PSYS 001 - EXAM 1 - 2.2.3 + 4 - Early Schools of Psychology

Structuralism: who/what/when/active?

- Titchener, Wundt - The first school of psychology whose goal was to scientifically identify the basic structures of psychological experiences through introspection. - Late 19th c. - Not active: Subjective, and did not explain how mental processes operate or its purpose.

Psychodynamic Psychology who/what/when/active?

- Freud, Erikson - role of unconscious and early childhood and sexuality in determining behavior. - late 19th c. - active: Modern psychodynamic psychology has built on Freud's ideas, and it has also influenced modern neuroscience.

Functionalism: who/what/when/active?

- James, Dewey - The purpose of a particular behavior: why animals and humans have evolved their behaviors. Heavily influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection + biology. - Late 19th c. - not active

Humanistic Psychology (Humanism): who/what/when/active?

- Maslow, Rogers - development of a healthy, effectively functioning person: self-actualization, personal responsibility, and human potential. Rejects the idea that psychology should focus only on disorders. - 1950s - active: Contemporary positive psychology has been strongly influence by humanistic psychology.

Cognitive Development: who/what/when/active?

- Piaget, Vygotsky - How people process information: studies mental processes such as perception, thinking, memory, and judgment, development of thought and language processes in infants and children. - 1920s - active

Behaviorism: who/what/when/active?

- Watson, Skinner, (Pavlov) - not possible to objectively study the mind, only observable behavior: thoughts, feelings, and motive are unimportant. Important in identifying how learning occurs. (Little Albert, dog.) - early 20th c - active

In the mid-1800s, the scientific field of psychology gained what, and why?

- independence from philosophy - researchers developed laboratories to examine using scientific methods.

The first two prominent research psychologists were: When were they active?

1. Wilhelm Wundt: developed the first psychology laboratory 2. William James: founded an American psychology laboratory at Harvard. late 19th century

Who used introspection to identify sensations in his laboratory at Cornell?

Edward Titchener is the best known structuralist who founded a laboratory at Cornell University.

Behaviorism rejected what?

earlier schools of psychology that attempted to explain the structures and functions of the mind.

functionalisism has developed into the field of

evolutionary psychology, a contemporary perspective of psychology that applies the Darwinian theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior.

In the late 19th century, the early school of psychology that was heavily influenced by biology was

functionalism

The __________ school of psychology would be more interested in researching what motivates a person to seek experiences or engage in behaviors that make them feel good about themselves.

humanism

Describing sensations in an experiment is the tool of....

introspection

Structuralism's goal was to create a

"periodic table" of the "elements of sensations"

Who focused on examining the physiology of one's behavior and other psychological aspects of the mind.

James (functionalism)

Timeline of early schools of psychology

Late 19th c Structuralism 1870 - 1900s Functionalism Late 19th - early 20th Psychodynamic Early 20th c Behaviorism 1920s-1930s Cognitive 1950-1960s Humanistic

Name the 4 early schools of psychology that are still active

Psychodynamic Psychology Behaviorism Cognitive Development Humanistic Psychology

Who presented ideas and techniques for rewarding and punishing behavior?

Skinner

Which was the first school of psychology to treat psychology as a science?

Structuralism

primary tenet of humanism:

each person is inherently good, and motivated to learn and improve to become a healthy, effectively functioning individual.

Who believed that with control of their environment he could shape infants to be any kind of adult?

Watson (behaviorism)

Which two historical men were the first to embrace the goal of developing a pure science of psychology with its own vocabulary and set of rules to measure human experience?

Wilhelm Wundt/Edward Titchener

Who was a German psychologist who argued that psychology is independent from philosophy and that the conscious elements of the mind should be scientifically studied and classified.

Wundt

What is Egocentrism, and what theory is it part of?

a type of immature thinking processes of young children; egocentrism is part of Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development.

Introspection involves

asking research participants to describe exactly what they experience as they work on mental tasks

Proponents of the early school of ____________ psychology argue that our thoughts, feelings, and motive are unimportant in understanding human behavior and that only observable actions should be studied.

behaviorism

What is Piaget's view of children

children are not incompetent adults but think creatively and effectively based on their limited experience in the world.

the humanistic school of psychology has been criticized for its

lack of rigorous experimental investigation as being more of a philosophical approach

what is Maslow's theory of hierarchy of needs

our internal MOTIVATIONS to strive for self-actualization: self-actualization (top) esteem love/belonging safety physiological (bottom)

humanism has evolved into the contemporary field of

positive psychology, the scientific study of optimal human functioning.

What is scaffolding, and who proposed it?

scaffolding helps the child reach beyond his or her current level of thinking by creating supports, proposed by Vygotsky's followers.

Name the two early schools of psychology that are inactive:

structuralism functionalism

What is Darwin's theory of natural selection?

the physical characteristics of animals and humans evolved because they were useful.

Sigmund Freud who developed the psychodynamic approach believed that it is possible to help a person with anxiety or depression if the person could remember unconscious early childhood memories. T/F?

true

What is the drive for self-actualization? (Whose theory?)

we all have a basic, broad need to develop our special unique human potential (Maslow)