Psychology Test 2

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another

In E. C. Tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. Later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. This experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form _____ of their surroundings.

Cognitive Maps

Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____.

Elaborative Rehearsal

According to James and Lange,__________are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses.

Emotions

Feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components are defined as _____.

Emotions

Which of the following is true of metabolism?

Fatty tissue in the body metabolizes food more slowly than muscle tissue does.

In the context of reinforcement schedules, a piece worker that gets paid on a per-shirt basis is on a__________.

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Bethany taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called _____.

Generalization

The__________is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

Hypothalamus

Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _____.

Infantile Amnesia

Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory?

It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.

According to cognitive theorists, _____ is the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience.

Learning

_____ is the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Memory

A(n)__________is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.

Memory Trace

In the context of hunger, we get signals of satiety from the _____.

Mouth

_____ are at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Physiological Needs

_____ is best described as the field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future.

Positive Psychology

In the context of operant conditioning,__________is the act of following a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response.

Reinforcement

Joy speaks Spanish as she had learnt the language when she was in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of _____.

Retroactive Interference

Stephen was recently involved in a car accident in which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from _____.

Retrograde Amnesia

_____ is the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays.

Short-Term Memory

Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned, is known as _____.

State-Dependent Memory

The__________is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Dana can only remember the first few and the last few items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of?

The serial-position effect

In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?

They are developed through experience

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?

They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed

In the context of operant conditioning, gamblers at slot machines win on a _____.

Variable-Ration Schedule

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:

humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal

Episodic memory is also referred to as _____.

Autobiographical Memory

When the lateral hypothalamus of a rat is destroyed, it may most likely:

Become Aphagic

In the context of classical conditioning, a learned reaction to a learned stimulus is known as a(n)__________.

Conditioned Response

The _____ is vital in storing new information even if one can retrieve old information without it.

Hippocampus

It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.

Schema

Christopher knows a lot of facts about the earth. He knows that the circumference of Earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the Earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____.

Semantic Memory

General knowledge is referred to as__________.

Semantic Memory

Asha has a fear of darkness. To extinguish this fear, she is placed in a dark room ensuring that she suffers no harm in the process. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce Asha's fear of the dark?

Flooding

Which of the following is true of drives?

Psychological needs for approval, achievement, and belonging give rise to drives

Which of the following is a biological factor responsible for obesity?

A high fat-to-muscle ratio

The__________is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration.

Autonomic Nervous System

Teachers can learn to use__________to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it.

Behavior Modification

Christine uses an electric can opener to open cans of dog food. After the first few times of using the electric opener to open the dog food, she notices that her dog starts to salivate just at the sound of the electric can opener in anticipation of food. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the electric can opener has become an effective _____ for Christine's dog.

Conditioned Stimulus

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _____ of the event.

Episodic Memories

__________is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.

Extinction

Joy speaks Spanish as she had learnt the language when she was in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of _____.

Interference Theory

Which of the following statements is true of shaping?

It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal

A(n)__________is a state of deprivation.

Need

In the context of operant conditioning, the removal of a pleasant stimulus is known as__________.

Negative Punishment

According to _____, when we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced.

Observation Learning

In operant conditioning, organisms learn to do or not do things because:

Of the consequences of their behavior

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

Systematic Desensitization

In the context of emotion, which of the following is a difference between the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory?

Unlike the Cannon-Bard's theory, the James-Lange theory says that emotions are produced by bodily changes.

The _____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?

Clara getting a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore

B. F. Skinner taught pigeons and other animals to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This kind of behavior is called__________.

Operant Behavior

The__________is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he is trying to remember Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of _____.

Proactive Interference

Implicit memories involve methods and skills, cognitive and physical, and are also referred to as _____.

Procedural Memories

_____ believed that tension motivates us to behave in ways that restore us to a resting state.

Sigmund Freud

__________is the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time.

Spontaneous Recovery

According to William Masters and Virginia Johnson, _____.

men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation