PSYS284: Exam 3

An advantage of the single-subject approach is that

- even equipment breakdowns can lead to interesting findings. - causal relationships can sometimes be identified with only one subject. - you focus on tight control over extraneous variables. -ALL OF THE ABOVE

A researcher may design an experiment with more than two levels of the independent variable because

- it may be difficult to provide information about the exact relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable - with only two levels of the independent variable, a curvilinear relationship cannot be detected - researchers are often interested in comparing more than two groups - ALL OF THE ABOVE

Factorial designs are often employed because

- several variables may affect behavior - they give a greater approximation of real world conditions - they allow the researcher to examine whether independent variables interact with one another - ALL OF THE ABOVE

In a 2 x 2 mixed factorial design, there are (is)

- two independent variables. - one possible interaction effect. - one set of independent groups and one set of repeated measures. -ALL OF THE ABOVE

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many interactions are possible?

1

You design an experiment that manipulates the following variables: method of presenting material (visual, auditory); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and amount of material (low, moderate, high). For a completely repeated measures design, how many participants will you need to have 10 participants per condition?

10

A 4 X 3 factorial design would have how many conditions?

12

In a 4 X 3 factorial design, for a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group, how many participants will you need?

120

You design an experiment that manipulates the following variables: method of presenting material (visual, auditory); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and amount of material (low, moderate, high). For a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group, how many participants will you need?

120

in a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many main effects are possible?

2

A marketing company wants to determine which cola beverage is most preferred by consumers. A group of participants tastes Cola A and then rates the taste. The group then tastes Cola B and rates the taste for this cola. A second group of participants follows the same procedure. However, they first taste Cola B and then Cola A. This is an example of what type of design?

2 x 2 mixed factorial

in an experiment that manipulates temperature of a room (warm or cold), difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and amount of material (low, moderate, high). Which of the following statements applies to the design of this study?

2 x 2 x 3

A 4 X 5 factorial design would have how many conditions?

20

In a 4 X 3 factorial design, for a completely repeated measures design, how many participants will you need to have 20 participants per condition?

20

in a 2 x 3 factorial design there are _____ main effect(s) and _____ interaction effect(s) possible.

2; 1

You have designed an experiment manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot), noise level (quiet or loud), and room color (pink, blue, or black). How many main effects are possible?

3

a study involves a 3 X 4 X 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied?

3

You have designed an experiment manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot), noise level (quiet or loud), and room color (pink, blue, or black). What type of design does this experiment represent?

3 x 2 x 3

n the above design, there are ______ possible main effects and ______ possible interactions.

3; 4

A researcher examines the physical attractiveness of a driver involved in an automobile accident (unattractive, average, or attractive) and the severity of damage caused ($500, $1500, or $2500) on judgements of responsibility assigned to the driver. Which of the following represents the design?

3x3

You have designed an experiment manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot), noise level (quiet or loud), and room color (pink, blue, or black). How many interactions are possible?

4

A single-subject design in which you have the pattern baseline-treatment-baseline-treatment is called a(n) ________ design

ABAB

In order to ascertain whether there is an interaction between two variables, a researcher must use a(n) ____ design.

Factorial

T/F In a dynamic design, you manipulate discrete levels of the independent variable and wait for the baseline to stabilize before going to the next phase

False

T/F In a single-subject design, intrasubject replication is used to establish generality of findings

False

T/F In the single-subject approach, uncontrolled variability is handled statistically.

False

T/F Inferential statistics are used as a substitute for control over variables in most single- subject experiments

False

T/F Researchers using the group approach never pay attention to uncontrolled sources of variability.

False

A 2 X 2 factorial design was used to study the effects of subject gender and style of persuasion on attitude change using 40 participants. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

IV X PV

A researcher has second grade boys and girls view aggressive or non-aggressive cartoons. After viewing the cartoons, the children are observed playing in a room that contains a variety of toys. The number of aggressive acts displayed by the children is measured. This research design would be an example of a(n) _____ design.

IV X PV

A study that uses both manipulated and measured variables in a factorial design is called a(n) _____ design.

IV X PV

A researcher studies the effect of speaker credibility (low, high) and participant gender (male, female) on attitude change. The researcher has used a(n) ________ design.

IV X PV factorial

In an experiment on the effect of punishment on self-abusive behavior of autistic children, you find that the baseline of self-abusive behavior is low to begin with. In this case you have a(n)

Inappropriate baseline.

B. F. Skinner and his followers established the ________ because they could not publish their results in mainstream journals.

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

Which one of the following is a possible outcome for a 2x2 factorial design?

One significant main effect, one nonsignificant main effect and one significant interaction effect

In a 2 X 2 X 2 design, how many effects can be evaluated?

Seven

Which of the following is not true of a 2 x 2 interaction?

There may be 2 significant main effects and 2 significant interactions

T/F Single-subject methodologies are simply not applicable in some research areas

True

T/F The single-subject approach relies on replication to assess reliability of data

True

With ____, the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable, while _____ examines the effect of an independent variable irrespective of the levels of the other independent variable.

a simple main effect; a main effect

If you have male and female participants drive a course under dry or wet road conditions. What kind of research design do you have?

an IV X PV factorial

Drifting baselines are indicated by

an inability to stabilize a baseline against slow, systematic changes

A researcher finds that for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired decreases as their work experience increases. This finding would suggest

an interaction between gender and work experience

In a baseline design, the dependent variable is assessed in the absence of the treatment during the _______ phase.

baseline

In the group approach, uncontrolled variability is dealt with

by using statistical techniques

The multiple-baseline design uses a second, untreated behavior as a

control for time-correlated changes in behavior that may confound results

A major difference between single-subject baseline and discrete trials designs is that the discrete trials design

does not produce a continuous within-treatment baseline that can be adjusted

Studying the continuous adjustments in muscle tensions that occur as a person attempts to stay upright on the continuously rolling deck of a ship would qualify as a ___________ design.

dynamic

____________ designs are single-subject designs in which the independent variable is varied continuously.

dynamic

In a factorial design, a main effect is the

effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variable(s).

An interaction occurs whenever the

effect of one independent variable changes across levels of a second independent variable.

The main reason to use a 2 X 2 factorial design instead of two separate experiments (with one IV per experiment) is to

find an interaction between the independent variables

Intersubject replication helps establish the ________ of data from a single-subject experiment. A) usefulness

generality

In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect of the _____ variable by itself

independent

Interactions are often discussed in terms of a moderator variable. A moderator variable

influences the relationship between two other variables

Two methods of establishing the generality of data from a single-subject experiment are

intersubject replication and systematic replication

In a baseline design, assessment of the dependent variable during exposure to the treatment is made in the ________ phase.

intervention

In a single-subject baseline design, you expose your subject to each treatment at least twice. This is an example of ________ replication.

intrasubject

researcher states that "anxiety decreased performance irrespective of the participants' motivation levels." This statement tells you that there was a(n)

main effect of anxiety.

A factorial design involves

manipulating two or more independent variables

A simple main effect analysis examines

mean differences at each level of the independent variable

A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.

mixed

Male and female participants are asked to assign responsibility for a sexual assault on a woman who is modestly or provocatively dressed. In this study, type of dress would be a(n)

moderator

Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal to erotic or non-erotic movies by male and female college students. A simple main effect of type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for

movies when the viewer is a male versus a female

The general format of a baseline experiment is to

observe behavior in the absence of a treatment and then introduce the treatment and observe behavior again.

According to the text, the pioneering experiments in psychology

ocused on the behaviors of individual subjects

A partially recoverable baseline poses few problems for the interpretation of data from a baseline experiment if

replicable change remains in the levels of performance across treatments

Using multiple observations made within a treatment as an estimate of uncontrolled error variance is sometimes impossible because of

serial dependency

Mary found an interaction between a defendant's gender (male or female) and their appearance (attractive or unattractive) on judgments of criminal behavior. She analyzes the difference between judgments for unattractive defendants who are male or female. She then performs the same analysis for attractive males and females. Mary has examined the

simple main effect of gender

According to the text, a drawback to the single-subject approach is that

sometimes it takes several days to reach a stability criterion.

Waiting for your subjects' behavior to "settle down" within specific limits before going to the next phase of the experiment is an example of using a

stability criterion

Sir Frances Galton was a pioneer of

the application of statistics to the study of individual behavior

John is studying punishment assigned to male or female drivers who cause minor or serious injuries a victim in an automobile accident. He predicts that male drivers will receive harsher punishments than female drivers only when the injuries caused are severe. However, when the injuries are mild, he predicts no difference in assigned punishment between male and female drivers. The moderator variable in this design is

the type of injuries received

A researcher employs an IV X PV design to examine attitude towards cheating. She presents freshmen from a private university with a written account describing a male or female student who was accused of cheating on an exam. The same procedure is repeated for a sample of freshmen from a public university. After reading the account, the students were asked to assign an appropriate punishment. The SV in this design would be

the university attended (private or public)

A researcher finds that for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired is not influenced by the amount of work experience. Which of the following is correct

there is an interaction between gender and work experience

In a study designed to measure aggressive play of boys versus girls who attend public or private schools, which of the following statements is least correct?

there may be an effect of aggressive play

A researcher studied the effect of fear appeals on attitude change. One group experienced no fear while the other group experienced a very high level of fear. Results showed no difference in the amount of attitude change in the two groups. Which one of the following is the most reasonable conclusion?

third group with a moderate level of fear should be used

In order to find a curvilinear relationship, the researcher needs to use

three or more levels of the independent variable.

T/F Most modern single-subject research uses the baseline design

true

T/F Using a reversal strategy in a single-subject experiment allows you to determine whether time-related variables cause changes in behavior.

true

In two-way analysis of variance, you test for significance of

two main effects and an interaction

Unsystematic within-phase baseline variability occurs when

uncontrolled factors cause your baseline within a phase to be highly variable.

If the desired level of control over variables is not possible in a single-subject design, some researchers advocate

using statistics

Using multiple levels of an independent variable in a single-subject experiment is a problem because

usually single-subject research has too few subjects to allow for adequate counterbalancing.

You conduct a single-subject experiment to see whether you can reduce disruptive behavior in a third-grade child by ignoring instances of talking out of turn. You first observe the child's behavior under normal conditions and then after his teacher has been instructed to ignore the child when he talks out of turn. You find that his talking out of turn is reduced when it is ignored. According to the text,

you cannot safely conclude that your treatment was the cause of the change in behavior because your treatment is confounded with time