PSYCHOLOGY.2. Occupational Stress
Again we come back to the ___________________ model of stress. This emphasises the importance of individual differences, especially In our perception of stress and our ability to cope. One person's ______ is the thrill seeker's pleasure. We all react differently and have different perceptions of our ability to cope. This tends not to be considered in the above studies.
Again we come back to the transactional model of stress. This emphasises the importance of individual differences, especially In our perception of stress and our ability to cope. One person's stress is the thrill seeker's pleasure. We all react differently and have different perceptions of our ability to cope. This tends not to be considered in the above studies.
Effort-reward imbalance _________ et al (2002) published the results of a __ year study of 812 workers. Those with an effort-reward imbalance were twice as likely to suffer from _________________ ______________such as CHD than those who felt that they were being recognised for their ____________. _______ et al (2005) got similar findings and put the results down to increased ______ caused by the feelings of _________________. This could be compared to Friedman and Rosenman's findings of hostility and anger being related to CHD with type _ behaviour
Effort-reward imbalance Kivimaki et al (2002) published the results of a 25 year study of 812 workers. Those with an effort-reward imbalance were twice as likely to suffer from cardiovascular disorders such as CHD than those who felt that they were being recognised for their efforts. Smith et al (2005) got similar findings and put the results down to increased anger caused by the feelings of injustice. This could be compared to Friedman and Rosenman's findings of hostility and anger being related to CHD with type A behaviour
________________ factors. These include any aspect of the working environment that is likely to cause stress; most obvious examples include _____, temperature, vibration, lighting and overcrowding. Although people can cope reasonably well with noise it does appear to cause some impairment in performance, particularly if the noise is ________________________.
Environmental factors. These include any aspect of the working environment that is likely to cause stress; most obvious examples include noise, temperature, vibration, lighting and overcrowding. Although people can cope reasonably well with noise it does appear to cause some impairment in performance, particularly if the noise is unpredictable.
Evidence for a link between stress and coronary heart disease (CHD) Cobb and ____ (1973) analysed medical records and found that air traffic controllers (considered to be an extremely stressful occupation) were at significantly greater risk of developing _________________(long term high blood pressure). In fact there was a positive correlation with those working in airports with greatest airplane activity suffering the highest levels of _________________. However, hypertension can be caused by a variety of factors such as ____________, too much salt, lack of exercise and genetic inheritance as well as social factors such as stress and __________. Therefore we can't rule out other possible causes in ATCs and other high stress ______________________. Perhaps people in such jobs tend to leave unhealthier lives and as a result of lifestyle put themselves at greater risk.
Evidence for a link between stress and coronary heart disease (CHD) Cobb and Rose (1973) analysed medical records and found that air traffic controllers (considered to be an extremely stressful occupation) were at significantly greater risk of developing hypertension (long term high blood pressure). In fact there was a positive correlation with those working in airports with greatest airplane activity suffering the highest levels of hypertension. However, hypertension can be caused by a variety of factors such as obesity, too much salt, lack of exercise and genetic inheritance as well as social factors such as stress and anxiety. Therefore we can't rule out other possible causes in ATCs and other high stress occupations. Perhaps people in such jobs tend to leave unhealthier lives and as a result of lifestyle put themselves at greater risk.
Job strain and CHD ____________ et al (1982) followed 900 workers for __ years. A combination of job titles and self-report questionnaires were used to measure job _______ and _____________. High job strain was considered to be the result of high demand jobs but with low control. Those workers with high job strain were _ ½ times more likely to develop CHD during the study.
Job strain and CHD Karasek et al (1982) followed 900 workers for 10 years. A combination of job titles and self-report questionnaires were used to measure job demand and control. High job strain was considered to be the result of high demand jobs but with low control. Those workers with high job strain were 1 ½ times more likely to develop CHD during the study.
________________ et al (1978) studied a small group of workers in a large ________. Their job was 'finishers', i.e. they were the final link on a conveyer belt system. The rate at which they worked determined the ______ of the mill so their job was very responsible. Sources of stress included: responsibility for the mill's output, responsibility for the pay of other ___________________ (since pay was linked to productivity), working in _________________, so didn't have others to share problems with, ______ ____________ (since they worked on a conveyor belt), highly skilled but repetitive work. The researchers' measured their ______ _____________ (adrenaline and noradrenaline) and patterns of _________. Findings: They had much higher levels of absenteeism due to _________ and higher levels of __________________ in their urine, but only on work days. Conclusion: The researchers recommended that the finishers should move to a ______ _______________ (i.e. pay not based upon output) and should be allowed to rotate jobs with other workers.
Johansson et al (1978) studied a small group of workers in a large sawmill. Their job was 'finishers', i.e. they were the final link on a conveyer belt system. The rate at which they worked determined the output of the mill so their job was very responsible. Sources of stress included: responsibility for the mill's output, responsibility for the pay of other employees (since pay was linked to productivity), working in isolation, so didn't have others to share problems with, little control (since they worked on a conveyor belt), highly skilled but repetitive work. The researchers' measured their stress hormones (adrenaline and noradrenaline) and patterns of illness. Findings: They had much higher levels of absenteeism due to illness and higher levels of adrenaline in their urine, but only on work days. Conclusion: The researchers recommended that the finishers should move to a salary structure (i.e. pay not based upon output) and should be allowed to rotate jobs with other workers.
__________ and Hall (1988) studied __,000 Swedish workers They measured: ____ ______________: the variety of tasks, control of holidays, ability to plan work etc. _______ ___________: chances to talk to others, number of out of work get togethers etc. __________________ _________________ of the jobs such as how hectic and how demanding. Their ____________________ health. Findings. Similar to those of _____________: those involved in ____ ________/___ __________ jobs were most likely to develop cardiovascular problems. Fewer chances for _______ _____________ seemed to be a particular risk factor. More recent versions of the job strain model now include social support as a major factor.
Johnson and Hall (1988) studied 14,000 Swedish workers They measured: Work control: the variety of tasks, control of holidays, ability to plan work etc. Social support: chances to talk to others, number of out of work get togethers etc. Psychological demands of the jobs such as how hectic and how demanding. Their cardiovascular health. Findings. Similar to those of Karasek: those involved in high demand/low control jobs were most likely to develop cardiovascular problems. Fewer chances for social contact seemed to be a particular risk factor. More recent versions of the job strain model now include social support as a major factor.
______ et al (1997) began with the hypothesis that _________ was negatively correlated with stress-related illness; that is as control decreases the level of illness increases. Over __,000 civil servants were investigated over a period of _ years. Researchers assessed the level of ___ _________ by self report questionnaires and by assessments by personnel managers and this was then compared to levels of ______ ___________ illness. They found that workers with less control were _ times more likely to die of _____ ________than their colleagues with more control. In addition they were more likely to suffer from other stress related illnesses such as __________, ulcers, stomach disorders and strokes. Even when other possible contributory factors such as diet, smoking, _______ ________ etc. had been taken into account the additional risk _____________! The conclusion was obvious, that lack of control seemed to be associated with illness and they recommended that employers gave their staff more autonomy and ________.
Marmot et al (1997) began with the hypothesis that control was negatively correlated with stress-related illness; that is as control decreases the level of illness increases. Over 10,000 civil servants were investigated over a period of 3 years. Researchers assessed the level of job control by self report questionnaires and by assessments by personnel managers and this was then compared to levels of stress related illness. They found that workers with less control were 4 times more likely to die of heart attack than their colleagues with more control. In addition they were more likely to suffer from other stress related illnesses such as cancers, ulcers, stomach disorders and strokes. Even when other possible contributory factors such as diet, smoking, social support etc. had been taken into account the additional risk remained! The conclusion was obvious, that lack of control seemed to be associated with illness and they recommended that employers gave their staff more autonomy and control.
Michelle _________ (Nov 2010) Over __,000 women in Boston, USA were studied over a period of __ years. Those in high strain occupations had a __% greater risk of ______________________ disorders and __% increased risk of suffering a heart attack. She also reported that job insecurity and the worry of unemployment increases the chances of CHD and ________________. Ellen Mason of the British Heart Foundation added that the precise link between stress and CHD is still unclear, but there is growing evidence that high stress ___________________ the artery walls. This was an unusual study in that it considers the risk of CHD in _____.
Michelle Albert (Nov 2010) Over 17,000 women in Boston, USA were studied over a period of 10 years. Those in high strain occupations had a 40% greater risk of cardiovascular disorders and 88% increased risk of suffering a heart attack. She also reported that job insecurity and the worry of unemployment increases the chances of CHD and hypertension. Ellen Mason of the British Heart Foundation added that the precise link between stress and CHD is still unclear, but there is growing evidence that high stress weakens the artery walls. This was an unusual study in that it considers the risk of CHD in women.
Role ________________. To some extent we all play roles, particularly in the work situation. Role ambiguity is likely to occur when a person is unsure of their precise ______________________ within an organisation and has been reported as a major source of ______ by __% of workers in the USA.
Role ambiguity. To some extent we all play roles, particularly in the work situation. Role ambiguity is likely to occur when a person is unsure of their precise responsibilities within an organisation and has been reported as a major source of stress by 35% of workers in the USA.
Role _________. This is a common form of ________ and arises when the job requires you to behave in a way that is at odds with your own desires or beliefs. _______ et al (2007) found that role conflict was responsible for _______________ exhaustion, depressive symptoms and even some physical illnesses in a study of hospital doctors. There are other forms of workplace stress including burnout, ______________ work, isolation, lack of _______ etc.
Role conflict. This is a common form of stressor and arises when the job requires you to behave in a way that is at odds with your own desires or beliefs. Pomaki et al (2007) found that role conflict was responsible for emotional exhaustion, depressive symptoms and even some physical illnesses in a study of hospital doctors. There are other forms of workplace stress including burnout, repetitive work, isolation, lack of control etc.
Since the method is ___________________ it can only be said that there appears to be an association between ___ control and _______-related illness. It cannot be assumed that low control is causing illness! It could be that workers with poor health are less likely to achieve the higher grades where control is greater. This would explain the findings just as well.Workers filled in self-report questionnaires which are notoriously ______________ and prone to participant reactivity. Basically, if the workers suss what the researchers are looking to find they may answer questions _________________. Similarly the personnel managers assessing people's jobs may do the same! It is also worth pointing out that control was not the only variable separating lower grades from those higher up. Typically those higher up the scale have more _______________ jobs with greater variety of tasks. There are also greater opportunities for contact with others so social support could be an issue.
Since the method is correlational it can only be said that there appears to be an association between low control and stress-related illness. It cannot be assumed that low control is causing illness! It could be that workers with poor health are less likely to achieve the higher grades where control is greater. This would explain the findings just as well.Workers filled in self-report questionnaires which are notoriously inaccurate and prone to participant reactivity. Basically, if the workers suss what the researchers are looking to find they may answer questions accordingly. Similarly the personnel managers assessing people's jobs may do the same! It is also worth pointing out that control was not the only variable separating lower grades from those higher up. Typically those higher up the scale have more interesting jobs with greater variety of tasks. There are also greater opportunities for contact with others so social support could be an issue.
The data is also largely __________________ with all manner of variables, such as life outside of work, not being considered. It is therefore impossible to be certain that job strain per se is the cause of the increased levels of ___.
The data is also largely correlational with all manner of variables, such as life outside of work, not being considered. It is therefore impossible to be certain that job strain per se is the cause of the increased levels of CHD.
The modern workplace is a rapidly changing and evolving environment due largely to advances in __________________ which have created different working practices such as virtual environments, conferencing etc. As a result, research becomes _________ very quickly.
The modern workplace is a rapidly changing and evolving environment due largely to advances in technology which have created different working practices such as virtual environments, conferencing etc. As a result, research becomes outdated very quickly.
The stress of _____________ has been studied in other species particularly rats where it has lead to bizarre behaviours such as parents eating their offspring. ________ et al (1975) found a correlation between high _________ living conditions such as inner cities, and admissions to ______________ hospitals.
The stress of overcrowding has been studied in other species particularly rats where it has lead to bizarre behaviours such as parents eating their offspring. Freedman et al (1975) found a correlation between high density living conditions such as inner cities, and admissions to psychiatric hospitals.
Work overload Breslow and _____ 1960 found that employees working more than __ hours a week were twice as likely to develop ___ than those working 40 hours a week. However, it is probably the perception of long hours that is more important than the number of hours per se.
Work overload Breslow and Buell 1960 found that employees working more than 48 hours a week were twice as likely to develop CHD than those working 40 hours a week. However, it is probably the perception of long hours that is more important than the number of hours per se.