity sets limits on ____________ ____________

psychological ability

crawling

pushing against the sole of the foot to initiate a crawling motion.

During the concrete operational stage they understand

reversibility

Babies/people construct ________ or plans for knowing

schemes

during the sensorimotor stage they understand the world through

senses and motor actions

During the concrete operational stage they can concentrate on ___________ _______ more

sexual identity

Decades of Life 60-69

shuffelboard, retire, sr. cit discount, travel, garage sales, bingo, arthritis, motor home, slow drive

human develope is applied to ______, _____, ______ development

social, personal and intellectual development

Two views of human development

stage theories and continuity

planter reflex

stepping reflex

sucking

sucking rhythmically in response to oral stimulation

object permanence

the idea that things still exist out of site

Stage theories

there are distinct phases to intellectual and personality development

moro

throwing the arms out, arching the back and bringing the arms together (in response to loud noise or sudden change in position of the head)

when can children recognize themselves in the mirror

towards the end of the sensorimotor stage

Assimilation

try to fit the world into our scheme

rooting

turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek

fetal period

two months after conception until birth

gaze duration =

visual perception

Examples of physical maturity sets limits on psychological ability

visual system not fully functional at birth language system not functional until much later

accommodation

we change our scheme to fit the characteristics of the world

embryonic period

weeks three through eight after conception

conception

when a sperm penetrates the ovum

Other senses of infants function well on day 1 examples

will orient to sounds (acclimate to human voices) will recognize their mother's smell turn away from unpleasant odors prefer sweet to sour tastes

True and False: The father determines the sex of the baby.

True: Mother=XX, father=XY

what happens during conception

A single sperm cell (male) penetrates the outer coating of the egg (female) and fuses to form one fertilized cell.

what happens when a zygote becomes a embryo

A zygote is a fertilized cell with cells that become increasingly diverse. At about 14 days the zygote turns into an embryo

True and False: Children first recognize themselves in a mirror at about 3 years of age.

False: 18 months, Rouge Test

True and False: Children who develop the most positive self-image tend to have been raised by permissive parents.

False: Authoritative parents-exert control by establishing rules and consistently enforcing them

True and False: Infants initially develop close attachments to their mothers merely because they provide nourishment.

False: Harry Harlow Experiment

True and False: The child's mind is a miniature model of the adults.

False: Piaget-children actively construct their understandings of the world in ways that are quite different than adults.

True and False: People never really forget the trauma of their own birth.

False: human neural pathways are incomplete at birth

When does fertilization usually occur?

Fertilization usually occurs during ovulation.

maturation

Refers to biological process that unfolds as a person grows older and contributes to orderly sequences of developmental changes.

During a class discussion Else and Beatriz discuss the possible outcomes if the a particular candidate were to be elected as President of the United States.

Stage of Cognitive: Formal Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: Abstract

Lorelai assumes the car is moving because she is inside of it.

Stage of Cognitive: Preoperational Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: Egocentrism

A five-year-old girl makes the argument that her kindergarten class has more boys than children.

Stage of Cognitive: Preoperational Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: Lacks hierarchical classification

Aidan, a preschooler, cannot recognize that if 8 - 5 = 3, then 3 + 5 = 8.

Stage of Cognitive: Preoperational Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: irreversibility

5-year-old Sophia mistakenly believes that her short, wide glass contains less soda than her brother's tall, narrow glass. Actually, both glasses contain the same amount of soda.

Stage of Cognitive: Preoperational Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: Lacks conservation

Vivian does not attempt to retrieve her bottle after her father hides it under a blanket believing it is gone.

Stage of Cognitive: Sensorimotor Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: lacks object permanence

When children can answer both if there are more chips than marbles and if there are more blue chips than red chips they have mastered which concept?

Stage of Cognitive: concrete Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: hierarchical classification

Mrs. Kirpatrick cut Juliet's hot dog into eight pieces and Susanna's into six pieces. Susanna does not get upset because she correctly realizes that even though it looks like Juliet got a larger portion, they are both eating the same amount of food.

Stage of Cognitive: concrete Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: conservation ability

Gerard watched as a researcher placed five toy station wagons and three toy convertibles on a table. The researcher asked him if there were more station wagons or more cars, and Gerard correctly answered that there were more cars.

Stage of Cognitive: concrete Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: hierarchical classification ability

George is planning to ask his parents if he can borrow their car on Friday night. He is thinking about all of the possible reasons that they might bring up for not letting him use the car, and thinking of a logical reply to each of these possible objections.

Stage of Cognitive: formal operational Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: abstract thought

Jeff is considering potential career routes that he might take later in life. He carefully assesses the positive and negative aspects of each option, and speculates about the possible outcomes of each career path before he makes his decision.

Stage of Cognitive: formal operational Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: abstract thought

Four-year-old Emily's older brother taught her how to catch a beach ball by positioning her hands a certain distance apart. When Emily later learned to catch a smaller tennis ball by adjusting the distance between her hands she used this process.

Stage of Cognitive: preoperational Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: accommodation

Jack is only able to focus on one aspect of a problem which makes it impossible for him at this age to master conservation tasks.

Stage of Cognitive: preoperational Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: centration

Rachel believes that grass grows out of the ground in order to cushion her if she falls when she is playing outside.

Stage of Cognitive: preoperational Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: egocentrism

Lorelai watches her preschool teacher form two identical balls of modeling clay. The teacher gives one of the balls to Lorelai, and then squashes the remaining ball into a flat pancake. She asks Lorelai if they both have the same amount of clay, and Lorelai confidently states that the teacher has more clay because the pancake looks bigger than the ball.

Stage of Cognitive: preoperational Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: lacks conservation

When Chuck saw his older brother's bicycle fall off of its kick stand, Chuck told his brother that the bicycle must be tired and is now taking a nap.

Stage of Cognitive: preoperational Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: animism

Henry is asked, "Do you have a brother?" He replies, "Yes, his name is Joe." Next Henry is asked, "Does Joe have a brother?" Henry answers, "No."

Stage of Cognitive: preoperational Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: egocentric, irreversibility

In 3-year-old Eli's game checkers are cookies, papers are dishes, a box is the table, and so on in the world of pretend play. What stage of cognition is being represented?

Stage of Cognitive: preoperational Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: pretend play

Zahria who is 17 months old learned to call her family do a "woof woof". Her parents were surprised when she pointed to a cow and said "woof woof".

Stage of Cognitive: sensorimotor Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: assimilation

Logan's older sister is playing a game with him. She hides the ball that they are playing with behind her back, and Logan quickly loses interest in the game. He makes no attempt to look for the ball, but instead picks up another toy that is close by.

Stage of Cognitive: sensorimotor Concept Being illustrated or lacking in the Example: lacks object permeance

Who is Jean Piaget?

Swiss psychologist who studies cognitive development of children