Psychology: Unit 4: REVIEW

hippocampus

part of the brain that aids long-term memory

modeling

patterning your behavior after someone else

long-term memory

permanent storage of information

encoding

the process of placing information into the mind

decode

to figure out or unscramble hidden meaning

acquire

to gain or obtain for yourself

perception

understanding something through your mind or the senses

the scout bee will dance a "waggle" dance

food is farther away than seventy-five meters

conception

your personal interpretation of your senses or thoughts

interpretation

your personal meaning given to places, events, situations, and people

Operant Conditioning

concept of repeating behaviors based on desired outcomes Edward Thorndike from Harvard University; wanted to see if the cats would learn how to get out of the boxes if they made the right action Reinforcements Punishments

Reinforcement

concept that an event increases behavior to happen again has two specific types: 1. positive reinforcement; increases a behavior by giving you something 2. negative reinforcement; increases a behavior by taking away something

intentional learning

deliberately placing information into your mind

punishment

event that creates likelihood that a behavior will be stopped

the scout bee will dance a "round" dance

food is less than seventy-five meters away

rote

from memory

shaping

giving reinforcement to the smaller behaviors that eventually make up the new behavior

stimulus

anything that causes a response

interference

anything that inhibits your brain's ability to remember

consciousness

awareness of your existence, sensations, thoughts, surroundings

performance

carrying out or acting on an expectation or duty

chunking

grouping items into smaller segments

insomnia

inability to fall or stay asleep

retrograde amnesia

inability to remember events that happened prior to the brain injury

concept

an idea or thought

Primacy-Recency Effect

only remember information at the beginning or end of a list.

Conditions that Impair Memory

1. Alzheimer's disease; more common in people over age 60, and nearly 5 million Americans have this disease 2. Stroke; results in extreme disability and is the third leading cause of death in Americans; 50% preventable

Here are some things you can do on your own to try to overcome insomnia:

1. Go to bed at the same time each night. 2. Wake up at the same time each morning. 3. Use your bedroom for sleeping only. Read, play, use the computer, or do homework in other rooms of your house. 4. Keep your bedroom slightly cool, dark, and quiet. 5. Don't drink caffeine (sodas, energy drinks, tea) in the evening or just before your bedtime. 6. Don't eat a heavy meal, greasy or spicy foods, or sugary sweets before going to sleep. 7. Exercise, but not before your bedtime. (Exercising stimulates your body awake.)

1. Ivan Pavlov 2. B.F Skinner 3. Albert Bandura

1. He taught that animals could learn new associations by conditioning them to respond to cues that trigger the senses. 2. He taught that animals and people could learn to do new behaviors depending on whether their actions were encouraged or stamped out. 3. He believes that people learn as they play and interact with people and the world around themselves.

Sleep Disorders

1. Insomnia; inability to fall or stay asleep 2. Narcolepsy; people suddenly have an uncontrollable urge to fall asleep during the daytime hours 3. Sleep Apnea; stop breathing for a minute or so, and then startle semi-awake, gasping for air before going right back to sleep again

Psychologists Who Influenced What We Know About Learning

1. Ivan Pavlov - behaviorist who discovered the technique we call classical conditioning 2. B.F. Skinner - behaviorist who developed the concept of operant conditioning 3. Albert Bandura - called the father of social learning theory

Why Do We Sleep?

1. Restorative sleep theories; believe that the body heals itself during your slumber; Sleep is needed for recovery 2. Adaptive sleep theories; based in evolution and believe that sleep has a survival value to it; saves energy and keeps a person or animal out of danger and away from predators 3. Core-Optional sleep theory; sleep has two parts: option and core sleep *core = sleep is needed for an organism to repair and restore brain tissue *option = sleep is not needed

Long-Term Memory

1. Semantic and Episodic Memory; - semantic: memory about general ideas, principles, and facts - episodic: memory about specific events in your life 2. Implicit, Explicit, and Procedural Memories - Implicit: nonintentional form of memory - Procedural: lead from implicit

Basic Elements that Make a Thought

1. Symbolic Representations; mental pictures that have no direct relationship to the actual object you are thinking about 2. Analogical Representations; mental pictures that have a direct relationship to the actual object you are thinking about

The prefrontal cortex helps you to:

1. delay gratification - (such as watching TV after you finish your homework) 2. understand future consequences - (such as knowing that stealing will get you in trouble with the law) 3. determine good and bad, better and best - (cheating vs. studying, studying vs. preparing long in advance)

Ways of Learning

1. rote - simply memorizing information 2. informational - happens as you live your everyday life and notice your surroundings 3. formal - occurs in a school system or when you have someone directly teaching you; organized and purposeful

two methods of processing the information during encoding

1. surface (shallow) processing; learning superficial characteristics 2. deep (elaborate) processing; learning the deeper meaning of materials

Learning requires:

1. using our neurons and axon connections in the brain 2. awareness of our surroundings to use our five senses to perceive our world 3. thinking 4. watching others and learning from their examples 5. making conscious choices and exercising our ability to think to decide what actions we see others do and want to do ourselves 6. having other people teach us directly how to act 7. communication

intentional learning.

Deliberately placing information into your mind

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov control animals to act in a new way by pairing two stimuli together

The Sleep Cycle

Stage N1: Light sleep begins. Muscles relax, and your consciousness of your surroundings diminishes. Stage N2: Light sleep continues. Complete consciousness of the external world disappears. Stage N3: Deep sleep begins. This is the stage where sleepwalking, sleeptalking, bedwetting, and night terrors occur. Stage N4: Deep sleep continues. Stage N5: REM sleep. The brain is active and dreaming. Your eyes move rapidly under the eyelids. Muscles are paralyzed so you don't act out your dreams.

rehearsal

a form of practice to keep information in the memory

category

a grouping of concepts

morpheme

a meaningful unit of language (words)

hierarchy

a ranking system

false memory

a recovered memory that is not true

Sensory Memory

also referred to as iconic (visual) memory and echoic (auditory) memory has great limitations for what it remembers in a split second, and it is very quick to forget

reinforcement

an event that encourages behavior to happen again

the hippocampus

inside the temporal lobe and is responsible for aiding your long-term memory helps with your spatial perceptions helps you see depth and breadth, recognize dimensions, or remember how far up to lift your leg to reach the next stair

deprivation

lacking; going without

observational learning

learning by watching other people

classical conditioning

learning new associations by pairing two stimuli

incidental learning

learning that occurs without intention

vicarious

learning through the experience of others without actually doing the action

Punishment

makes a person very likely to stop doing some behavior Negative punishment is similar to regular punishment, but the difference is that if you quit your behavior, your reward will still be present.

Short-Term Memory called working memory

memory is working in the moment to temporarily hold on to the information you wish to remember allows people to remember about seven items, numbers, or objects at a time without forgetting = Rule of Seven

analogical representation

mental pictures that have a direct relationship to the actual object you are thinking about

symbolic representation

mental pictures that have no direct relationship to the actual object you are thinking about

sensory memory

momentary storage of information

repression

moving difficult information from the conscious to the unconscious mind

encoding

process of filling your mind, or acquiring information

Chunking

process of grouping items into smaller segments

REM

rapid eye moment; stage of sleep during which a person dreams

learning

relatively permanent changes of behavior resulting from experience

recovered memory

remembering long-forgotten memories with someone's help

operant conditioning

repeating behaviors based on outcome

Incidental learning

takes places without any intention, or making no effort to memorize

short-term memory

temporary storage of information

manifest content

the aspects of a dream or fantasy that you remember

phoneme

the basic unit of meaning (letters and sounds)

latent content

the hidden aspects of a dream that you must figure out