Psychology Topic Test 8

The fact that older locusts use less energy to fly than younger locusts suggests that __________.

the older locusts have found a more efficient way to fly

Classical conditioning occurs when a particular behavior is reinforced by its consequences. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

False

Classical conditioning occurs when the unconditioned stimulus evokes a response from a neutral stimulus. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

False

Higher-order conditioning occurs when a conditioned response acts as an unconditioned response. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

False

In operant conditioning, the consequence shapes the behavior. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

False

Sneezing is an example of a learned behavior. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

False

Spontaneous recovery is usually a permanent reappearance of a conditioned response. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

False

Humans do not have innate behaviors. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

False.

All of the following are shaped by learned behavior except __________. A. innate reflexes B. personality traits C. emotional responses D. personal habits

Innate reflexes

Jimmer is playing basketball. After 24 seconds, the shot clock goes off and he loses the ball. This happens every time he gets the ball because he refuses to pass or shoot. Which of the following statements is true? Jimmer is on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. Jimmer is on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. Jimmer is on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Jimmer is on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Jimmer is on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement

___________ is the psychologist who conducted the "Little Albert" study in which he conditioned an infant to fear white rats.

John B. Watson

Which of the following accurately describes reflexive behavior? Reflexive behavior happens without conscious thought. Reflexive behavior occurs only in animals, not humans. Reflexive behavior always completes once it has begun. Reflexive behavior is the result of conscious choice.

Reflexive behavior happens without conscious thought

Susan is watching a football game when the game goes to commercial. She knows that each commercial break during the game takes a different amount of time to resolve. She gets up to make a snack for herself. She checks back frequently to see if the game is back from commercial. After 3 minutes and 30 seconds, the game comes back on and Susan returns to the room. Which of the following statements is true? A. Susan is on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. B. Susan is on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. C. Susan is on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. D. Susan is on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Susan is on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement

Conditioning is a process of learning associations. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

It is possible for learning to occur without repetition or rehearsal of the learning. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Learning can cause negative behaviors. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Reward can serve to increase behavior. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Variable reinforcement schedules generally demonstrate greater resistance to extinction than fixed reinforcement schedules. T F

T

When a behavior is highly resistant to extinction, the organism takes longer to stop responding after a reinforcement is no longer given. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Molly and Mark are new parents. Their daughter Alvina often cries when she is uncomfortable. Each time Alvina cries, her parents give her a stuffed rabbit. Eventually, Alvina looks at the rabbit and cries because she associates the rabbit with being uncomfortable. What is the conditioned stimulus (CS) in this scenario? A. the rabbit B. Alvina being uncomfortable C. Alvina's parents D. Alvina getting hungry

The rabbit

A discriminative stimulus is a cue that the reward may be forthcoming for a certain behavior. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

True

A neutral stimulus causes no response. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

True

A reflex is a type of innate behavior. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

True

Both learned and innate behavior can occur as a result of automatic processes. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

True

In operant conditioning, many complex behaviors are learned through shaping. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

True

In operant conditioning, the consequence shapes the behavior. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

True

Observable behaviors include both learned behaviors and instinctive behaviors. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

True

The discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning is one that predicts the probability of a consequence occurring. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

True

Using operant conditioning, B. F. Skinner showed that animals could be trained to perform complex tasks. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

True

The difference between an innate behavior and a learned behavior is that a learned behavior is __________ and an innate behavior is not.

a result of experience

Which learning process occurs when a connection between a stimulus and a response is strengthened as learning begins? A. acquisition B. discrimination C. extinction D. generalization

acquisition

Which of the following represents the initial stage of learning in the process of conditioning? A. acquisition B. generalization C. discrimination D. stimulus contiguity

acquisition. they become "acquainted with it"

The effects of fatigue are not classified as learning because they __________.

are not permanent effects.

It would be most accurate to describe B. F. Skinner as a __________ psychologist.

behavioral

All of the following factors influence the effectiveness of reinforcement in operant conditioning except __________. A. timing B. extinction C. magnitude D. shaping

extinction

Which of the following processes of operant conditioning involves the gradual disappearance of a behavior? A. extinction B. acquisition C. shaping D. discrimination

extinction

Which process is responsible for the gradual diminishment of the association between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response? A. acquisition B. generalization C. discrimination D. extinction

extinction

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. Glen is attempting to use operant conditioning to train his dog, Thor, to fetch a ball upon command. At the beginning of the training, Glen throws the ball and yells "Fetch," but Thor only watches Glen expectantly. Which of the following is the most likely reason to explain why Thor does not fetch the ball? A. Fetching is a behavior that Thor is not intelligent enough to comprehend. B. Fetching is a complex behavior that has not been shaped by Glen. C. Fetching is simple behavior, but Thor is generalizing the stimuli. D. Fetching is a behavior that Glen must demonstrate to Thor by example.

fetching is a complex behavior that can not be shaped by glen

Which two stimuli did John B. Watson associate in his infamous "Little Albert" experiment? a white lab rat and the boy's mother fear and a loud noise a white lab rat and a loud noise fear and the boy's mother

A white lab rat and a loud noise

In order to prove that learning has happened, it is necessary to __________.

A. measure performance objectively and concretely

The psychologist who believed that behaviors that are followed by favorable consequences tend to be repeated was __________.

B.F. Skinner

Which of the following is not an example of a learned behavior? being able to smile biting one's nails liking horror films having organized study habits

Being able to smile.

All of the following are shaped by learned behavior except __________. A. shyness B. blinking C. biting one's nails D. angry responses

Blinking. As children, we did not learn how to blink- it's an innate process

Research has indicated that physical punishment is the most effective kind of punishment. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Applause is a secondary reinforcer because __________. A. the subject must link two behaviors to receive it B. the subject's behavior is naturally reinforced by it C. the subject has learned to be reinforced by it D. the subject earns it only after exceptional behavior

C. The subject has learned to be reinforced by it.

A vervent monkey is in a tree eating bugs that are crawling along the branches. The vervent monkey sees a hawk circling overhead. The hawk is a predator of the monkeys. The vervent monkey cries out, warning the other monkeys to descend to the ground below the trees. In this scenario, what is the unconditioned stimulus for the vervent monkey's behavior? A. the vervent monkey eating bugs B. the vervent monkey crying out C. the group of monkeys descending D. the sight of the hawk circling

D

Positive punishment occurs when a pleasant stimulus is removed after demonstration of a behavior. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F. Positive punishment occurs when a pleasant stimulus is added

Which of the following would not be classified as innate behavior? A. a baby smiling as she sees her brother walking in the door B. humans crawling once their bones and ligaments are strong enough C. sneezing as a result of a dog allergy D. learning to ride a bike at the age of 5

D. Learning to ride a bike at the age of 5

Classical conditioning has an effect only when the subject is not aware it is occurring. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Emotional responses are innate behaviors that are not influenced by the environment. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Emotional responses are innate behaviors that are not influenced by the environment. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

False. They are influenced by ones environment because, for example, something attacking you in nature, making you run, would be an innate response that would naturally occur as a survival mechanism. Thus, producing fear.

Conditioning occurs when two events that usually go together become associated with each other. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

False. that usually DON'T go together

Lighting a fire on a cold night to get warm is an example of a positive reinforcement. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

False. this would be negative reinforcement because you light the fire to get rid of the unpleasant stimulus of the cold, which, increases this behavior.

Receiving an electrical shock when you forget to turn off the power before working on an electrical socket is an example of a negative punishment. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

False. this would be positive punishment.

Once a conditioned behavior is extinguished, it can no longer appear again. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

False.It can occur again in spontaneous recovery.

Harrison sends an e-mail to his boss. Harrison expects a response within five minutes, but he can't help himself and checks every 30 seconds. After five minutes, a replying e-mail is delivered just as he expected. Which of the following statements is true? A. Harrison is on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. B. Harrison is on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. C. Harrison is on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. D. Harrison is on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Which learning process occurs when the same response happens in reaction to many similar stimuli? A. acquisition B. discrimination C. extinction D. generalization

Generalization

Which of the following is an example of a learned behavior? A. a bird feeding its young B. human toddlers walking C. a child recoiling from a hot stove D. squirrels opening nuts

Human toddlers walking

Edward Thorndike's law of effect was a precursor to the theory of __________.

Operant conditioning

During the process of classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus (NS) is converted into the __________.

conditioned stimulus

A reinforcement that occurs when a behavior or response is reinforced after every demonstration is __________ reinforcement.

continuous

Research indicates that all of the following except __________ are part of using punishment effectively. A. delaying punishment B. making punishment consistent C. using nonphysical punishment D. explaining punishment

delaying punishment

Which learning process occurs when organisms are able to distinguish between various similar stimuli and respond only to certain ones? A. acquisition B. discrimination C. extinction D. generalization

discrimination

Which of the following events may introduce changes in behavior that can be attributed to learning? A. hunger B. illness C. puberty D. eating

eating

Watson's "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated which of the following pairs of classical conditioning processes? A. acquisition and discrimination B. discrimination and extinction C. extinction and generalization D. generalization and acquisition

generalization and acquisition

Extinction occurs as behavior __________ due to lack of reinforcement.

gradually diminishes

Behavior that happens automatically without conscious input is called __________ behavior.

innate

When Ivan Pavlov observed evidence of classical conditioning, he was studying the __________.

intestines and digestive processes of dogs

How does advertising use classical conditioning to help sell products?

it trains people to associate the product with positive emotions

A family counselor tells Jacob and Samantha that they should ignore their daughter's temper tantrums if they want her to stop because giving her attention is only increasing her behavior. Which type of operant conditioning in being recommended to the parents? A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. negative punishment

negative punishment

Justine starts yelling in the store when she wants something. Her parents buy her a toy in order to get Justine to stop yelling. What type of conditioning is shaping the parents' behavior? A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. negative punishment

negative reinforcement

All of the following demonstrate ways that learning is tied to experience except __________. shared knowledge physiological changes environmental conditions opportunities

physiological changes

In negative reinforcement, the reinforcement for the target behavior can most accurately be described as __________.

pleasant

In positive reinforcement, the reinforcement for the target behavior can most accurately be described as __________.

pleasant

In operant conditioning, acquisition is the __________.

point at which a behavior is associated with a specific consequence

Molly catches her dog chewing on her favorite slippers. Molly swats the dog on the nose so that it will not chew her slippers again. Which type of operant conditioning in occurring in the scenario?

positive punishment. Addition of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior

Glenda is a gymnast. She performs a perfect triple backflip off the high bars. After landing successfully, the crowd erupts in applause. Which type of operant conditioning is occurring in the scenario? A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. negative punishment

positive reinforcement

Justine is bothering her parents while they are shopping at the store. They buy her a toy in order to calm her down. Which type of conditioning is shaping Justine's behavior? A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. negative punishment

positive reinforcement

Roland takes a walk through the desert. While there, he becomes extremely thirsty. To quench his thirst, he drinks a bottle of cold water. The water pleasantly refreshes him and he plans on bringing water more often on his desert hikes. Which type of operant conditioning in occurring in the scenario? A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. negative punishment

positive reinforcement

In operant conditioning, food is an example of a __________ reinforcer.

primary

__________ is an example of a learned behavior.

reading

If a behavior tends to increase after a consequence occurs, that consequence is most likely used as __________. A. reinforcement B. punishment C. extinction D. aversive stimuli

reinforcement

Negative punishment is a type of punishment used in operant conditioning in which the __________ of a rewarding stimulus decreases the tendency of a particular response.

removal

Glen is attempting to use operant conditioning to train his dog, Thor, to fetch a ball upon command. Once, when Thor goes to fetch the ball, he instead brings Glen a pinecone. Which operant conditioning process is Thor displaying? stimulus discrimination stimulus specificity stimulus generalization stimulus operance

stimulus generalization

Positive and negative reinforcement can be used to __________ wanted behavior.

strengthen

What is the outcome when an innate behavior is repeated and practiced?

the behavior becomes more skillful. For example, we are naturally able to run as a response, but, if practiced, we can become more skillful in it.

Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. William is taking part in an experiment. William is instructed to tickle his own nose, and as a result, he is about to sneeze. Before he sneezes, a research assistant shines a light in his eyes. After many repetitions of this behavior, when the research assistant shines a light in his eyes, William feels like he has to sneeze. What is the conditioned stimulus (CS) in this scenario? A. William tickling his own nose B. William sneezing C. the light D. the researcher's presence

the light

Over the course of his famous conditioning experiments, what did Pavlov's dogs learn?

they learned to salivate at the sound of a bell.

What did Pavlov initially notice about the animals in his original research after conditioning took place? A. They could not smell their food if it was cold. B. They would only eat when he was feeding them. C. They refused to eat food out of a strange dish. D. They salivated even when food was not present.

they salivated even when food was not present

When planning a classical conditioning experiment, what is the goal of the researcher?

to teach the subject to respond to the conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is considered a naturally occurring behavior that does not have to be learned? conditioned response reconditioned stimulus unconditioned response neutral stimulus

unconditioned response

A stimulus that naturally provokes a behavior or response is known as a(n) __________.

unconditioned stimulus

The reinforcer is presented on an inconsistent basis in a(n) __________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable

Fred is playing the slot machines. After a certain number of plays, he wins a few coins, but Fred is unable to determine how many plays he needs to win. Which of the following statements is true? A. Fred is on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. B. Fred is on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. C. Fred is on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. D. Fred is on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

variable ratio

Molly is eating red and black jellybeans from a paper bag. She is not looking at the jellybeans as she eats them. She likes red jellybeans, but she does not like black jellybeans. The amount of jellybeans she has to take from the jar before she gets a red one is never the same. Which of the following statements is true? A. Molly is on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. B. Molly is on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. C. Molly is on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. D. Molly is on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

Which of the following actions does not require learning to occur? A. talking B. walking C. yawning D. running

yawning