PSYCHOLOGY TEST 2

Abner went to see "The Monster that Ate Chicago" with his friends. during a particularly frightening part of the movie, he discovered that he could not lift his arm to pick up his soda, and in fact could not move much at all. what condition does she have?

cataplexy

remember "ROY G. BIV" is simpler than remembering "Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet."

chunking

for the last several nights, Sabine has had trouble sleeping. she tosses and turns throughout the night and cant seem to get her brain to quiet down. now she notices that even the thought of another restless night makes her anxious. what condition does she have?

conditioned insomnia

if Malcom is dreaming that he is a knight riding fire-breathing doughnut through a tunnel of cheerios, which of the following can we also assume? a. Malcom is anxious b. Malcom's EEG would most likely reflect delta activity c. messages sent from Malcom's brain to his body would be reduced d. Malcom's EEG would most likely reflect both beta and theta activity

d. Malcom's EEG would most likely reflect both beta and theta activity

Maria is woken up by a loud noise outside her window. after making sure that the noise was harmless, she proceeds to record a very vivid, emotional dream in her dream journal. what stage of sleep was Maria most likely when she woke up? a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. slow-wave sleep d. REM

d. REM

dreaming occurs during which stage of sleep? a. stage 1 b. slow-wave sleep c. paradoxical sleep d. REM sleep

d. REM sleep

What does the term consciousness refer to? a. different levels of arousal and attention b. the content of your current thoughts and internal states c. your subjective awareness of internal and external events d. all of the above

d. all of the above

at a party Kate has 6 alcoholic drinks. with each drinks what is happening inside of Kate's brain? a. Kate's central nervous system is slowing down b. the neuron in Kate's brain are firing slower c. Kates frontal lobes are being depressed d. all of the above

d. all of the above

you're at a party, and you've been drinking. you feel like your friends are mad at you and ignoring you, but really they are just in the middle of doing other things and don't hear you. the next day after you have sobered up, you realize that they weren't mad, and your drinking had caused you to think they were. what state of consciousness were you in during the party? a. no consciousness b. subconscious c. high-level d. altered state

d. altered state

What form(s) of amnesia did H. M. have? a. retrograde amnesia b. anterograde amnesia c. neither d. both retrograde and anterograde amnesia

d. both retrograde and anterograde amnesia

a strong relationship between alcohol and aggression has been demonstrated in many studies. this relationship exists because alcohol: a. increases activity in the amygdala b. increases activity in the hippocampus c. decreases activity in the parietal lobe d. decreases activity in the frontal lobe

d. decreases activity in the frontal lobe reasoning: the frontal lobe helps determine right from wrong, and by drinking alcohol, you slow its ability to process. this allows for behavior that you would normally be able to determine as wrong, such as starting fights, calling your friend in the middle of the night and so on.

Janie had tantrums before bedtime, and her parents tried to quiet her down. Then Janie's parents stopped attending to her tantrums when they put her to bed. Six months later, Janie no longer exhibits tantrums. Which of the following eliminated Janie's tantrums? a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. extincition

d. extinction

if you are looking for your keys on your very messy desk, you are probably at what level of consciousness a. low-level b. subconscious c. high-attention d. high-level

d. high level

which of the following is NOT associated with narcolepsy? a. cataplexy b. hypnagogic hallucinations c. sudden sleep attacks d. night terrors

d. night terrors

In Samantha's family it is a tradition to play pitch, a strategic card game, every Friday night after dinner. This Friday night however, Samantha goes to her friend's house for dinner and afterwards they play a similar but different card game called spades. When she goes back home, Samantha struggles with the games because she keeps confusing the rules of pitch with spades. This is an example of ____ ? a. anterograde amnesia b. retrograde amnesia c. proactive interference d. retroactive interference

d. retroactive interference

Neil saw his dad shake hands with a friend, and now Neil shakes hands with everyone he sees. How did Neil learn to shake hands with others? a. operant learning b. pavlovian learning c. latent learning d. social learning

d. social learning

Janice made a bad decision and lost her phone while she was drinking. According to the encoding specificity principle, under what conditions will she most likely remember where she left her phone? a. when she is a good mood b. when she is in a bad mood c. when she is on land d. when she is drinking

d. when she is drinking

depressants

dampen, slow, or inhibit the activity of the nervous sytem

slow-wave sleep

delta activity

REM

desynchronized theta waves accompanied by blood flow to the visual association cortex

Trisha is trying to remember what color the friendship bracelet that her best friend Alex gave her in second grade was. What kind of memory is Trisha using? a. semantic memory b. working memory c. procedural memory d. sensory memory e. episodic memory

e. episodic memory

stimulants

excite or increase the activity of the nervous system

hypnagogic hallucinations

hallucinations experienced just before falling asleep

hypnopompic hallucinations

hallucinations experienced just before waking from sleep

hallucinogens

influence the interaction between the sensory system and the rest of the nervous system

consciousness

is an interaction between our own subjective experiences (awareness) and the level of attention we are willing (or able) to dedicate to those experiences (arousal).

low-level conciousness

processing that involves the brain on "autopilot;" low alertness and attention ex. re-watching a familiar television show; daydreaming; typing (as an expert)

shouting random numbers at your friend while he's trying to count the number of cards in a pile causes him to mess up and start over

rehearsal

stage 2

sleep spindles and K complexes

Steven and Kevin are camping. Steven hears something brushing up against their tent. Steven attempts to wake Kevin up by nudging his arm and repeating his name but is unsuccessful. Kevin is most likely in what stage of sleep? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Slow-wave sleep d. REM

slow-wave sleep

state of consciousness

the different levels of arousal and attention an individual can experience

latent

the hidden meaning of the dream

subconsciousness

the lowest level of awareness; occurs when information is processed below the surface of consciousness ex. sleeping and dreaming; subliminal processing

manifestq

the overt story line of the dream; the part the dreamer can remember and report to others

the letters "A" and "J" are often mistaken for one another in working memory

the phonological loop

classical conditioning

the sound of thunder causes small children to jump in fear

stage 1

theta waves

stage 1 of sleep

very light stage of sleep

the length of an imagined path relates to how long it takes you to imagine walking down it

visuospatial scratchpad

observational learning

your best friend learns how to do algebra by watching you solve a problem

biological rhythm

-also called circadian rhythm or biological clock -it controls our sleep and wake cycle, and regulates other physiological responses, like changing blood pressure, hormones, and body temperature

-clicker -salivate to clicker -treat -salivate to treat

-conditioned stimulus -conditioned response -unconditioned stimulus -unconditioned response

Sort the intermittent schedules of reinforcement in order from lowest to highest rate of responding. See also the figure with the graph of responses over time for each of the four schedules of reinforcement.

-fixed interval -variable interval -fixed ratio -variable ratio

-you feel anxious because your professor mentions an upcoming exam? -you cat comes running whenever you shake a bag of treats? -an infant cries when she/he is hungry? -while showering you jump out of the way of the water when you hear a toilet flush? -your dog thinks you are going to take him out when you get up in the morning to use the bathroom? -you make sure you do your chores before your mom gets home so you can go to the movies? -a cat is put in an odd puzzle box, but after trial and error is able to escape quickly in subsequent trials? -children are afraid of loud sounds?

-learning -learning -not learning -learning -learning -learning -learning -not learning

Alejandro and Savannah are on a first date. As they drive, Alejandro notices the smell of Savannah's shampoo. Throughout the evening, whenever she is close to him, he not only smells her shampoo but his heart quickens and the palms of his hands become damp. the following week, while walking down the hall at school, Alejandro smelled Savannah's shampoo. As a result, his heart skipped a beat and he started to sweat. Match the correct term to the corresponding name of the event from the example. -unconditioned stimulus -neutral/conditioned stimulus -conditioned response -unconditioned response

-savannah -the smell of Savannah's shampoo -increased heart rate and sweating -increased heart rate and sweating

-unconditioned stimulus -neutral/conditioned stimulus -conditioned stimulus -unconditioned response

-shrill scream -doorbell -fear -fear

slow-wave sleep

-transition to slow, regular, high-amplitude waves called delta wave -deepest stage of sleep -takes a lot of work waking you up; you feel groggy when you do

Based on Bandura's four phases of observational learning, match each phase with the corresponding behavior - attention -retention -production -motivational

-you watch a senior dance team member execute perfect triple-pirouettes during practice -after practice you think about how the older dance member completed those turns -at the next dance practice you decide to try and do the same triple-pirouettes -after a couple of weeks of dance practices you are able to cleanly complete triple-pirouettes like the senior dance member

without time cues like like, humans would revert to a ________ hour clock

25

activation-synthesis hypothesis

A hypothesis about dreaming that suggests that dreams do not serve a direct purpose, but rather are the consequence of other processes that occur during sleep

which of the following examples best illustrates systematic desensitization? A. having someone who hates flying, board a 10-hour flight while listening to calming music B. train an individual who has a phobia of spiders get comfortable with a spider being in the same room and then have the individual hold the spider once they are comfortable. C. having an individual who is terrified of giving presentations to large groups of people give a practice presentation to a large group of people and then give another one to a smaller group of people. D. train an individual to like skydiving at different altitues

B. train an indivudual who has a phobia of spiders get comfortable with a spider being in the same room and then have the individual hold the spider once they are comfortable

Everly woke up from a sound sleep; although her body was paralyzed, she had the sensation of levitating above her bed. she also saw three sinister beings crouched at the foot of her bed. what condition does she have?

Hypnopompic hallucinations

at night when Diana sleeps, she thrashes about while she dreams. her roommate says it is almost as if she is acting out her dreams. what condition does she have?

REM sleep disorder

stage 2 of sleep

Spindles and K complexes

lucid dreaming

The ability to recognize a dream while still inside the dream, thus giving the dreamer the ability to control the narrative of the dream

cognitive theory of dreams

The theory that dreams are essentially a form of information processing that allows us to review what we've experienced throughout the day, make decisions about the importance of new knowledge, and hypothesis-test possible outcomes of our decisions

evolutionary theory of dreams

The theory that dreams help prepare us for emergency situations so that we are better prepared if and when a life-or-death situation occurs in the real world.

operant conditioning

a child cleans their room and then gets a candy bar as a reward

no consciousness

a complete lack of consciousness ex. surgical anesthesia; unconsciousness due to brain trauma; coma

altered state of consciousness

a state of "different" consciousness that is neither high nor low ex. use of psychoactive drugs; engaging in hypnosis or meditation

high level consciousness

a state of purposeful, controlled processing involving high alertness and attention ex. having an interesting conversation; learning a new skill

seasonal affective disorder

a type of depression usually experienced during the winter months

You're out shopping for toothpaste, and you notice the pictures on several different brands. Brand A has a picture of an extremely happy celebrity, Brand B has a picture of gum disease (as a warning for not brushing), Brand C has a picture of starving children (because they're collecting donations), and Brand D has no picture. According to the principles of classical conditioning, which brand of toothpaste are you most likely to purchase if you are judging by the pictures alone? a. Brand A b. Brand B c. Brand C d. Brand D

a. Brand A

Which of the following is an example of a misattribution error? a. Leo, who says he learned about the Boston marathon bombings on TV b. Jed, who says that the bank robber was wearing a red hat when in fact he was not wearing a hat at all c. Donna, who says she learned about her sisters pregnancy from her sister but she actually learned about it from her mother d. CJ, who says that the car the ran a red light was blue when in fact it was blue

a. Leo, who says he learned about the Boston Marathon bombings on TV

during his therapy session, Nathan tells his therapist about a dream he had that he was hiking up a mountain without shoes. his therapist says this means that Nathan unconsciously feels as if he is tackling life's problems without support from his friends and family. In this scenario what is dream content each person is revealing? a. Nathan - manifest, therapist - latent b. they are both revealing manifest content c. Nathan - latent, therapist - manifest d. they are both revealing latent content

a. Nathan - manifest, therapist - latent

which of the following is NOT a predictor for becoming an alcoholic later in life? a. a low tolerance for alcohol b. a family history of alcoholism c. liking the taste of alcohol d. a high tolerance for alcohol

a. a low tolerance for alcohol

Carol is using an illegal drug in hopes of losing 25 lbs. this drug is increasing activity within Carol's nervous system. When she uses the drug she feels a rush of energy and has a hard time falling asleep at night. what kind of drug might you suspect Carol is using? a. a stimulant b. a depressant c. a hallucinogenic d. skinny tea

a. a stimulant

Which psychological phenomenon is most likely to explain why social security numbers are nine digits long? a. chunking b. memory span c. inner ear d. inner voice

a. chunking

if sally is currently worrying about all the things she needs to do during the day, it is most likely that a psychologist would say that these thought are part of her ________ a. conscious content b. unconscious content c. unconscious state

a. conscious content

__________ refers to problems with the quality of sleep. __________, in contrast, refers to the problems that occur during sleep. a. dyssomnia; parasomnia b. parasomnia; dyssomnia c. insomnia; narcolepsy d. insomnia; apnea e. hypnopompic; hypnagogic

a. dyssomnia; parasomnia

Natalie picks up a peach at the grocery store. The colors of the peach remind her of a sunset which causes her to think about her family whom she enjoys admiring the sky with on their back porch. What is this an example of? a. elaboration b. imagery c. sensory memory d. rehearsal

a. elaboration

Curt's favorite childhood memory is playing kickball with his best buds at recess. What part of Curt's memory is being activated when Curt describes this memory? a. episodic b. explicit c. semantic d. iconic

a. episodic

A person who is traveling from New York to Singapore may experience problems with jet lag. Which of the following would you advise him to do upon arrival? a. expose himself to a bright light upon waking up in the morning b. take melatonin right before bed c. drink a shot of brown liquor right before bed d. all of these would be good suggestions

a. expose himself to a bright light upon waking up in the morning

Dave takes his girlfriend out to eat every Friday provided she does not complain about him watching football with his buddies on Saturday & Sunday. Their dinner dates are an example of a ___ schedule. a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. fixed ratio d. variable ratio

a. fixed interval

The theory that memory is the combination of the information in the environment and what you have stored from the past suggests that memory does which of the following? a. helps form an adaptive response b. is well-expressed as a search metaphor c. is fundamentally pre-constructive d. is like a recording device

a. helps form an adaptive response

When Sarah looks at her wedding photos she smiles, gets a warm fuzzy feeling in her stomach, and begins to tear up as she remembers that day. When brain structure might be most closely involved with Sarah's memory of her wedding day? a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. cerebellum d. frontal lobes

a. hippocampus

which of the following is true for flavor aversion learning? a. it mostly occurs with new foods b. it happens after 20 trials c. the unconditioned stimulus occurs hours before the conditioned stimulus d. it occurs for persons with phobias

a. it mostly occurs with new foods

Jordan is trying to remember the name of his third grade teacher; while he can remember her face, he can't seem to remember her name. Meanwhile, Polly is mixing up her third and fourth grade teachers, getting them backward. Who is committing an error of omission? a. jordan b. polly c. both d. neither

a. jordan

if we were to relate alpha and beta waves to stages of consciousness, alpha waves would correspond with _______, while beta waves would correspond with ______. a. low-level consciousness; high-level consciousness b. altered consciousness; high-level consciousness c. high-level consciousness; low-level consciousness d. altered consciousness; subconscious

a. low-level consciousness; high-level consciousness

tom is having knee surgery and is put under general anesthesia. what state of consciousness is he in? a. no consciousness b. subconscious c. altered state d. lower-level

a. no consciousness

Dominic is learning to shoot free throws. At the beginning, he focuses intently on placing his right foot just before the free throw line and then placing his left foot four inches behind the line, while being sure to have his feet shoulder width apart. Then, he actively places his right hand fingertips lightly under the basketball while placing his left hand on the left side of the ball. Now, two years later, when Dominic goes to shoot a free throw, he grabs the ball and shoots it with ease. Which type of memory is Dominic's free throw shooting ability representative of? a. procedural memory b. semantic memory c. muscle memory d. explicit memory

a. procedural memory

Jordan is trying to remember the name of his third grade teacher; while he can remember her face, he can't seem to remember her name. Meanwhile, Polly is mixing up her third and fourth grade teachers, getting them backward. Who is committing an error of omission? a. retroactive interference b. decay c. proactive interference d. misattribution

a. retroactive interference

What type of long-term memory would you most likely use to answer the question, "What is the third planet from the sun?" a. semantic memory b. working memory c. procedural memory d. sensory memory e. episodic memory

a. semantic memory

positive reinforcement is considered positive because.... a. the behavior results in the addition of a consequence b. the behavior results in the individual feeling better about their choices c. it results in the continuous engagement of the behavior d. the behavior is good and is likely to be repeated

a. the behavior results in the addition of a consequence

proactive interference

accidentally giving someone directions to your school that uses a road that no longer exists

retroactive interference

accidentally playing a video game system you used to play as a kid incorrectly because you're used to playing on the newer, differently configured system

diurnal

active during the day

Which of these is an example of how long working memory lasts? a. John's best friend Marco moved cross-country to a new city for his mother's job. John wants to write Marco a letter and send him some candy he can't find in the new city. When John goes to address the package, however, he keeps forgetting the last two digits of Marco's new zip code. b. Kira is trying to remember how to spell her doctor's last name by repeating the letters to herself until she can find a pen. When she finally does finds one, her brother interrupts her writing process by asking when their parents are coming home. Kira looks up and answers him, but when she looks back down at the sheet of paper, she can't remember how to spell the rest of the doctor's name. c. Lana is imagining herself on a beach she used to visit with her family as a child, looking at all of the sand and waves around her. When she tries to imagine what a boy she met one summer looks like, however, it's impossible for her to remember.

b. Kira is trying to remember how to spell her doctor's last name by repeating the letters to herself until she can find a pen. When she finally does finds one, her brother interrupts her writing process by asking when their parents are coming home. Kira looks up and answers him, but when she looks back down at the sheet of paper, she can't remember how to spell

someone suffering from sleep apnea would probably be prescribed ________. a. ritalin b. a CRAP device c. melatonin d. adderall

b. a CRAP device

Jenni grumpily tells her children, "don't talk to me until i have finished making my coffee." as soon as she has had her first sip, she smiles and says, "ok, i feel much better!" based only on the behavior described here, we can conclude that Jenni likely has: a. a physical addiction to caffeine b. a psychological addiction to caffeine c. both a physical and psychological addiction to caffeine d. neither a physical or psychological addiction to caffeine

b. a psychological addiction to caffeine

Allanah decides that she is going to chew peppermint gum every time she studies for psychology, attends class, or takes a test. After a week or two of doing this, she feels like she is instantly more prepared for psychology when she starts to chew peppermint gum. In terms of learning theory, what does cue-dependent learning really describe? a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. observational learning d. the Hawthorne effect

b. classical conditioning

In one session, Pavlov rang the bell repeatedly without ever feeding the dog. As a result the dog eventually stopped salivating. This is an example of what? a. renewal b. extinction c. spontaneous recovery d. counterconditioning

b. extinction

Maggie has been having terrifying reoccurring dream that the genetics lab on campus released several super-sized tigers on campus, and they are chasing her. if you were to use an evolutionary hypothesis of dreams to understand her experience, you would point out that which of the following is true? a. the latent content of dreams might represent unconscious conflicts experienced during waking hours b. it is typical to dream about threats that were relevant in our ancestral past, such as threats of predation c. there is no meaning in dreams, rather they are just a side effect of neural activity d. she is dealing with anxiety during the day, and this is how the brain chooses to deal with this threat

b. it is typical to dream about threats that were relevant in our ancestral past, such as threats of predation

Karen's professor notices that she is not really paying attention to the lecture but instead appears to have her "head in the clouds." Karen is operating at what level of consciousness? a. subconsciousness b. lower-level c. no consciousness d. higher-level

b. lower-level

Every time Chris takes out the trash without being told, his mom doesn't ask him to do the dishes. After this occurs several times, Chris never has to be told to take out trash again. Operant conditioning has taken place. What kind of consequence has occurred here? a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment

b. negative reinforcement

A small child is curious about what's cooking on the stove. She reaches out her hand to touch it and gets burned. She immediately pulls her hand back and then cries in pain. The next time there's something on the stove, she stays far away from it.Is this a case of classical conditioning or operant conditioning? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. neither; this is not conditioning

b. operant conditioning

Horus is studying for his latin exam that is coming up. He is trying to remember the meaning of the phrase "post hoc" which actually means "occurring or done after." As he is studying, he remembers that when he played high school basketball that every time after a water break they did post player position drills. This helped Horus to remember and associate the word post (the drill) with after (the water) which subsequently allowed him to learn that post hoc meant occurring after an event. What type of elaboration helped Horus to learn the meaning of post hoc? a. imagery b. organization c. distinctiveness d. self-reference

b. organization

Krista was in a serious car wreck. When she wakes up she is in a hospital bed surrounded by people who know her, but she doesn't know them. If you were a doctor, what might you diagnose Krista with? a. anterograde amnesia b. retrograde amnesia c. proactive interference d. retroactive interference

b. retrograde amnesia

Your text says "a higher number of sleep spindles per night is associated with higher scores on standard IQ tests." Thinking about this finding, which of the following statements are true? a. more sleep spindles cause higher IQ scores b. sleep spindles are positively correlated with IQ scores c. higher IQ scores cause more sleep spindles to occur d. we cannot determine the relationship between sleep spindles and IQ scores based on the information in this question

b. sleep spindles are positively correlated with IQ scores

Milner demonstrated that H.M. could remember a number for up to fifteen minutes by repeating it to himself constantly. This best demonstrates what? a. the capacity of working memory b. the ability of rehearsal to maintain information c. the sin of transcience d. the encoding specificity principle

b. the ability of rehearsal to maintain information

Elizabeth Loftus implies that many "repressed memories" in therapy are which of the following? a. the result of the therapist unintentionally guiding clients to true memories that had been buried b. the result of the therapist unintentionally guiding clients to imagine events that had never occurred c. the result of the therapist intentionally guiding clients to true memories that had been buried d. the result of the therapist intentionally guiding clients to imagine events that had never occurred

b. the result of the therapist unintentionally guiding clients to imagine events that had never occurred

if you are looking at an EEG of a participant in stage 2 sleep, which of the following would you expect to encounter? select all that apply. a. sleep spindles b. k-complexes c. theta waves

both a & b: sleep spindles & k-complexes

which of the following statements about sleep disorders are true? select all that apply. a. REM sleep disorder results in people acting out their dreams b. sleepwalking occurs during slow-wave sleep c. sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams d. Both REM sleep disorder and sleepwalking occur during REM sleep e. sleepwalking is a symptom of REM sleep disorder

both a & b: REM sleep disorders results in people acting out their dreams and sleepwalking occurs during slow-wave sleep

What physical attributes appear to explain hyperthymesia? Select any that apply. a. an enlarged amygdala b. an enlarged hippicampus c. additional connections between the amygdala and hippocampus d. fewer connections between the amygdala and hippocampus

both a & b: an enlarged amygdala and additional connections between the amygdala and hippocampus

Data regarding H. M. provided evidence for the distinction between ______________. Select all that apply. a. short-term and long-term memory b. procedural and semantic memory c. encoding and retrieval d. the icon and the echo

both a & b: short-term and long-term memory; procedural and semantic memory

what behaviors are most likely to be repeated according to principles of operant conditioning? a. receiving $2 from your parents every time you make your bed b. having phone taken away every time you miss curfew c. having dessert after you have eaten all your dinner d. receiving a detention every time you fail to turn in an assignment

both a & c: receiving $2 from your parents every time you make your bed & having dessert after you have eaten all your dinner

Which is an example of Thorndike's Law of Effect? a. a child hits another child even though he knows he will be in trouble b. a toddler cries because he or she knows mom will pick him or her up c. a teenager avoids texting at dinner so he or she can keep his or her phone

both b & c

when do night terrors most commonly occur? select all that apply. a. during slow-wave sleep b. during REM sleep c. during childhood d. during adulthood e. during infantry

both b & c: during REM sleep and during childhood

psychology has identified three major types of learning. which type(s) of learning is/are most likely associated with solving a mathematical word problem? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. social/observational learning

both b & c: operant conditioning and social/observational learning

Based on the concept of distributed practice, which student is likely to perform the best on their exam this Friday? a. Brian, who studied 5 hours on Wednesday and 5 more hours on Thursday b. Jaques, who studied for a total of 10 hours on Thursday but spread those hours out all throughout the day c. Marsha, who studied for two hours every evening Monday through Thursday d. Zane, who studied 6 hours Friday morning

c. Marsha, who studied for two hours every evening Monday through Thursday

the term circadian rhythm refers to which of the following? a. an annual cycle of winter, summer, spring, and fall b. a 28-day cycle of rising and falling hormone levels c. a 24-hour cycle of arousal and relaxation d. an eight-hour cycle of hunger and satiety

c. a 25-hour cycle of arousal and relxation

In the video at the beginning of this section, the narrator says that running out of the dentist's office after the dentist says "this won't hurt a bit" is a classically conditioned response. What two things have been paired to condition this new response? a. the painful shot and running away b. the phrase "this wont hurt a bit" and running away c. a painful shot and the phrase "this wont hurt a bit" d. the dentist's office and the painful shot

c. a painful shot and the phrase "this won't hurt a bit"

Which effective encoding strategy uses chunking? a. adaptive memory b. the spacing effect c. acronyms and initials d. the peg-word method

c. acronyms and initials

how would we know that flavor aversion learning isn occurring for cancer patients? a. post-treatment vomiting and nausea b. unconditioned response c. anticipatory vomiting and nausea d. tastes and odors augment each other

c. anticipatory vomiting and nausea

How do individual memories seem to be represented in Inside Out? a. as the characters in the movie b. as the shelves in the space c. as the flowing orbs d. as the actions the characters perform

c. as the glowing orbs

Terrin's physics class has been moved to an online format. For the Zoom classes and when studying, he typically sits outside on his back porch. Terrin has an online exam coming up next week and is deciding where he should take it. He thinks his bedroom is the best place to take the exam because it is the quietest. Based on the encoding specificity principle, where should he take his exam? a. his bedroom b. local library c. back porch d. his office

c. back porch

Every time Lauren sees golden arches (the McDonald's M) she instantly becomes hungry. The golden arches are acting as a ____ in this situation? a. conditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned response

c. conditioned stimulus

which of the following categories of drugs is known to reduce inhibitions and weaken judgement? a. stimulants b. hallucinogens c. depressants d. amphetamines

c. depressants

based on the principles of classical conditioning, what would weaken your ability to sell a specific product (energy drinks) to teenagers. a. design an ad with teenagers happily drinking the energy drinks b. design an ad with teenagers hanging out at the beach consuming the energy drinks c. design an ad with teenagers feeling sick and even sluggish after they consume the energy drinks d. design an ad with teenagers consuming the drinks as they successfully compete all their schoolwork

c. design an ad with teenagers feeling sick and even sluggish after they consume the energy drinks

In the movie A Clockwork Orange, Alex receives aversion therapy—pairing a nausea-inducing drug with violent films and Beethoven's music—so that he might not have violent thoughts and commit violent crimes once released from prison. At first, Alex becomes ill when he thinks about or is put into situations in which he could be violent. When he's forced to listen to Beethoven for many hours without the nausea-inducing drug, though, he eventually stops feeling ill. What phenomenon has occurred to produce Alex's reduction in responding? a. stimulus generalization b. counterconditioning c. extinction d. stimulus discrimination

c. extinction

Marcus's first test question reads, "What color is gram positive bacteria?" To remember the answer he thinks back to a picture of a purple bacterial cell wall in his lab manual and writes down purple. Marcus has just used what to help him answer the test question correctly? a. rehearsal b. sensory memory c. imagery d. pictography

c. imagery

humans evolved under what kind of lighting conditions? a. under a variety of lighting conditions b. humans evolved to function independently of light cues ever since light bulbs were invented c. near the equator, under conditions with approximately 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness d. near the arctic, with prolonged periods of darkness in the inter and prolonged periods of daylight in the summer

c. near the equator, under conditions with approximately 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness

Darnell likes to watch YouTube videos. YouTube used to have no commercials, but now Darnell has to watch at least five commercials every time he wants to watch a 3-minute video. He doesn't like commercials, and he rarely ever watches YouTube videos anymore. Which operant process is responsible for this change in Darnell's behavior? a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment

c. positive punishment

Christopher is currently in a French class at OU. In high school he took Spanish. On his test French exam he is asked to write the word for blue, but Christopher cannot remember if the correct answer is azul or bleu. This is an example of ____ ? a. anterograde amnesia b. retrograde amnesia c. proactive interference d. retroactive interference

c. proactive interference

Clara has been asked to give a speech tomorrow at her school's pep rally. Clara is nervous she will forget what she is supposed to say, so she repeats her speech over and over in her head all night long. What strategy is Clara using to remember her speech? a. chunking b. selective c. rehearsal d. elaboration

c. rehearsal

Which of the following best defines a variable interval schedule of reinforcement? a. reinforcing the target behavior after na average number of responses b. reinforcing the second response after the fixed amount of time c. reinforcing the target behavior after an average amount of time has passed d. reinforcing every response

c. reinforcing the target behavior after an average amount of time has passed

Rebecca observes her grandpa asleep in his recliner. He seems to stop breathing and she begins to panic but is relieved when he snorts and continues snoring. What disorder does Rebecca's grandpa probably have? a. insomnia b. REM sleep disorder c. sleep apnea d. both a& b

c. sleep apnea

a person who is difficult to wake and is groggy and confused upon waking was most likely in ________. a. stage 1 of sleep b. stage 2 of sleep c. slow-wave sleep d. REM sleep

c. slow-wave sleep

negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that ________. a. a consequence stimulus is delivered in a negative manner b. it results in the removal of the behavior c. the behavior results in the removal of a consequence stimulus d. the behavior is decreased or weakened

c. the behavior results in the removal of a consequence stimulus

Which of the following is thought to "control" the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad? a. the inner eye b. the inner ear c. the central executive d. the working memory model

c. the central executive

Imagine that you are playing a game where everyone has to go around naming members of a category. This time, the category is "four-footed animals." Your friend Amir has named a lion, while your friend Britney has named a leopard. Based on the knowledge that what we remember is based on not only information stored in our heads but also on currently available information, which answer do you think will come to you most readily? a. bear b. dog c. tiger d. moose

c. tiger

Which of the following is most likely to result in observational learning? a. watching a documentary on bear hibernation patterns b. being told to learn how people make different types of artwork c. watching a teammate make a diving baseball catch d. watching a young child learn how to ride a bike

c. watching a teammate make a diving baseball catch

Allison can easily remember a birthday from five years ago, but she has no memory of her lunch last week. Based on this common scenario, what can we say about memory? a. everything is equally memorable b. memories for birthdays are always more accurate than memories for lunches c. we seem to remember some events better than others d. events that are more recent are always more memorable than events that took place long ago

c. we seem to remember some events better than others