PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 3

There are _____ levels of mental retardation on the modern continuum. A. five B. four C. three D. two

B. four

Someone who shows exceptional talent or ability in an area with little or no instruction is said to be a ___________. A. savant B. prodigy C. fraud D. simpleton

B. prodigy

Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. Marissa has heard her brother say that girls aren't very good at riding bikes. She doesn't try very hard to learn to ride her bike because she has heard other people say the same thing as her brother. Marissa is showing signs of _________. A. heritability B. stereotype vulnerability C. cultural bias D. socioeconomic bias

B. stereotype vulnerability

The essential components of emotional intelligence include all of the following except __________. A. the ability to understand how emotions shape reasoning, decisions, and coping methods B. the ability to release emotional stress in an aggressive manner C. the ability to understand and analyze personal emotions D. the ability to regulate emotions effectively

B. the ability to release emotional stress in an aggressive manner

According to the article "Can You Raise Emotional Intelligence?" by Jack Mayer, all of the following are components of emotional intelligence except __________. A. the understanding of the general nature of emotions B. the meaning of individual emotions C. the capacity to undercover similarity and differences between emotions D. the ability to solve puzzles in a timely manner

D. the ability to solve puzzles in a timely manner

__________ refers to the disparity between IQ scores among European Americans and other minority groups. A. Gender gap B. Stanford-Binet C. Flynn effect D. Ethnic gap

D. Ethnic gap

Which of the following statements regarding adoption studies is false? A. Adopted children show some similarity in IQ scores. B. Siblings raised together have higher similarities in IQ than children raised apart. C. Unrelated children raised together show significant resemblance in IQ. D. In all instances, adopted children show higher IQ similarities than related children

D. In all instances, adopted children show higher IQ similarities than related children

Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. Iris has been ahead of her classmates for as long as she has been in school. Lately, her classmates have started making fun of her for being a "teacher's pet," and they mock her whenever she raises her hand to answer a question. Iris is most likely being negatively stereotyped as being __________. A. mentally retarded B. normal C. intellectually disabled D. gifted

D. gifted

If a certain test follows a normal curve, most of the scores will fall __________. A. at the top end B. at the bottom end C. all over the place D. in the middle

D. in the middle

Feelings of __________ can undermine group members' performance on IQ tests. A. self-fulfilling prophecy B. gender bias C. culture D. stereotype vulnerability

D. stereotype vulnerability

Howard Gardner proposed the triarchic theory of human intelligence. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

If a test's scores follow a normal curve, most of the grades will fall on either end of the scale. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Most states have programs that help with the education of individuals identified as "gifted." Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Reliable tests are always valid. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Stereotype vulnerability refers to savants. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Socioeconomically disadvantaged children may experience limitations in intellectual development for all of the following reasons except __________. they are exposed to fewer books and learning tools they receive inadequate nutrition they attend underfunded schools they are exposed to adequate role models

they are exposed to adequate role models

Down's syndrome is one organic cause of mental retardation. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Intelligence tests were originally used to differentiate between students who were having academic difficulty and students who were not. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Performance on IQ tests have steadily increased over the generations. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Recognizing and understanding the emotions of others is a component of emotional intelligence. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Skills that define intelligence depend on the culture in which the test is developed. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales look at both verbal and performance indicators. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

The general factor, or g, can be found in the correlations among mental tests. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

There are three principles of test construction: standardization, reliability, and validity. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Neurological and perceptual speeds are generally higher in individuals with _________ intelligence. general lower higher inherited

higher

Of the three intelligence types identified by Robert Sternberg, a person who is very good at figuring out everyday tasks and problems might be said to have a high _________ intelligence. analytical creative practical naturalistic

practical

Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. Harley is able to control his emotions. He is able to monitor his response to situations and make sure that he expresses his emotions appropriately. It could be said that Harley rates high in emotional _________. perception understanding regulation utilization

regulation

__________ tests try to eliminate cultural bias. A. All IQ B. Dove C. Culture-fair D. Stanford-Binet

C. Culture-fair

Because identical twins begin as a single fertilized egg that then separates, identical twins share ____ percent of genetic makeup. A. 100 B. 75 C. 50 D. 25

A. 100

Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. Christine is writing a paper for psychology class. She is making an outline showing the evolution of intelligence tests, starting with the earliest. Which choice shows the order of intelligence tests, starting with the earliest one? A. Binet-Simon Scale, Binet-Stanford Intelligence Quotient, Wechsler Intelligence Scale B. Binet-Stanford Intelligence Quotient, Binet-Simon Scale, Wechsler Intelligence Scale C. Wechsler Intelligence Scale, Binet-Simon Scale, Binet-Stanford Intelligence Quotient D. Binet-Simon Scale, Wechsler Intelligence Scale, Binet-Stanford Intelligence Quotient

A. Binet-Simon Scale, Binet-Stanford Intelligence Quotient, Wechsler Intelligence Scale

__________ is known as the father of classical test theory. A. Charles Spearman B. Howard Gardner C. John Mayer D. Peter Salovey

A. Charles Spearman

Children who are removed from deprived situations to environments more conducive to learning tend to __________ the environmental enhancements. A. benefit from B. be harmed by C. show no change from D. ignore

A. benefit from

All of the following represent Robert Sternberg's three facets of intelligence except __________ intelligence. A. experiential B. analytical C. practical D. creative

A. experiential

If the scores from an intelligence test follow a normal bell curve, one would expect to see the majority of the scores to fall __________. A. in the middle B. at the low end C. at the high end D. all over the place

A. in the middle

According to the article "Multiple Intelligences," what makes simultaneous teaching to all of Gardner's theorized intelligences possible? A. multimedia B. better teachers C. newer schools D. school psychologists

A. multimedia

Someone who appears to be lacking in intelligence according to intelligence testing scores but seems to excel in other domains is said to have __________. A. savant syndrome B. prodigy syndrome C. a brain injury D. high general intelligence

A. savant syndrome

Which of the following statements concerning Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences is not correct? A. Gardner is not interested in assessing levels of intelligence. B. Gardner has based his theory on research in various areas of psychology. C. Garner claims that musical intelligence is dependent on spatial intelligence. D. Gardner claims that individuals can possess more than one type of intelligence.

C. Garner claims that musical intelligence is dependent on spatial intelligence.

All of the following are types of intelligence included in Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences except __________ intelligence. A. spatial B. musical C. emotional D. interpersonal

C. emotional

According to Joseph Renzuli, all of the following are components of achievement except __________. A. intelligence B. motivation C. location D. creativity

C. location

Generally speaking, females tend to do better than males in all of the following areas except __________. A. nonverbal ability tests B. emotional ability tests C. spatial ability tests D. verbal fluency tests

C. spatial ability tests

Of the following, which is not a method Howard Gardner has used to gather evidence to support his theory of multiple intelligences? A. researching developmental influences B. studying prodigies C. studying the effects of brain damage D. studying cultural differences

D. studying cultural differences

Children raised in substandard circumstances should experience a gradual increase in IQ. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Culture-fair tests are used because they are the best at predicting academic achievement. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

High intelligence quotient (IQ) is the only indicator of giftedness. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Mental retardation that is environmental in origin has a specific physical cause. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Minorities are less likely than European Americans to live in physically, environmentally, or intellectually impoverished environments. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Robert Sternberg's analytical intelligence highlights how experiences shape intelligence as well as how intelligence is shaped by experience. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

The rationale for twin studies is that twins do not normally develop under similar environments. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

There are five levels of mental retardation. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Describe the differences between achievement tests and aptitude tests.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Aptitude tests are designed to predict future performance in a specific area. Achievement tests attempt to assess or measure correct knowledge in a specific subject. At its simplest, achievement covers what one has done, while aptitude covers what one will do.

Explain the rationale for using twins to study intelligence.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Both identical and fraternal twins are normally raised under similar environmental conditions. Since identical and fraternal twins share different amounts of genetic material, one can look at the role of genetics in intelligence.

Provide two examples of environmental deprivation. Describe how they can influence intelligence.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Environmental deprivation (conditions of isolation, poor nutrition, poverty, or lack of medical care) can have a negative impact on intelligence. For example, if one does not have the ability to adequately nourish the body, then brain development and intelligence can be negatively influenced.

Describe the controversy associated with identifying giftedness.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Identifying someone as gifted is somewhat controversial. The lowest IQ score that identifies someone as gifted is 130. Identifying giftedness relies heavily on IQ scores. Traditionally, creativity, leadership, or special talents are rarely considered when identifying giftedness. However, some researchers recognized that certain children classified as gifted never make enduring contributions to society. As a result, Joseph Renzulli argued that high intelligence alone doesn't constitute giftedness in this manner and that it takes dedication and creativity to foster the achievements often seen in gifted individuals. Therefore, someone may have the ability or potential to make great contributions to society but never engage in intensive training and hard work that often leads someone toward exceptional achievement.

Briefly describe the three intelligences included in Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of human intelligence.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Sternberg's theory of intelligence includes analytical, practical, and creative intelligence. Analytical intelligence is the type of intelligence used to problem solve. It involves abstract reasoning ability and evaluation skills. Practical intelligence is the type of intelligence that involves the ability to understand everyday tasks and how efficient one is in adapting to the surrounding environment. Creative intelligence is the type of intelligence that involves the ability to react to novel situations or stimuli.

How do heredity and environment interact to influence intelligence scores?

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: The environment can positively or negatively affect intelligence scores. High-quality environments that promote learning allow an individual to fulfill one's biological potential and generally reach the upper end of one's possible intelligence threshold. On the other hand, those in low-quality environments will find it more difficult to achieve their potential, as they tend to score at the lower end of their intelligence scale. The effects of the environment can swing the measurement of an IQ score as much as 20-25 points.

Our society has identified two extremes in intelligence. How are these differences identified?

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: The two extremes in intelligence levels that our society has defined are intellectual disability (significantly lower than average intelligence) and giftedness (far above average intelligence). Individual extremes for measures of intelligence are often identified through scores on intelligence tests. Individuals having an IQ above 130 are often labeled as gifted, whereas individuals scoring 70 or lower on an IQ test are often labeled as having an intellectual disability.

Does heredity or the environment have more influence over an individual's level of intelligence? Justify your response.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: While it is true that heredity has a great effect on an individual's level of intelligence, research suggests that environment has the most influence of the two factors. An environment of deprivation can hinder even the most genetically gifted child, while a child with modest gifts can be helped to achieve great intellectual works in a richly stimulating environment. Environmental factors have even been shown to affect intelligence scores by as much as 25 points, which is the difference between someone of average intelligence and someone who is gifted. Genetics may set the base levels of achievement, but human perseverance can affect a huge change in observed intelligence.

List and explain the three principles of test construction that make a test credible.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: The three principles of test construction include standardization, reliability, and validity. In order for a test to be useful, it must contain all three elements. Standardization refers to the meaningfulness of test scores among test takers. It also includes providing all test takers with the same instructions, questions, and time constraints. A standardized score tends to follow a bell curve of score distributions and determines where a test taker's performance is relative to other testers. Secondly, a test must also be reliable to be useful. Reliability means that the test produces consistent results. A reliable test will give the same or similar score when someone is tested with an alternate version or retested with the same test. This establishes test-retest reliability. In order to establish split-half reliability for a test, even and odd problems may be designed to measure similar aspects and are then scored separately. This allows us to see if the person is consistent in scores on each half of the test. Finally, a test must be valid and measure what it is designed to measure. It is possible to have a very reliable test that is not valid.

Explain the difference between general intelligence and specific intelligence.

Responses will vary but should include some or all of the following: General intelligence is one's overall reasoning ability that influences many domains. Someone with a high level of general intelligence will be able to adapt to many situations and use this ability to understand a variety of concepts. Specific intelligence is one's reasoning ability that involves specific task performance. For example, someone with a high level of specific intelligence in hand-eye coordination should do well in anything that demands that skill.

How does a person with high interpersonal intelligence behave?

Responses will very but should include some or all of the following: Interpersonal intelligence involves the ability to comprehend and respond effectively to another's mood, temperament, or desire. These individuals possess the ability to cooperate adequately in a group, and they can communicate and empathize easily with others. These individuals may often enjoy debate or discussions.

There is a positive correlation between tests that measure different things. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

To be labeled with an intellectual disability, one must score below a 70 on intelligence tests and have limitations in at least two adaptive skill areas. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Traditionally, girls score higher than boys on tests that measure verbal fluency. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. Hannah is very good at picking up differences in other people's mood and behavior. She has been rewarded for her ability to work within a group and getting everyone to work in the same direction. According to Howard Gardner, Hannah would probably be seen as having a high _________ intelligence. logical-mathematical visual-spatial interpersonal linguistic

interpersonal