psychology test 6&7

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

- getting an allowance after completing chores- getting spanked for running in the street- getting relief from pain after taking an aspirin

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.

divided intelligence into two components: crystallized and fluid

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learned behaviors

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

After seeing a television character for taking violent action against another character.

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

An infant learns to make and understand facial expressions.

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

Creative intelligence

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.

Emotion and memory

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

interpersonal

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

Language

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

Semantics

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast.

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

artificial concepts

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associative learning

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Not all aspects of cognition are ________.

consciously experienced

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

taste aversion

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?

the decision to be made is important

What is confirmation bias?

the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories.

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representational bias

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

linguistic

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?

severe

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

practical

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

A baby seeking food by rooting and Suckling

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

Concepts

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

Primary reinforcers

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments?

about 1 year old

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________.

experiences

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

natural

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.

natural and artificial.

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

What is the Flynn effect?

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response.