Psychology Trant Final
emotional
A company is marketing a new automobile. An interviewer asks you how much you like the colors it comes in, how enjoyable it is to drive, and if you find the design of the dashboard appealing. Such questions are designed to tap which component of your attitude toward the car?
study the ability of apes to learn language
A comparative psychologist would be most likely to ____.
rumination about one's pilot
A cognitive view of major depressive disorder, put forth by Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, implicates continual _____ as contributing to the disorder.
training law enforcement officials to effectively handle spouse abuse
A forensic psychologist would be most interested in which one of the following topics?
establishing a causal rather than just a correlational relationship
A general weakness in the research on the relationship between daily hassles and illness has been the difficulty of ____.
positive punishment
Because Melissa failed to mow the lawn for three weeks, her parents now insist that she also has to clean out the garage. This consequence is an example of ____.
humanistic
Because it provided the first important alternative to the highly influential psychoanalytic and behavioral perspectives, the _______ perspective has been called the "third force" in psychology.
evaluation; overestimate their contribution to the group
Because people in groups are less concerned about ____, they are likely to ____.
a new cognitive appraisal of the situation
Benjamin suddenly contracts a mysterious disease which will require years of treatment and rehabilitation. He is emotionally devastated by this event and severely depressed. Over time, he begins to feel this illness has taught him never to take his good health for granted. Benjamin's change of feelings is based on ____.
repression
Bina is a refugee from the Republic of the Congo who witnessed her parents being killed by soldiers. Yet, she cannot remember this event. A Freudian would offer this as an example of ____.
Yes, there is some limited support that facial expressions might contribute to our emotional experience.
Bob is quite worried about several family problems. A friend advises him to "put on a happy face" if he wants to feel better. Does scientific research support this example of folk wisdom?
cognitive appraisal
Both Henry and Jake get very low grades on their term papers. Henry is very stressed and feels this low grade means he cannot do college-level work. Jake is not very stressed and feels this grade means he misjudged how much effort he must put into a paper to get an acceptable grade. Their respective stress levels are based on differences in their ____.
collective unconscious
Carl Jung believed that, in addition to our individual unconscious, humans have an unconscious repository of memories passed on to us from previous generations. He called this the ____.
social learning theory
Carl and Carla are 4 years old and are both fascinated by the brightly colored beads on their mother's bureau and they wear them proudly. Their father rushes to buy Carla her own set of beads but criticizes Carl for wearing the beads. Carla comes to love wearing colorful jewelry, while Carl does not. Which theory insists that this is the way gender roles are acquired?
shaping and chaining
Celeste has trained her dog to run outside, look for the newspaper, bring it inside and place it on the dining room table. Most likely, this complex behavior was learned through ____.
WPPSI
Charles is 4 years old and may need placement in a special enrichment pre-school class. To determine the correct placement for him, he will probably complete which IQ test?
vulnerable to social desirability
Child development researchers survey 2,000 parents and inquire about how frequently they use physical punishment (spanking, slapping, hitting, etc.) to discipline their children. Such survey questions may be ____.
stereotype threat
Claude Steele's research on the "self-fulfilling prophecy" that might help to account for the somewhat poorer performance of African-Americans on intelligence tests is known as ____.
dissociative disorders
Conscious mind loses access to memories
regarding the origins or causes of psychopathology
Contemporary psychologists disagree ____.
physical symptoms such as blindness or paralysis without any physical cause
Conversion disorders are characterized by ____.
people with the condition have low levels of serotonin
Current research into seasonal affective disorder indicates that ____.
negative reinforced, escape learning
Darren is taking a course on sexually transmitted diseases. He finds the lectures and class discussion to be very anxiety producing, and so he often leaves the classroom. David's attempt to reduce his anxiety is being ____ through the process called ____.
conventional; preconventional; postconventional
Denny steals a cookie from the cookie jar. Katie sees him do it and makes a moral judgment regarding Denny. Match these three reasons (in order) with the appropriate level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning: Katie knows that there are laws against stealing, so she decides Denny is wrong; Katie figures Denny was not caught so he was right to steal; Katie feels that Denny has extenuating circumstances that make stealing okay for him.
seasonal affective disorder
Depression in the winter
major depressive disorder
Despondency, helplessness, low self-esteem
James-Lange
Different patterns of autonomic nervous system activity are associated with different emotions, a finding replicated across cultures. This result most supports which theory of emotion?
pitch perception
What name is given to the subjective experience of the highness or lowness of a sound, which corresponds most closely to the frequency of the sound waves that compose it?
cognitive appraisal
What name is given to the subjective interpretation of the severity of a stressor?
gate-control theory
What name is given to the theory that pain impulses can be blocked by the closing of a neuronal gate in the spinal cord?
facial-feedback theory
What name is given to the theory that particular facial expressions induce particular emotional experiences?
problem solving
What name is given to the thought process by which an individual overcomes obstacles to reach a goal?
intimacy versus isolation
What term describes Erikson's developmental stage in which success is achieved by establishing a relationship with a strong sense of emotional attachment and personal commitment?
social loafing
What term describes a decrease in the individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task?
Heuristic
What term describes a general principle that guides problem solving, though it does not guarantee a correct solution?
standardization
What term describes a procedure ensuring that a test is administered and scored in a consistent manner?
analytic introspection
What term describes a research method in which highly trained participants report the contents of their conscious mental experiences?
burnout
What term describes a state of physical and psychological exhaustion associated with chronic exposure to uncontrollable stress?
achievement test
What term describes a test that measures knowledge of a particular subject?
reflex
What term describes an automatic, involuntary motor response to sensory stimulation?
adrenal gland
What term describes an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate the excretion of minerals and the body's response to stress?
obedience
What term describes following orders given by an authority?
intellectual disability
What term describes intellectual deficiency marked by an IQ of 70 or below and difficulties performing in everyday life?
auditory cortex
What term describes the area of the temporal lobes that processes sounds?
random assignment
What term describes the assignment of participants to experimental and control conditions so that each participant is as likely to be assigned to one condition as to another?
nervous system
What term describes the chief means of communication in the body?
casual attribution
What term describes the cognitive process by which we infer the causes of both our own and other people's social behavior?
sympathetic nervous system
What term describes the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to prepare it for action?
psychiatry
What term describes the field of medicine that diagnoses and treats psychological disorders by using medical or psychological forms of therapy?
biopsychosocial model
What term describes the model that considers that psychological disorders are the result of an interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors?
size constancy
What term describes the perceptual process that makes an object appear to remain the same size despite changes in the size of the image it casts on the retina?
adulthood
What term describes the period beginning when the individual assumes responsibility for her or his own life?
pleasure principle
What term describes the process by which the id seeks immediate gratification of its impulses?
conservation
What term describes the realization that changing the form of a substance does not change its amount?
cornea
What term describes the round, transparent area in the front of the sclera that allows light to enter the eye?
Olfaction
What term describes the sense of smell, which detects molecules carried in the air?
loudness perception
What term describes the subjective experience of the intensity of a sound, which corresponds most closely to the amplitude of the sound waves composing it?
trichromatic theory
What term describes the theory that color vision depends on the relative degree of stimulation of red, green, and blue receptors?
oponent process theory
What term describes the theory that the brain counteracts a strong positive or negative emotion by evoking an opposite emotional response?
feature-detector theory
What term describes the theory that we construct perceptions of stimuli from activity in neurons of the brain that are sensitive to specific features of those stimuli?
perception without awareness
What term describes the unconscious perception of stimuli that normally exceed the absolute threshold but fall outside our focus of attention?
UCS
What term is used to describe in classical conditioning, a stimulus that automatically elicits a particular unconditioned response?
Research participants conformed to clearly erroneous group judgments 37 percent of the time.
What were the findings of the classic Asch experiments on the judging of line lengths by a group?
the id
When Darryl is insulted by a rude remark from another driver, he jumps out of his car at a traffic light and tries to punch the other driver. Freud would say Darryl's behavior is being driven by ____.
has yet to develop object permanence
When a grandfather covers his head and face with a blanket, 2-month-old Nathan looks away disinterested. When the grandfather's face appears again, Nathan is thoroughly surprised and delighted. In Piagetian terms, Nathan ____.
permissive
When visiting family, friends, and relatives, 5-year-old Roger typically likes to run through the house, jumping up and down on furniture. His visits leave behind a trail of broken household objects and toys, spilled drinks and food and dirty linens. His parents never correct him or try to occupy him quietly. Their parenting style is best described as ____.
wechsler scale
Which intelligence test contains eleven subtests that measure aspects of both verbal and nonverbal intelligence?
parental loss or rejection
Which item is out of place here?
psychologist
Which item is out of place here?
source
Which item is out of place here?
high competitiveness, impatience, hostility, and time-driven
Which item most accurately describes Type-A behavior?
the Raven Progressive Matrices Test
Which of the following IQ tests was specifically designed to attempt to overcome ethnic and cultural biases that may exist in other IQ tests?
The level of consciousness that includes the cognitive experiences that we are aware of at a given moment
Which of the following characteristics describes the conscious mind?
The subjective experience that identifies a particular sound and corresponds most closely to the mixture of sound waves composing it
Which of the following characteristics relate to timbre?
In classical conditioning, the learned response given to a particular conditioned stimulus
Which of the following characteristics relates to a conditioned response (CR)?
Specialized cognitive structures about the self
Which of the following characteristics relates to a self-schema?
A misperception of physical reality usually caused by the misapplication of visual cues
Which of the following characteristics relates to a visual illusion?
Erikson's developmental stage in which success is achieved by gaining a degree of independence from one's parents
Which of the following characteristics relates to autonomy versus shame and doubt?
Depth perception cues that require input from the two eyes
Which of the following characteristics relates to binocular cues?
The theory that our emotion at a given time depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in at that time
Which of the following characteristics relates to cognitive-appraisal theory?
Awareness of one's own cognitive activity, including thoughts, feelings, and sensations
Which of the following characteristics relates to consciousness?
The form of intelligence that reflects reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information processing
Which of the following characteristics relates to fluid intelligence?
The theory of pitch perception that assumes that the basilar membrane vibrates as a whole in direct proportion to the frequency of the sound waves striking the eardrum
Which of the following characteristics relates to frequency theory?
The tendency of small, cohesive groups to place unanimity ahead of critical thinking in making decisions
Which of the following characteristics relates to groupthink?
The psychological viewpoint that holds that the proper subject matter of psychology is the individual's subjective mental experience of the world
Which of the following characteristics relates to humanistic perspective?
An approach to problem solving that depends on cognitive manipulation of information rather than overt trial and error and produces sudden solutions to problems
Which of the following characteristics relates to insight?
Learning that occurs without the reinforcement of overt behavior
Which of the following characteristics relates to latent learning?
The female gonads, which secrete hormones that regulate the development of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
Which of the following characteristics relates to ovaries?
The process of making judgments about the personal characteristics of others
Which of the following characteristics relates to person perception?
Chemicals, including rhodopsin and iodopsin, that enable the rods and cones to generate neural impulses
Which of the following characteristics relates to photopigments?
The theory that we infer our attitudes from our behavior in the same way that we infer other people's attitudes from their behavior
Which of the following characteristics relates to self-perception theory?
The theory that specific patterns of physiological changes evoke specific emotional experiences
Which of the following characteristics relates to the James-Lange theory?
The Piagetian stage, extending from 7 to 11 years of age, during which the child learns to reason logically about objects that are physically present
Which of the following characteristics relates to the concrete operational stage?
Robert Zajonc's model of environmental influences on intelligence, which assumes that each child is born into an intellectual environment related to birth order and to the number and differences in age of her or his siblings
Which of the following characteristics relates to the confluence model?
A procedure that controls experimenter bias and participant bias by preventing experimenters and participants from knowing which participants have been assigned to particular conditions
Which of the following characteristics relates to the double-blind technique?
Increasing the likelihood that a person will comply with a request by first getting the person to comply with a smaller one
Which of the following characteristics relates to the foot-in-the-door technique?
The Piagetian stage, beginning at about age 11, marked by the ability to use abstract reasoning and to solve problems by testing hypotheses
Which of the following characteristics relates to the formal operational stage?
Formed from the axons of ganglion cells and carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain
Which of the following characteristics relates to the optic nerve?
In Jung's theory, the individual's own unconscious mind, which contains repressed memories
Which of the following characteristics relates to the personal unconscious?
In Freud's theory, the stage of personality development between ages 3 and 5, during which the child gains pleasure from the genitals and must resolve the Oedipus complex
Which of the following characteristics relates to the phallic stage?
The curved vestibular organs of the inner ear that detect rotary movements of the head in any direction
Which of the following characteristics relates to the semicircular canals?
The typical or expected timing of major life events in a given culture
Which of the following characteristics relates to the social clock?
In Freud's theory, the part of the personality that acts as a moral guide telling us what we should and should not do
Which of the following characteristics relates to the superego?
Structures lining the grooves of the tongue that contain the taste receptor cells
Which of the following characteristics relates to the taste buds?
Which of the following characteristics relates to the visible spectrum?
Which of the following characteristics relates to the visible spectrum?
the students in an advanced psychology seminar
Which of the following constitutes a group?
the time interval between presentation of the CS and the UCS
Which of the following factors has been shown to be very important in the acquisition of classically conditioned responses?
Electra complex
Which of the following is a term used by some psychoanalysts, but not by Freud, to refer to the Oedipus complex in girls?
The effects of heredity and home environment outweigh the effects of day care.
Which of the following is true regarding research on the effects of day care on children's development?
negative correlation
Which of the following refers to a correlation in which variables tend to change values in opposite directions?
classical conditioning
Which of the following refers to a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response?
psychological test
Which of the following refers to a formal sample of a person's behavior, whether written or performed?
insanity
Which of the following refers to a legal term attesting that a person is not responsible for his or her own actions, including criminal behavior?
Algorithm
Which of the following refers to a problem-solving rule or procedure that, when followed step by step, ensures that a correct solution will be found?
pituitary gland
Which of the following refers to an endocrine gland that regulates many of the other endocrine glands by secreting hormones that affect the secretion of their hormones?
monocular cues
Which of the following refers to depth perception cues that require input from only one eye?
door-in-the-face technique
Which of the following refers to increasing the likelihood that a person will comply with a request by first getting the person to reject a larger one?
Mental Giftedness
Which of the following refers to intellectual superiority marked by an IQ of 130 or above and exceptionally high scores on achievement tests in specific subjects, such as mathematics?
observational learning
Which of the following refers to learning produced by observing the consequences that others receive for performing particular behaviors?
impression management
Which of the following refers to the deliberate attempt to control the impression that others form of us?
figure-ground perception
Which of the following refers to the distinguishing of an object from its surroundings?
he study showed that learning can occur in the absence of reward and then be observed when reinforcers are available.
Why was Tolman's study involving rats learning a maze important?
intelligence quotient (IQ)
William Stern developed the idea of the ____ by forming a ratio between mental age and chronological age.
trace conditioning
You are driving home from class. A commercial for a fast food restaurant comes on the radio. You start to hum along to the music accompanying the ad and start to feel satisfied and content. Your emotional reaction to the advertisement can best be attributed (in classical conditioning terms) to ____.
counseling psychologist
Your college or university probably has at least one psychologist who is available to help students with their personal and academic problems. This professional may also work to help students make career decisions. Most likely, this person is trained as a/an ____.
the foot-in-the-door technique
Your neighbor asks to borrow your chainsaw. You agree to this. When he comes over, he asks you to show him how to operate it. He then needs your safety glasses and your ladder to do the task. You both realize someone must hold the ladder. You find yourself spending two hours on a ladder cutting dead branches for your neighbor. Your neighbor appears to be a master of ____.
quantitatively
____ abnormal behavior deviates from the statistical average.
forward chaining
____ has been used to teach people how to play musical instruments and autistic children to speak more often.
Communication
____ is essential to marital satisfaction.
short-term memory
____ is strongly related to fluid intelligence.
peace
_____ psychologists are particularly interested in finding ways to reduce tensions that promote ethnic conflicts and terrorism
social
______ psychologists study the factors that influence interpersonal attraction, the problem of "groupthink" in making important decisions, and the reasons why people are often all too willing to follow orders to harm others.
Relativists
______ stress the importance of identifying psychological differences across cultures and tend to support tolerance of differences.
Phenomenological
_______ psychologists might study the mental experience of depression, as opposed to behaviors exhibited by depressed people or the brain factors or unconscious motives that may underlie depression.
norms
________ are established by giving a test to samples of hundreds or thousands of people who are representative of the people for whom the test is designed.
UCS
Inhaling pepper causes a person to sneeze reflexively. In this example, pepper is the ____.
obssesive-compulsive disorder
Intrusive thoughts and urges to act
oponent process theory
Isaac is ecstatic as he attends graduation ceremonies to receive his diploma. By the end of the ceremony, he has already begun to feel rather depressed and let down. This example is in keeping with ____.
when the organism has been deprived of primary reinforcement
Jason observes that his dog is much more likely to "work harder" for training session treats when she is hungry than she is after meals. This example demonstrates that the effect of reinforcement is stronger ____.
social loafing
Jerome has to work on a group term paper project. He puts in much less effort than he would if he were working on the paper by himself. His behavior is an example of ____.
graphology
More than a century ago, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle popularized the use of handwriting analysis, known as _____.
are able to care for themselves, hold responsible jobs, and have meaningful social relationships
Most people with an intellectual disability ____.
enjoy his industriousness rather than experience inferiority
Ms. Lee assigns some household chores to her 8-year-old and praises him for doing them regularly and well. She also assists the child with schoolwork and encourages his participation in a singing group. According to Erik Erikson, this child is likely to ____.
dissociative identity disorder
Multiple personality disorder
conversion disorder
Muscle paralysis or sensory loss
view in-groups as more variable than out-groups
Naomi is a psychology major and views her fellow majors as a group with very diverse interests and personalities. When asked about the mathematics majors at her school, she describes them as, "socially inept and spacey." Naomi's behavior demonstrates that we ____.
Dilemmas involving personal relationships were likely to elicit care orientations from both men and women.
Real life moral dilemmas may provide a more realistic appraisal of people's moral reasoning than do hypothetical scenarios. In studies using real life moral dilemmas, which of the following was found?
a slow learner
Pierre is 8 years old. On the original Binet-Simon test, he can answer all of the questions up to those designed for 6-year-olds. Pierre would be considered ____.
nativism
Plato believed that people enter the world with inborn knowledge, a philosophical position called ________.
the Pygmalion effect
Professor A believes that, with proper instruction, beginning psychology students can develop original and testable hypotheses. Professor B believes that no matter the type or level of instruction, beginning psychology students cannot originate good hypotheses. At the end of every semester, Professor A has several students running good experiments, while Professor B has none. This example demonstrates ____.
making the fundamental attribution error
Professor Lee is told that someone in his class is there on an athletic scholarship, and that another is there on a creative writing scholarship. He automatically assumes the tall, black, male student is the athlete, and the quiet, older, white female is the writer. Professor Lee may be guilty of ____.
Psychopathology
Psychologists and psychiatrists who study or treat psychological disorders are involved in the field of ____.
the less able the person's immune system is able to respond when needed
Recent research indicates that the more life changes a person experiences in a year, ____.
has previously been deprived of the reinforcer
Reinforcement is most effective when an individual ____.
cognitive
Research indicates that people with major depressive disorder are more likely to "ruminate" about negative events than people who are not depressed. This phenomenon supports which viewpoint of psychological disorders?
were more likely to have been exposed to scientific thinking in their formal education
Researchers investigating Piaget's concept of the formal operations stage found that those who reached this stage ____.
clinical psychologist
Dr. Achmed is trained to deal with severely disturbed mental patients. He uses tests and interviews to diagnose their conditions and consults with a psychiatrist on how particular patients are responding to medication. Most likely, Dr. Achmed is a ____.
developmental psychology
Dr. Ames is studying the difficulties some older adults have with memory in an effort to understand Alzheimer's disease. Dr. Ames is most likely a ____.
behavioral neuroscience
Dr. Ariely is consulting with a brain surgeon to determine where specific brain functions are located in a particular patient. Most likely Dr. Ariely is involved in ____.
personaility psychology
Dr. Bang is a psychologist who devised a test to measure introversion and extraversion. Most likely, Dr. Bang is a ____.
Validity
Dr. Davis makes her first diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder. However, she finds out that her patient is actually pretending. The ____ of the diagnosis is low.
ethologists
Dr. Lee studies the social and sexual behavior of squirrels in a large park. Dr. Nguyen studies the communication and hunting behavior of river dolphins. These researchers are ____.
Selye's concept of eustress
Researchers using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale have shown that it is not the sheer number of life changes that induce stress, but rather, the negative life changes. This finding is in keeping with ____.
volitional rule
The ____ says that a person was insane at the time of a crime if the person was not in control of his or her behavior.
control group
The ________ provides a standard of comparison for the experimental group.
the gods; the moon
The ancient Greeks tended to believe that psychological disorders were caused by ____, while a sixteenth-century physician blamed ____.
behavior modification
The application of operant principles to help mental patients change their abnormal behaviors is called ____.
a hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide levels in the blood
The biopsychological explanation for panic disorder that has achieved the most support is ____.
Amygdala
The brain structure that is associated with maintaining vigilance against potential threats is the ____.
T lymphocytes
The cells that attack viruses, cancer cells, and foreign tissues are called ____.
the role of the thalamus in communicating to both skeletal muscles and the cerebral cortex
The classic Cannon-Bard theory of emotions emphasized ____.
immunosuppression
The classical conditioning of ____ has already been shown to be useful in preventing the rejection of transplanted tissues and organs.
if the concept of insanity applies
The cognitive rule and the volitional rule are used to determine ____.
the debate over nature versus nurture has political and social implications as well
The controversies surrounding Arthur Jensen and Cyril Burt demonstrate that when it comes to intellectual ability ____.
association of a neutral stimulus with one that elicits a reflexive response
The core concept of classical conditioning involves ____.
actual learning may not be apparent in observable behavior
The core of the concept of latent learning involves the idea that ____.
blocked the use of intelligence tests to place African-American children into special education classes
The decision in the Larry P.v.Wilson Riles court case ____.
normal curve
The distribution of human IQs is best described as ____.
oxytocin
The hormone that is released more by women than by men when they are under stress is ____.
oponent process theory
The idea that when we experience a strong emotion, it is soon counteracted by its opposite emotion is the ____.
how the mind affects physical symptoms
The impetus for Sigmund Freud's personality theory was his interest in ____.
relationship between responses and their consequences
The key concept in understanding operant conditioning is the ____.
experimental psychology
The largest field of academic specialization in psychology is ________.
the use of language
The most common deficit exhibited in those with an intellectual disability is difficulty in ____.
Q-sort
The personality test that was derived from Roger's self-theory is the ____.
Greece
The philosophical roots of psychology reach back to the philosophers of ancient _________, most notably Plato.
trace conditioning
Different types of conditioning could be used for Pavlov's study. An example of ____ would be if the tone were presented and then turned off just before the meat powder was placed on the dog's tongue.
are biologically contraprepared
Domestic cats will not learn to swim to receive reinforcement. This suggests that when it comes to swimming, cats ____.
treatment of patients with unexplainable physical symptoms
The psychoanalytic approach originated from the ____.
unconscious conflicts about sex and aggression
The psychoanalytic perspective on psychopathology emphasizes the importance of ____.
parental loss or rejection during childhood
The psychoanalytic viewpoint associates the development of major depressive disorder with ____.
conditioned response
The term Pavlov applied to his dogs salivating at the sight of their dog dishes or lab assistants' approach was ____.
contiguity
The traditional associationistic model of learning is based on the principle of ____.
human measurement
The word anthropometric means _______
cognitive theories of emotion
Theories that emphasize how our subjective interpretation of events determines our emotional response to those experiences are referred to as ____.
the law of effect
Thorndike observed that evolution seems to have created tendencies to associate certain behaviors with certain consequences. This idea is referred to as ____.
contradicted the James-Lange theory
Three research participants are connected to physiological response recorders. One watches videos of some frightening events. A second watches videotapes of sad events, while the third watches some very funny videos. The researcher observes no differences in the physiological responses of the three participants. Walter Cannon concluded that such findings ____.
sleeper effect
What name is given to responding favorably to a persuasive message following the mere passage of time after having initially rejected it because of a strong peripheral factor, such as not trusting the source of the message?
The male gonads, which secrete hormones that regulate the development of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
What characteristic describes the testes?
unconscious mind
What describes the level of consciousness that contains thoughts, feelings, and memories that influence us without our awareness and that we cannot become aware of at will?
the belief that psychopathology is a symptom of some underlying process
What do the psychoanalytic and biopsychological viewpoints have in common?
An inactive substance that might induce some of the effects of the drug for which it has been substituted
What is a placebo?
An event, behavior, condition, or characteristic that has two or more values
What is a variable?
A picture that persists after the removal of a visual stimulus
What is an afterimage?
The early psychological viewpoint that claimed that we perceive and think about wholes rather than simply combinations of separate elements
What is meant by Gestalt psychology?
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a particular conditioned response after being paired with a particular unconditioned stimulus that already elicits that response
What is meant by a conditioned stimulus?
The gradual decline of testosterone experienced by men after the age of 40
What is meant by andropause?
Information processing that requires less conscious awareness and cognitive effort and that does not interfere with the performance of other ongoing activities
What is meant by automatic processing?
Repeating cycles of physiological changes
What is meant by biological rhythms?
The process by which a neutral stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus that already elicits a conditioned response fails to become a conditioned stimulus
What is meant by blocking?
The perceptual process that makes an object maintain a particular level of illumination and clarity despite changes in the amount of light reflected from it
What is meant by brightness constancy?
People's perception that with collaborative effort the group will obtain its desired outcome
What is meant by collective efficacy?
Behaving in accordance with a request that is backed by little or no threat of punishment
What is meant by compliance?
The perception of the relative distance of objects
What is meant by depth perception?
The inability to perceive reality from the perspective of another person
What is meant by egocentrism?
The inability to realize that a problem can be solved by using a familiar object in an unusual way
What is meant by functional fixedness?
The tendency for groups to make more extreme decisions than their members would make as individuals
What is meant by group polarization?
The sense of taste, which detects molecules of substances dissolved in the saliva
What is meant by gustation?
Erikson's developmental stage in which success is achieved by reflecting back on one's life and finding that it has been meaningful
What is meant by integrity versus despair?
Hearing loss caused by damage to the hair cells of the basilar membrane, the axons of the auditory nerve, or the neurons of the auditory cortex
What is meant by nerve deafness?
A hereditary enzyme deficiency that, if left untreated in the infant, causes intellectual disabilities
What is meant by phenylketonuria?
The theory of pitch perception that assumes that hair cells at particular points on the basilar membrane are maximally responsive to sound waves of particular frequencies
What is meant by place theory?
The process by which the ego directs the individual to express sexual and aggressive impulses in socially acceptable ways
What is meant by the reality principle?
The theory that emotional experience is the outcome of physiological arousal and the attribution of a cause for that arousal
What is meant by the two-factor theory?
An approach to problem solving in which the individual tries one possible solution after another until one works
What is meant by trial and error?
A strong emotional relationship between an infant and a caregive
What is social attachment?
In Freud's theory, the stage of personality development between ages 1 and 3, during which the child gains pleasure from defecation and faces a conflict over toilet training
What is the anal stage?
paying attention to the model
What is the first step in observational learning?
The sense that detects objects by the light reflected from them into the eyes
What is vision?
generativity versus stagnation
What name is given to Erikson's developmental stage in which success is achieved by becoming less self-absorbed and more concerned with the well-being of others?
trust versus mistrust
What name is given to Erikson's developmental stage in which success is achieved by having a secure social attachment with a caregiver?
group
What name is given to a collection of two or more persons who interact and have mutual influence on each other?
sample
What name is given to a group of participants selected from a population?
mental set
What name is given to a tendency to use a particular problem-solving strategy that has succeeded in the past but that may interfere with solving a problem requiring a new strategy?
conformity
What name is given to behaving in accordance with group expectations with little or no overt pressure to do so?
conduction deafness
What name is given to hearing loss usually caused by blockage of the auditory canal, damage to the eardrum, or deterioration of the ossicles of the middle ear?
controlled process
What name is given to information processing that involves conscious awareness and cognitive effort and that interferes with the performance of other ongoing activities?
rods
What name is given to receptor cells of the retina that play an important role in night vision and peripheral vision?
sensorimotor stage
What name is given to the Piagetian stage, from birth through the second year, during which the infant learns to coordinate sensory experiences and motor behaviors?
parasympathetic nervous system
What name is given to the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body and performs maintenance functions?
functionalism
What name is given to the early psychological viewpoint that studied how the conscious mind helps the individual adapt to the environment?
Spermacrche
What name is given to the first ejaculation, usually occurring between the ages of 13 and 15?
conventional level
What name is given to the level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory that is characterized by concern with upholding laws and conventional values and by favoring obedience to authority?
illusory contours
What name is given to the perception of nonexistent contours as if they were the edges of real objects?
shape constancy
What name is given to the perceptual process that makes an object appear to maintain its normal shape regardless of the angle from which it is viewed?
behaviorism
What name is given to the psychological viewpoint that rejects the study of mental processes in favor of the study of overt behavior?
vestibular sense
What name is given to the sense that provides information about the head's position in space and helps in the maintenance of balance?
survey
what term describes a set of questions related to a particular topic of interest administered to a sample of people through an interview or questionnaire?
Plato
"You cannot always believe your eyes. Sometimes you 'see' water shimmering ahead on a perfectly dry highway." Which of the following philosophers would agree with this statement?
a discrepancy between the actual self and the ought self
A humanistic psychologist is likely to believe anxiety results from ____.
Type A people tend to have a greater need for control of their environments
A key reason why Type A people may have increased levels of stress from their environments is that ____.
After relative stability, a decline in intelligence will begin at about age 60.
A large group of college graduates undergo intelligence testing at ages 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80. If this group is typical, what is likely to be the finding?
the development of intimacy in young adulthood
A longitudinal study found that the achievement of identity during adolescence contributed to ____.
downplayed sexual motivation as a determinant of behavior
A major difference between Alfred Adler's theory of personality and that of Sigmund Freud was that Adler ____.
regardless of one's ethnicity
A positive attitude toward one's ethnic group contributes to higher self-esteem, ____.
any unusual quality or frequency of a behavior would be considered disturbed
A problem in using abnormality alone to determine the presence of a psychological disorder is that ____.
blocking
A psychologist conditions a woman to blink in response to a clicking sound by making a clicking noise and then immediately blowing in her eye. The psychologist then precedes the clicking noise and blowing in her eye with another sound, a ringing bell. The woman does not respond to the bell by blinking. This is because of a concept called ____.
industrial-organizational psychology
A psychologist who helps companies hire the most appropriate employees is most likely a(n) ____.
How little can a stimulus change before a person actually notices the change?
A psychophysicist would be interested in which of the following questions?
cognitive ability may be more important than experience to creating a useful profile
A recent study in which chemistry majors and police detectives developed psychological profiles suggested ____.
emotional intelligence
A recent topic of interest to intelligence researchers, which overlaps Gardner's interpersonal intelligence and intrapersonal intelligence, is called ____.
ingestion of caffeine or a neutral pill
A researcher asks two groups of students to fast after midnight. The next morning the researcher gives a caffeine pill to one group and a neutral pill to the other and then gives both groups a problem solving task. Here the independent variable is ____.
UCS
A researcher pairs the sound of a buzzer with a firm tap on the knee of a research participant. Thereafter, the subject's knee extends after hearing the sound of the buzzer. Here, the tap on the knee is a/an ____.
negatively correlated
A researcher studying college students finds that the more hours students devote to watching television, the lower they score on a test of creativity. These variables are most accurately described as ____.
fixed-ratio
A salesperson does not receive any compensation until after she sells four service contracts. She is on what type of reinforcement schedule?
Freudian slip
A very hard-working, but tired student accidentally says to a professor, "I was very oppressed by your excellent lecture on William James and the functionalists." This student's error is an example of a ____.
most of the evidence comes from "after-the-fact," bad group decisions
A weakness of the research in support of the concept of groupthink is that ____.
major depressive disorder
Abnormally low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain have been linked to ____.
a sense of right and wrong
According to Erikson, the major psychosocial task for the 3-year-old is the development of ____.
use of defense mechanisms to distort reality
According to Freudian personality theory, sexual and aggressive impulses result in anxiety. This results in the ____.
componential intelligence
According to Robert Sternberg, those who excel in academic performance and score well on IQ tests are strong in ____.
distribution of libido into various erogenous zones as the child grew up
According to Sigmund Freud, personality development involved the ____.
conscious mind
According to Sigmund Freud, your moment-to-moment awareness of your feelings, surroundings, and memories are part of your ____.
acquired through classical conditioning
According to Watson and Rayner's classic study as well as later, methodologically sounder studies, many phobias may be ____.
make stable, global, and internal attributions for these events
According to one cognitive-behavioral theory, when negative events happen in the lives of individuals with major depressive disorder, they tend to ____.
Genetic programming seems to limit the ability of our cells to reproduce or repair themselves.
According to recent developmental research, why do we die?
never married women with children
According to recent research, the most disadvantaged families in our society consist of ____.
we observe that we are crying, so then we feel sad
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, ____.
unconscious conflicts about sex or aggression
According to the psychoanalytic approach, physical symptoms that had no apparent physical causes were the result of ____.
bipolar disorder
Alternating periods of depression and mania
groupthink
Although it is common for group or committee members to be annoyed at the person who is always questioning decisions and playing the "devil's advocate," such individuals can be valuable to the group by helping to prevent ____.
discrimination
An Asian-American Olympic gold-medal winner is not offered the same lucrative product-endorsement contracts that white and African-American medalists are offered. This is an example of ____.
rationalization
Individuals who cheat on their income tax returns often say they do so "because everyone else does." This behavior is an example of ____.
instincitve drift
An animal trainer operantly conditions a raccoon to take coins from audience members and place them in a "Donation Box for Raccoons Injured in a Recent Oil Spill." Before the raccoons place the coins in the box, they rub them with their paws. In the wild, raccoons typically rub the sand off food while washing it in water. Most likely, their coin rubbing behavior is an example of ____.
there are biological constraints to learning
An early study done by Valentine that attempted to classically condition fear using an opera glass failed. The most likely explanation, supported with more recent research, is ____.
girls tend to have fewer but more intimate friendships compared to boys
An identifiable gender difference in childhood friendship patterns is that ____.
facial-feedback, vascular
An updated version of the ____ theory is the ____ theory, which postulates that the volume of air forced through the nose affects the temperature of the brain and leads to different emotions.
treatment was humane and the research had great potential value
Animal welfare advocates would permit laboratory research with animals provided ____.
classical conditioning
As a child, Richard had to have many throat examinations. Every time the doctor would examine his throat, Richard would gag reflexively. Now, whenever the physician asks him to open his mouth, he gags. Which principle explains Richard's response?
cannot conserve
At the backyard cookout, 5-year-old Michael insists he wants a "bigger burger." His psychologically wise mother flattens Michael's burger and pronounces that now it is bigger. Michael accepts this solution happily. According to Piaget, this approach works with Michael because he ____.
psychoanalytic viewpoint
Dr. Patel believes that Jack's fear of public speaking is actually anxiety displaced from some other feared object or situation, perhaps from some traumatic event in his childhood that he has repressed. This conceptualization regarding the cause of such a phobia is associated with the ____.
eugenics
Early in the 20th century, large numbers of "feeble-minded" individuals were involuntarily sterilized. Such practices are in keeping with the concept of ____.
contradicts the idea that there must be close contiguity between events for learning to occur
Ellen eats lobster for the first time. Hours later, she experiences severe stomach pains and other gastrointestinal distress. Ellen is no longer willing to eat lobster. The fact that many hours passed between her consumption of the lobster and her illness has led to her total avoidance of lobster and ____.
socioculture
Ethiopian immigrants who exhibit Zar are considered normal in Ethiopia but abnormal in the United States or Europe, demonstrating the importance of the ____ viewpoint.
strong hereditary influences and high activity in the frontal lobes
Evidence for a biopsychological basis for obsessive-compulsive disorder includes findings of ____.
phobia
Excessive, irrational fear
generalized anxiety disorder
Extreme and habitual worry
learning to relax one's muscles more completely
For which problem might biofeedback training be helpful?
Egocentrism
Four-year-old Amanda answers the telephone. The adult on the line asks Amanda if her mother is at home. Amanda keeps nodding her head, but the caller hears silence and keeps repeating the question. Finally the caller hangs up in frustration. Amanda's behavior is an example of ____.
secondary reinforcer
Frances uses her paycheck to purchase food, beverages, and a home in which to sleep. In behavioral terms, her paycheck is a ____.
sexual motivation
Freud's theories created controversy in his time because of their emphasis on ____.
become fixated at the anal stage
Freudians contend that children who undergo toilet training too early or too late may ____.
the principle of contiguity
Garcia found that conditioned taste aversions could occur even when an animal did not become nauseous until hours after being exposed to the taste. This finding violates ____.
Cannon-Bard Theory
George is a quadriplegic. This means he has no bodily sensations below his neck. Yet, George experiences the whole array of basic and complex emotions. This finding supports the ____.
need to be of equal status
Gordon Allport (1954) proposed that increasing social contact between groups can reduce prejudice. Later research suggests that one necessary condition for this to work is that group members ____.
in-group bias
Individuals who exhibit favoritism toward members of their own group are practicing ____.
Their compulsive activity is serving to avoid the anxiety of working on the will
Helen and her husband have agreed they will sit down and work on their will on Saturday afternoon. That morning, Helen decides she must clean out the garage, while her husband feels the irresistible urge to begin painting the outside of their house. How would a strict behaviorist explain their compulsive activity?
committing the fundamental attribution error
Helen learns that her neighbor was involved in an automobile accident. Helen thinks about this and concludes that this was due to her neighbor's speeding and carelessness on the road. Helen may be ____.
The results and findings have been mixed.
How has Maslow's concept of self-actualization held up in scientific research studies?
too great a gap between one's genuine self and one's experience
Humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers believed that psychological disorders resulted from ____.
illness anxiety disorder
Hypochondriasis
take the central route of persuasion
If a minority faction within a group wishes to influence the group's decision, it must ____.
validity
If a test measures what it is supposed to measure, then it is high in ____.
making a dispositional attribution
If you determine that your professor included rather difficult questions on this exam because she enjoys watching students struggle and fail their courses, you are ____.
both the advantages and disadvantages of a psychology major
If your psychology professor were going to address the Psychology Majors Club about the merits of majoring in psychology, he or she would be more persuasive if the talk covered ____.
Schizophrenia
Impaired social, emotional, cognitive, and perceptual functioning
oral stage
In Freud's theory, what name is given to the stage of personality development between birth and age 1 year, during which the infant gains pleasure from biting, sucking, and chewing, and faces a conflict over weaning?
self-actualization
In Maslow's theory, which of the following refers to the individual's predisposition to try to fulfill her or his potential?
operant conditioning in the formation of attitudes
In an experiment noted in the text, college students were contacted by telephone and asked if they favored or opposed a "Springtime Aloha Week." The caller responded to certain statements the college students made by saying "good." This experiment showed the importance of ____.
moderately strong
In general, trace conditioning produces ______ conditioning
learned helplessness
In his original research, Martin Seligman exposed restrained dogs to inescapable electric shock, thus triggering a stream of research on ____.
loyal, intelligent, and affectionate
In selecting a spouse, both men and women value a potential partner who is ____.
observation of, or ongoing reinforcement of, maladaptive behaviors
In terms of the causes of psychopathology, the behavioral viewpoint emphasizes ____.
were more likely to attend college, have happy marriages, and live healthy lives
In the Terman Genetic Studies of Genius research, mentally gifted children ____.
CR
In the classic "Little Albert" study, the child's fear of the white rat was the ____.
immune system effectiveness, it cannot cause normal cells to become cancerous
In thinking about the relationship between stress and cancer, it is important to remember that while stress can hinder ____.
maladaptive
Kevin is extremely distrustful of others. He often argues with store clerks for cheating him. He occasionally accuses his neighbors of spying on him and is worried that his wife is trying to injure him. Kevin is sure his perceptions are accurate, but he is becoming more isolated and is in danger of losing his job. Kevin's behavior is disturbed because it is ____.
shaping
Laura commands her new puppy to "Shake!", lifts his paw, and then reinforces him. After several repetitions, she merely touches the dog's paw, says, "Shake!" and reinforces the dog. Later on, she merely extends her hand near the dog's paw and says, "Shake!" The dog now raises his paw to "shake." In training her dog, Laura has used the technique called ____.
his IQ is in the normal range
Luis completes a Wechsler scale and his overall score is 90. What may we conclude about Luis?
sports
Megan is helping a professional athlete to recover from a serious injury. Megan is a ____ psychologist.
dissociative fugue
Memory loss and loss of identity
social learning theory
Observational learning is a central component of which psychological theory?
her IQ is in the gifted range
On a Wechsler test, Keisha gets an overall IQ of 135. What may we conclude about Keisha?
attempting to develop her own identity
On some days, 16-year-old Ruth believes that the most important thing in life is caring for others. On other days, she feels she must concentrate on her creative talents. On still other days, she commits to "getting rich, no matter what." According to Eriksonian theory, Ruth is ____.
discounted the environmental conditions of the immigrants
One of the major criticisms of Goddard's work at Ellis Island was Goddard ____.
do not process information very effectively
One reason why people with an intellectual disability do not perform as well on academic tasks as other people is that they ______.
attitudes
Our evaluations of ideas, events, objects, or people constitute our ____.
natural selection
Over the last few years, a factory that emits soot has darkened the trunks of trees that grow in close proximity. Moths in that area like to land and hide on tree trunks. After several years, most of the moths in the area near the factory are darker than they were in previous years. This most likely is an example of ____.
hallucinations relate to increased activity in specific regions of the cerebral cortex
PET and fMRI scans have revealed that for schizophrenics, ____.
with repeated association, any stimulus could become a conditioned stimulus
Pavlov was mistaken in his belief that ____.
group members feel anonymous and the outcome responsibility is diffused among members
Social loafing is more likely to occur when the ____.
her failure to self-actualize
Rhonda always imagined herself proudly graduating from college and becoming a high school mathematics instructor. However, she felt she had to support her husband's military career by frequently moving from base to base. His frequent long absences left her to be totally responsible for their three children. Over the years, Rhonda has felt more and more depressed about her life and about herself. A humanistic psychologist would attribute Rhonda's major depressive disorder to ____.
self-efficacy
Rodney believes that he can succeed in college, and so, becomes "studious." He believes he is capable of maintaining a long-term stable marital relationship if he puts effort into it, so he attends carefully to his marriage. In at least these two areas of his life, Rodney appears to have a high level of ____.
exhilaration
Sandra has a great fear of speaking in public. After her first major public speaking engagement, her terror turned into relief. According to opponent-process theory, after many public speaking experiences, her post-speech feeling is likely to be ____.
He probably has a relatively internal locus of control.
Sean needs a part-time job. He believes that if he carefully prepares a good resume, uses the self-presentation and oral presentation skills he has learned in school, and researches the company he is applying to, he can obtain a fairly good-paying position. Based on this information, what would you predict about Sean?
James-Lange Theory
Seeing a child at the window of a burning house, Anna runs in and rescues the child. Once she hands over the child to its parents, Anna starts to feel fearful. This example supports the ____.
engaging in secondary appraisal
Serita is stressed because the assignments her professor requires are very difficult. She is deciding whether she can cope with these difficult assignments. In other words, Serita is ____.
heredity plays a strong role
Several major studies investigating the basis for bipolar disorder indicate that ____.
Aunt Mary who has owned several of these cars because she is credible and trustworthy
Several people are trying to persuade Jan to purchase a particular car. Which of the following individuals is likely to be the most persuasive and why?
be placed in a mental hospital until no longer mentally ill and then serve the rest of the term in prison
Someone convicted of being "guilty but mentally ill" would ____.
one general factor is more important than any specific intelligence
Spearman believed that ____.
Premack Principle
Students in an elementary school classroom love to use the computer. They do not particularly like to complete their math assignments. A teacher allows more time on the computers for those who complete their math assignments. This teacher is employing ____.
panic disorder
Sudden, intense anxiety and terror
tendency of some bereaved spouses to die sooner than comparable others
The "broken-heart phenomenon" refers to the ____.
The Beginners will perform better at the rehearsal, and the Advanced students will perform better at the concert.
The Beginners class and the Advanced class of violin students are giving their concert tomorrow. According to Robert Zajonc, which class will perform better at dress rehearsal at which there is no audience, and which class will play better at the regular concert where there are many people present?
cognitive training
The Seattle Longitudinal study found that ____ could slow the decline in fluid intelligence often associated with old age.
Reliability
The ____ of a diagnosis refers to the extent to which difference evaluators make the same diagnosis.
A bundle of axons that conveys information to or from the central nervous system
What best describes a nerve?
convince an Institutional Review Board that the study's value justifies deception
To use deception ethically in a study, a researcher must ____.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Today, most psychologists and psychiatrists diagnose and classify psychological disorders according to the criteria set out in the ____.
less diverse
Tom attends X College. He knows no one at Y College. A social psychologist would predict that Tom would evaluate the students at Y College as ____.
environmental psychologist
Topics such as the effect of overcrowding and noise on human behavior are studied by ____.
buffer the stressful effects of daily hassles
Uplifts, or positive circumstances, ____.
stimulus generalization
Warren's cat has learned to purr and rub against him whenever the cat hears the sound of the can opener. Lately, Warren has noticed that his cat behaves the same way if Warren uses his blender or his electric drill. Warren's cat is demonstrating ____.
mean score of his or her age peers
Wechsler's concept of a deviation IQ compares a person's intelligence test score with the ____.
Galen
Well before the modern era, who suggested that depressed women were more likely to develop cancer than happy women?
Receptor cells of the retina that play an important role in day vision and color vision
What are the cones?
social facilitation
Which of the following refers to the effect of the presence of other people on a person's task performance, with performance on simple or well-learned tasks improved and performance on complex or poorly learned tasks impaired?
higher oder conditioning
Which of the following refers to the establishment, in classical conditioning, of a conditioned response to a neutral stimulus that has been paired with an existing conditioned stimulus?
external validity
Which of the following refers to the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to other people, animals, or settings?
educational psychology
Which of the following refers to the field that applies psychological principles to help improve curriculum, teaching methods, and administrative procedures?
crystallized intelligence
Which of the following refers to the form of intelligence that reflects knowledge acquired through schooling and in everyday life?
intelligence
Which of the following refers to the global capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment?
Psychoneuroimmunology
Which of the following refers to the interdisciplinary field that studies the relationship between psychological factors and physical illness?
preconscious mind
Which of the following refers to the level of consciousness that contains feelings and memories that we are unaware of at the moment but can become aware of at will?
moon illusion
Which of the following refers to the misperception that the moon is larger when it is at the horizon than when it is overhead?
childhood
Which of the following refers to the period that extends from birth until the onset of puberty?
stress
Which of the following refers to the physiological response of the body to physical and psychological demands?
dark adaptation
Which of the following refers to the process by which the eyes become more sensitive to light when under low illumination?
sound localization
Which of the following refers to the process by which the individual determines the whereabouts of a sound?
attention
Which of the following refers to the process by which the individual focuses awareness on certain contents of consciousness while ignoring others?
social cognition
Which of the following refers to the process of perceiving, interpreting, and predicting social behavior?
skin senses
Which of the following refers to the senses of touch, temperature, and pain?
spinal cord
Which of the following refers to the structure of the central nervous system that is located in the spine and plays a role in bodily reflexes and in communicating information between the brain and the peripheral nervous system?
evolutionary psychology
Which of the following refers to the study of the evolution of behavior through natural selection?
archival research
Which of the following refers to the systematic examination of collections of letters, manuscripts, tape recordings, video recordings, or other records?
volley theory
Which of the following refers to the theory of pitch perception that assumes that sound waves of particular frequencies induce auditory neurons to fire in volleys, with one volley following another?
Cannon-Bard Theory
Which of the following refers to the theory that an emotion is produced when an event or object is perceived by the thalamus, which conveys this information simultaneously to the cerebral cortex and the skeletal muscles and sympathetic nervous system?
myopia
Which of the following refers to visual nearsightedness, which is caused by an elongated eyeball?
Schizophrenics' disturbed behavior is an attempt to experience their actual selves.
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the humanistic perspective on schizophrenia?
Bob checks to see that his car is locked each time he parks it, while Stan returns to check his about five times each time he parks his car.
Which of the following would be a quantitatively abnormal behavior?
St. Augustine
Which philosopher had beliefs similar to Freud's regarding the influence of sex upon human behavior?
variable-ratio
Which schedule of reinforcement is the most resistant to extinction?
They insist that no laboratory research of any kind be carried out with animals.
Which statement accurately describes the position of extreme animal rights' advocates?
Children are given tokens for engaging in desirable behaviors, which may then be traded for valued objects or activities
Which statement best describes a token economy?
Human beings learn most social behaviors through observing models and then reproducing the behavior of those models.
Which statement most accurately describes Albert Bandura's approach to the learning of social behaviors?
No matter the stressor, the same bodily changes occur.
Which statement most accurately describes the general adaptation syndrome?
We seek to identify the source of our physiological arousal, and what we identify as that source will influence our emotional experience.
Which statement most accurately reflects the core concept of the two-factor theory of emotion?
cognitive perspective
combines aspects of Gestalt psychology and the behavioral perspective.
socioculture perspective
developed as a reaction against the assumption that all psychological research findings are generalizable to other cultures.
Humanistic Perspective
is called the Third Force in Psychology.
Biopsychological perspective
studies the brain, the hormonal system, and the effects of heredity on psychological functions
