Psychology Unit 8

All of the following are anxiety disorders EXCEPT A. agoraphobia B. posttraumatic stress disorder C. Conversion Disorder D.obsessive-compulsive disorder E.Panic Disorder

conversion disorder

An item on a psychological test asks whether the test taker believes radio news stations are delivering special messages to the test taker that others cannot detect. Jason takes the test and answers yes to this question, because he recently detected messages to him embedded in a radio broadcast. Jason appears to be experiencing

delusions of reference

Vance is a popular honors student who, unlike his reference group, writes his best papers sitting on his motorcycle in the basement of his college dormitory. His behavior can be considered abnormal only if abnormality is defined as

deviation from cultural norms

Thomas is thirty years old and is very shy. He becomes anxious in social situations, so he avoids them. Thomas does not have close friends and rarely leaves his apartment. However, he writes a very successful and popular Internet blog, is usually content and calm while working at home, and has a positive relationship with his family. Psychologists would be hesitant to label Thomas as psychologically disordered because his behavior

does not appear to cause distress or impair his day-to-day functioning

Brandon is superficially charming and skilled at exploiting people for his own gain. He is also impulsive and irresponsible, and he generally disregards social norms. Brandon would most likely be diagnosed with which of the following disorders? A) Antisocial Personality B) Schizoid Personality C) Dissociative Identity D)Conversion E) Bipolar

A) Antisocial Personality

Brett is exhibiting signs of dissociative amnesia. Which of the following scenarios would most likely depict Brett's situation?

A) Brett was at work in Seattle when a police officer asked if he was John Simons from Miami. Brett said no, but the officer showed him a picture of himself with a family he had no memories of. Brett did not remember how he got to Seattle and did not remember ever being named John.

Robert has a persistent fear of having a heart attack in public that has resulted in his not wanting to leave his house. Therefore, he severely limits the time he spends out in public. Robert's condition is most similar to which of the following disorders?

Agoraphobia

Fred is afraid to leave his house, and he is extremely apprehensive every time he has to go out in public. Fred is most likely to be diagnosed with which type of disorder? A. Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct B. Anxiety C. Bipolar and related D. Dissociative E. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic

Anxiety

Shandi has been diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true of Shandi? A) She views herself as unappealing and inferior B) She is impulsive and irresponsible C) She has a constant need to be admired D) She suspects other people are trying to harm her E) She does not desire close relationship

C) She has a constant need to be admired

Which of the following is a characteristic common to all individuals with narcissistic personality disorder? A) A domineering attitude toward others B) An unwarranted sense of self-importance C) Restricted ability to express warmth and affection D) Inability to form social relationships E) Oversensitivity to rejection or possible humiliation

B) An unwarranted sense of self-importance

As a child, George often skipped school and engaged in repeated acts of vandalism and petty theft. As an adult, he has been arrested for running a dishonest investment company. The most likely diagnosis for George's current behavior is A) Narcissistic Personality Disorder B) Antisocial Personality Disorder C) Borderline Personality Disorder D) Dissociative Identity disorder E) Oppositional defiant disorder

B) Antisocial Personality Disorder

James makes a lot of money by lying to people in order to get them to invest in his company. James believes he is important and immune to prosecution, and he does not care about the people he takes money from. These characteristics are most associated with which of the following personality disorders? A)Dependent B) Narcissistic C) Histrionic D) Schizotypal E) Obsessive Compulsive

B) Narcissistic

Dora alternates between periods of extreme euphoria, when she is very talkative, overconfident, and hyperactive, and times of profound sadness, when she experiences feelings of hopelessness. Which of the following disorders is Dora most likely exhibiting?

Bipolar

Nick cheated in high school in order to maintain his grade point average. When he was caught, he blamed his teacher for not teaching him well enough. As an adult, he is impulsive and aggressive and feels no guilt in lying to get what he wants. These behaviors are most consistent with which of the following disorders? A) Social Phobia B) Schizophrenia C) Antisocial personality D) Somatic symptom E) Obsessive compulsive

C) Antisocial personality

Frank witnessed a burglary, and he felt very upset. Shortly after the event, Frank lost his ability to see. Doctors were unable to find a biological reason for his blindness. Which of the following is Frank most likely experiencing? A) Panic Disorder B) Bipolar disorder C) Conversion Disorder D) Tardive Dyskinesia E) Schizophrenia

C) Conversion Disorder

Following the failure of his business, Mr.Jones disappeared and was discovered two years later in another state practicing law without a license. When questioned, he responded that he had found himself in a strange city and could not remember any personal information. Mr.Jones most likely would be diagnosed with A) Amnesia B)Dissociative Identity disorder C) Dissociative Fugue D) Dementia E)Bipolar Disorder

C) Dissociative Fugue

John regularly stops at the pharmacy to collect pamphlets that list symptoms of different illnesses, because he is worried about his health. Each day he carefully monitors his vital signs, and he also frequently meets with a physician. On his most recent visit, the physician suggested that John was perfectly healthy. With which of the following psychological disorders might John be diagnosed? A) Somatization Disorder B) Conversion Disorder C) Hypochondriasis D) Generalized anxiety disorder E) Dissociative disorder

C) Hypochondriasis

Joan displays anxiety, irritability, inability to concentrate, and apathy. She also reexperiences a disastrous event through nightmares and vivid memories. Joan is experiencing A) Burnout B) Hypochondriasis C) Exhaustion D) Generalized Anxiety Disorder E) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

E) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

People who habitually wash their hands numerous times before going to bed most likely have

Compulsion

#4 Professor Menendez conducted an experiment to investigate the effects of a new medication for treating the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Part A Explain the concept of compulsion in the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Part B Explain why each of the following would be used in this experiment to help establish cause and effect. Random assignment Placebo condition Part C Professor Menendez presented the research at an international conference. After the presentation, audience members met in small groups to discuss the research. Explain how each of the following may affect the attendees' discussion of the research. Groupthink Display rules Belief perseverance Cocktail party effect

Compulsion Compulsion in the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder is when an individual feels the urge to repeatedly do things. Some examples are excessive hand washing, repeating certain words, constantly checking if a door is locked, etc. Random assignment Would establish cause and effect by ensuring that the experiment did not exhibit any biases, which helps establish an accurate cause and effect. Random assignment also reduces the chances of other variables affecting the results of the experiment. The placebo condition Will help Professor Menendez measure if the new medication works by comparing how the group who received the placebo and the group who received the actual medication reacts. This helps establish cause and effect because the placebo conditions separates the effects of the medication and the participants expectations. For example, if the effect of both groups is similar, maybe the medication does not work. Groupthink Would affect the attendees´ discussion of the research by the group making decisions together rather than having each attendee interpret the research individually, which can prevent some attendees´ from speaking their mind even if their interpretations are different from the groups´. Display Rules Can affect the tone of the conversation. Different facial expressions and different body language/reactions are different within different cultures. Belief perseverance Would affect the attendees' discussion of the research is that some of the attendees won't change their beliefs about obsessive-compulsive disorder despite being shown with research that counters their belief, making it hard to interpret the topic. Cocktail party effect may affect the attendees' discussion of the research is that if someone called their name, they would more likely respond back and participate.

Frank witnessed a burglary, and he felt very upset. Shortly after the event, Frank lost his ability to see. Doctors were unable to find a biological reason for his blindness. Which of the following is Frank most likely experiencing? A.Panic disorder B. Bipolar disorder C. Conversion Disorder D. Tardive dyskinesia E. Schizophrenia

Conversion Disorder

Mary rarely expresses her opinions, needs, or desires. Whenever anyone asks for her opinion, she simply defers to the wishes of others. Which of the following personality disorders is most representative of Mary's behavior? A) Obsessive-Compulsive B) Paranoid C) Antisocial D) Dependent E) Narcissistic

D) Dependent

When Betty lost her job, she kept returning to work each morning because she did not remember that she had been fired. She saw a doctor, who found no brain injury or other neurological condition that would prevent her from remembering. Which psychological disorder is Betty most likely experiencing? A) Bipolar Disorder B) Schizophrenia C) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder D) Dissociative Amnesia E) Antisocial personality disorder

D) Dissociative Amnesia

Which of the following types of disorders are characterized by complaints of bodily symptoms that do not have a detectable medical cause but rather are caused by psychological factors? A) Anxiety B) Organic C) Psychophysiological D) Somatoform E) Personality

D) Somatoform

The diathesis-stress approach would likely support which of the following statements about psychological disorders? A.Disorders are a result of the social and economic situations in which people live. B.Disorders are a result of unresolved, unconscious conflicts between the id and the superego. C. Disorders are a result of negative events that trigger irrational thoughts. D. Disorders are a result of whether or not showing emotions is accepted by the individual. E. Disorders are a result of predisposed, biological factors triggered by the environment.

Disorders are a result of predisposed, biological factors triggered by the environment.

One suspected cause of schizophrenia is the abnormal increase of which of the following neurotransmitters in the brain?

Dopamine

One suspected cause of schizophrenia is the abnormal increase of which of the following neurotransmitters in the brain? A. Acetylcholine B. Somatotropin C. Dopamine D. Norepinephrine E. Serotonin

Dopamine

A man who experiences sudden blindness on witnessing the death of his wife is probably suffering from a A) Type of paraphilia B) Psychosis C) Multiple personality D) Panic Disorder E) Conversion Disorder

E) Conversion Disorder

Charlene is experiencing problems that are most consistent with bipolar disorder. Which of the following scenarios most likely represents Charlene's situation?

For the last two weeks, Charlene has been unable to go to work because she has no energy or interest in anything, and she feels that life may not be worth living. Three weeks ago, however, she was optimistic and wildly euphoric and working 18 hours a day voluntarily.

Which of the following depictions is most consistent with signs of borderline disorder? A) Merle is considered an extremely merciless and ruthless businessman. He takes any opportunity he can get ahead, even if it involves B) C) D) Merle was getting along fine with his roommate Carl until Carl left the milk out of the refrigerator. Merle then dumped all of the food in the refrigerator onto the kitchen floor and changed the locks when Carl was away. E)

Merle was getting along fine with his roommate Carl until Carl left the milk out of the refrigerator. Merle then dumped all of the food in the refrigerator onto the kitchen floor and changed the locks when Carl was away.

#1 Part A Damian spends a great deal of time playing video games. He prefers complex games that require skill in moving from one level of competence to the next. He regularly compares his progress with that of his online friends and gets tips from them for more successful strategies. Motor cortex Algorithm Reciprocity norm Monocular depth cue of interposition Mental set Part B Damian's parents are concerned because Damian has been missing meals, has lost weight, and has made no effort to complete his college applications. Explain how Damian's parents could use a behavioral approach to get him to apply to college using a fixed-ratio schedule. Explain how a psychoanalyst would use free association with Damian.

Motor cortex As Damian plays games frequently, his motor cortex is improving. His finger movement will be increasing rapidly. Algorithm Damian plays a game that requires him to follow step-by-step instructions to move onto the next level Reciprocity norm Damian can offer help to his online friends that haven't passed previous levels in exchange for new games for him to play. Monocular depth cue of interposition Damian will get an idea of the relative positions of the objects in his game based on how an object conceals another. This will help him interact with his surroundings and other players more skillfully. Mental set Damian regularly seeks the advice of other gamers so that he does not fall into the traps of a mental set, where he fixates on one strategy. Behavior Approach Damian's parents can buy him a new game every two months for every college application he completes. Free association A psychoanalyst would speak to Damian about what comes to mind when he hears the word "games" and would try to connect it to Damian's previous dreams, thoughts, or visual images.

Which of the following is a difference between an autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? A. Only one of them is a neuro-developmental disorder B. Only one of them involves difficulty in communication C. Only one of them involves focused attention D. Only one of them would make it hard for a child to relate to other children

Only one of them involves focused attention

Bernadette has lacked enthusiasm for work and other activities for a number of years. She also has a poor appetite and feels fatigued. Which of the following disorders is most consistent with Bernadette's symptoms?

Persistent depressive

#5 Thirty-year-old Kent found a bag containing several thousand dollars in the park. He is discussing with his family whether to give the money to the appropriate authorities or to keep the money. Explain how each of the following psychological concepts could influence Kent's decision-making process. Prefrontal cortex Postconventional moral reasoning Antisocial personality disorder Evolutionary psychology Cognitive dissonance Incentive theory Groupthink

Prefrontal cortex The prefrontal cortex controls decision making and moderates social behavior. If Kent's prefrontal cortex is functioning properly, Kent will make a rational decision about what to do with the money. Postconventional moral reasoning Postconventional moral reasoning allows an individual to make decisions based on personal beliefs and morality whether they are legally right or codified. If Kent has high postconventional moral reasoning, he will most likely give the money to appropriate authorities. Antisocial personality disorder People with ASPD usually have little regard for social norms and act in self interest, if he has this condition then he's more likely to keep the money. Evolutionary psychology Kent's evolutionary impulses are telling him to keep the money to benefit himself. The money would indirectly help him survive and reproduce. Cognitive dissonance Cognitive dissonance could influence Kent's decision making process since he would be thinking inconsistently about whether or not to keep the money. On the one hand, the large sum of money would help him in his life but on the other hand turning it into the appropriate authorities is the morally right decision. Incentive theory The incentive theory of motivation suggests that people are motivated by a drive for incentives and reinforcement. The incentive theory also proposes that people behave in a way they believe will result in a reward and avoid actions that may entail punishment. The overjustification effect occurs when an external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task. Groupthink When people strive for a consensus in a group. Kent and his family could have a family meeting to come to a common decision to help him make a final conclusion of what to do with the money.

#2 Dr. Hernandez studies the causes, consequences, and treatments of schizophrenia. In her current study, she is examining whether six people diagnosed with schizophrenia improve from baseline after receiving a new drug being tested to alleviate the symptoms of the disease. She measures two different variables at pre- and post-drug ingestion, one being levels of a neurotransmitter and the other being levels of positive symptoms of the disease. The results for each of the variables are displayed in the tables below. Explain the primary reason Dr. Hernandez should be hesitant about making inferences based on her study. Describe the relationship between the neurotransmitter level and the number of positive symptoms displayed. Identify the dependent variables in the study. Describe one of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia that Dr. Hernandez may have measured. Explain why the study was not a true experiment. Explain why a personality inventory would have been inappropriate for Dr. Hernandez to use as part of the study.. Based on the MRI below, explain the major difference between the brain of a person with schizophrenia and the brain of a person without schizophrenia.

Primary Reason Few subjects and no control group. Relationship As neurotransmitter level decreases so does the number of positve symptoms displayed. The neurotransmitters level is proportional to the number of positive symptoms displayed Dependent Variable: Variable 1 is the neurotransmitter levels and Variable 2 is the Number of Positive Symptoms Displayed. Positive Symptoms Dr. Hernandez could have measured if the people said or showed they received hallucinations, one of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. By taking the drug, he can see if the patients had more hallucinations before or after taking the drug. Not True experiment: No control group Inappropriate Because the people are taking drugs and there is a possibility of impairment. Or, the participants (especially because it's only 6 of them) could lie in the inventory Differences The major differece between the brain of a person with schizophrenia and the brain of a person without schizophrenia is that there is larger/more black areas in the corpus callosum and other parts of the brain of the person with schizophrenia. The dark spots of the brain represent brain lesions, abnormalities in the brain.

Which of the following is a common symptom of the manic phase of bipolar disorder?

Rapid speech

Which of the following is a negative affect of schizophrenia? A. Frightening Hallucinations B. Incoherent Speech C. Restricted Emotional Response D. Movement Disturbances

Restricted Emotional Response

Delusional thinking is central to which of the following? A.Fugue states B. Panic Attacks C. Schizophrenic disorders D. Dissociative disorders E. Affective disorders

Schizophrenic disorders

Which of the following is typically cited as a characteristic of autistic children?

Severely impaired interpersonal communication

Alan is sure something is wrong with him, even though his doctor has not found any physiological basis for his complaints. He returns to the doctor every few weeks to report symptoms of new illnesses based on information he reads. Alan is most likely diagnosed with which of the following types of disorders? A) Mood B) Anxiety C) Dissociative D) Somatoform E) Personality

Somatoform

Specific phobia differs from generalized anxiety disorder in which of the following ways?

Specific phobia is linked to a particular stimulus, whereas generalized anxiety disorder is not.

According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia, which of the following is true of a person with a genetic predisposition for developing schizophrenia?`

The person has an increased likelihood of developing the disorder during a period of major life changes.

#3 Often misunderstood, schizophrenia is a psychological disorder affecting one percent of the population. In addition to treating the disorder, psychologists work to identify its nature and origins. Identify two characteristic symptoms used to diagnose schizophrenia. Discuss a research finding that supports a genetic basis for schizophrenia. What is the dopamine hypothesis regarding the origins of schizophrenia? Describe how medications used to treat schizophrenia affect the actions of neurotransmitters at the synapses. Identify a risk inherent in using medications in the treatment of schizophrenia. People sometimes confuse schizophrenia with dissociative identity disorder (DID). Identify two key characteristics that differentiate DID from schizophrenia.

Two Characteristic Two symptoms used to diagnose schizophrenia are hallucinations and delusions. Research Finding: According to the NHS, schizophrenia does tend to run in families. And, according to NIH, there is more of a connection when the mother has it. So there has to be some type of genetic basis for schizophrenia. Dopamine hypothesis The hypothesis is that schizophrenia is due to too many dopamine receptors in the brain. Apparently, this leads to an increase in mesolimbic activity which results in the symptoms of schizophrenia. Medications The medications that are used to treat schizophrenia allow for less dopamine to be absorbed by the synapses. This helps to decrease some of the symptoms of schizophrenia if the medicine is continuously taken. Risk One risk is a long-term condition called tardive dyskinesia. This affects motor functions. Differentiate DID from schizophrenia People with DID have two or more distinct identity states (or personalities) but this is not the case with schizophrenia. People with DID who hear voices start doing so before age 18, but for those with schizophrenia, it occurs later.

Which of the following statements best illustrates a social-cognitive explanation for the development of depression?

Yolanda ruminates about her failures, so she is more likely to develop depression.

Contemporary definitions of abnormal behavior typically characterize such behavior as all of the following EXCEPT A. atypical B.inappropriate C.maladaptive D.due to inappropriate child-rearing practices E.disturbing to the individual exhibiting the behavior

due to inappropriate child-rearing practices

An individual has recurring unwanted thoughts of doing harm to his family. This is consistent with a diagnosis of A. dissociative identity disorder B. posttraumatic stress disorder C. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder D. somatoform disorder E. obsessive-compulsive disorder

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A person with obsessive-compulsive disorder is best described as an individual who experiences A. Memory loss B. Intense mood swings C. Extreme fear of open spaces D. physical symptoms with no known cause E. Persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts

persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts

Hallucinations are characteristic of

psychotic disorders

Hallucinations are characteristic of A. fugue B. clinical depression C. panic attacks D. psychotic disorders E. personality disorders

psychotic disorders