Psychology Test # 3 Test Review

Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool - an intelligence test, of sorts - that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have difficulty in school?

Alfred Binet

CH 7

Ch 7

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

Chunking

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

Cognition

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

What was the overall result of Lashley's research that sought out the engram of human memory?

He found no evidence that an engram actual exists

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?

It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

A heuristic is:

a mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem.

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

Traditional intelligence tests, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, measure _____ intelligence.

analytical

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence measures all of the following except:

analytical intelligence

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.

anterograde

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics.

artificial

Joy's doctor tells her that supplements are not effective at lowering cholesterol and that she shouldn't waste her money. Joy takes her doctor's advice without doing any additional research on her own. Joy is demonstrating the:

authority heuristic

Joe is 10-years-old. His parents have him take an IQ test and discover that his IQ is 80. How would you describe Joe's IQ?

below average

Sly is assigned a locker in gym class with the combination 19, 5, 4. In order to remember it, he thinks of it as the year 1954. His method of remembering involves:

chunking

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

Howard found evidence that one of Sheldon's published theories is incorrect. Even after multiple outside labs confirmed Howard's new findings, Sheldon refuses to believe his theory is wrong. Sheldon is falling victim to the:

confirmation bias

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice.

distributed

What is the correct order of the three basic processes of memory?

encoding, storage, retrieval

I am trying to learn the names of all of the countries. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory.

explicit

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

explicit memories

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don't actively think about while you're riding. You just sort of "do it" without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory.

implicit

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Jasmine uses a ruler to measure the distance between two points. She does this five times and each time she gets the same measurement of 3.5 inches. She checks this measurement with her dad's high-tech laser ruler and discovers that her ruler is inaccurate; the correct measurement is actually 5 inches. How would you describe Jasmine's ruler?

it is reliable but not valid

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

The tendency to rely on strategies that worked in similar situations in the past but that may not be appropriate to the present situation refers to a(n):

mental set

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a(n) ________ concept.

natural

Anita says she can't define art but she knows it when she sees it. In Anita's mind, art is a(n):

natural concept

A(n) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

Anwar is hiking in the woods and he gets lost. He spends several days trying to find his way back to his basecamp, but he has the knowledge to gather wood, start a fire, and keep himself warm at night. He is also able to identify local berries and mushrooms growing that he can eat without being poisoned. Anwar is demonstrating ________ intelligence from the triarchic theory.

practical

While Althea was filling out a job application, memory of her previous address prevented her from accurately remembering her current address. This is an example of:

proactive interference

Lily performed a dance routine at a competition three months ago. When her grandmother asks her to show her the routine, Lily finds that she makes very few mistakes. Lily is using her _____ memory to perform the dance routine.

procedural

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Which of the following is a good example of the use of a mnemonic?

remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES

The _____ can contribute to the creation of stereotypes. For example, Denise went to the lake with her friends last week and she noticed that everyone was waving and acting very friendly. Denise now believes that everyone who owns a boat is extremely friendly.

representative heuristic

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Liza uses _____ to help her recall information. For example, she remembers that the temporal lobe is responsible for processing auditory information because temporal contains the word "tempo," which reminds her of music.

retrieval cues

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can't; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

Chuck is a spy for the C.I.A. He suffered a head injury during his last secret mission. His doctors are trying to assess whether he is experiencing memory loss. They ask him questions such as "Who is the current president of the United States?" and "What do you remember about your sister's wedding last weekend?" Remembering who is president is a(n) _____ memory and remembering the events of your sister's wedding is a(n) _____ memory.

semantic; episodic

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

The practice of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called ________.

standardization

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Illnesses such as diabetes and cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

the availability heuristic