Psychology up to mid term

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

2

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Patient H.M.?

He experienced difficulty with implicit / non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum.

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Müller-Lyer

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.

billions

A major advantage of case studies is ________.

detailed information

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

her own conscious experience

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

the scientific method

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.

social-cognitive

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

high; low

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

Which of the following is NOT true of punishment?

Punishment has no adverse effects or problems

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

spinal cord

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog rolls over, she gets a treat and is more likely to roll over next time she is given the command

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective.

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy book being dropped would represent ________. In other words, the conditioned response happens when the door slams, but NOT when the book drops.

stimulus discrimination

__________ occurs when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

stimulus generalization

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

temporal

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

change "transitional" to "sensory"

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.

neurotransmitter

In operant conditioning, what process describes ADDING something aversive to DECREASE the future likelihood of behavior?

positive punishment

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are using ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.5

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?

Demonstrating that a trait, especially in humans, is naturally selected is extraordinarily difficult.

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.

electroencephalography (EEG)

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.

a person's unconsciousness

Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?

They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

Wernicke's area

Who was the lead psychologist that conducted the Little Albert Study?

John Watson

____________ is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity to create strong memories. It involves dendrite formation, increased neurotransmitters, and repeated synapse stimulation among neurons.

Long-term potentiation

___________ are the central building blocks of the nervous system.

Neurons

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

naturalistic observation

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is REMOVED to INCREASE the future likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

experimental; control

What type of long-term memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

introspection

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain.

left; right

Which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep?

less exposure to carcinogens

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.

limbic system; emotional

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a/an ________ design.

longitudinal

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.

lower; higher

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.

operant conditioning

A/An ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

Morphine is considered a/an ________ drug because it decreases pain.

opioid

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.

perceivable and measurable

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

personality

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

adaptive/evolutionary

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

alpha

I have a deep fear of snakes and when I come across a place where I have seen a snake before, I have a strong memory of my fear from the last time I saw the snake. What part of my brain is most associated with the activation of this memory?

amygdala

When a child works on a "connect the dots" puzzle, she can often see the completed work before she has finished all of the dots. Once there is enough visual information present, she's able to perceive the completed picture even though it is still incomplete. Which Gestalt principle does this demonstrate?

closure

A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.

computerized tomography (CT) scan

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a/an ________.

conditioned stimulus

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

A/An ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding variable

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Which schedule of reinforcement is the most powerful and resistant to extinction?

variable ratio

Which of the following does not influence perception?

Gestalt

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

It is complex

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.encoding failure

encoding failure

Behaviorists all focus on ________.

physiological responses that result in action

Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother.

psychoanalytic theory

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

random sampling; random group assignment

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

"The central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the _________ is different from the sum of its __________."

whole; parts

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

adaptation

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeño quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapeños, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."

bottom-up

A theta wave is a type of ________.

brain wave that dominates Stage 2 sleep and is interrupted by sleep spindles and K-Complexes

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central; peripheral nervous systems

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

cerebellum

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

The purpose of glial cells is to: a.Provide scaffolding on which the nervous system is built b.Help neurons line up closely with each other to allow neuronal communication c.Provide insulation to neurons, transport nutrients and waste products, and mediate immune responses (d.All of the above)

d. all of the above

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________.

dependent variable

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion (fear/phobia) can be a conditioned response

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.

top-down

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval