Pt 1
Microscopes
- Are used to analyze blood, fecal, urine and sperm microscopically - Helps determine if an animal is infected with disease, parasites or are reproductively sound
Which of the following hormones is released when dogs fight or feel threatened?
Epinephrine
Estrogen
Induces 1estrus and prepares the uterus for reception of a fertilized egg Causes females to be receptive to males for mating Attracts males from more than a 2mile away Clinic Corner: During estrus, also known as "heat", housecats experience an elevated release of estrogen causing agitated behavior.
Ethology
Is the study of animal behavior, especially in a natural environment Examines instinctive and adaptive nature in early development Observes natural processes such as communication , courtship, mating and self defense Monitors animal welfare influences by internal, external and learned factors Clinic Corner: Welfare is the health, happiness and well-being of an animal
Aging
Is the time-related decline of bodily functions necessary for survival Is primarily researched in animals to develop new treatments for age-associated diseases in humans Clinic Corner: Researchers have created genetic lines of mice modeling neurodegenerative conditions, like Alzheimer's disease, providing great insight into the aging process.
Centrifuge
Is used for the separation of fluids by spinning a vessel holding material at a high speed Force separates the heavier material from the lighter material within the vessel Uses include:fecal examination urine analysis blood examination
In the late nineteenth century, who experimented on dogs to evaluate their "conditioned" responses, like salivation? *
Ivan Pavlov
The pressure exerted by the left ventricle must push blood where?
to the body
Which part of the large intestine travels across the body inferior to the stomach and the liver?
transverse colon
According to the segment, the most common way to bring a toxin into the body is through ingestion.
true
The left lung is composed of how many lobes?
two
Which of the following make up the small intestine? * - Duodenum - All of these - Jejunum - Ileum
- All of these
Chemical Indicator Strips
- Are commonly referred to as autoclave tape indicators - Show whether or not a specific temperature was reached in the autoclave when sterilizing material - Change colors after exposure to specific temperatures
Crystals
- Are made up of minerals and are sometimes found in the urine - May clump together and form bladder stones
Autoclaves
- Decontaminate and sterilize surgical instruments - Uses heat, steam and pressure above boiling temperature to clean instruments - Clinic Corner: decontamination is crucial to a veterinary practice and reduces contamination and hazards to people within the environment
The American Association of Veterinarian State Boards
- Identifies minimal 1standards required to enter the profession and remain in practice - Establishes procedures for identifying and, when needed, sanctioning or removing incompetent or 2unethical practitioners
Principles of Veterinary Ethics
- Include: being 1dedicated to providing competent veterinary medical care, with compassion and respect for animal welfare and human health providing veterinary medical clinical care under the 2terms of a veterinarian-client-patient relationship - Include: 3. upholding the standards of 1professionalism, being honest in all professional interactions and reporting veterinarians who are deficient in character or competence to the appropriate entities 4. respecting the law and also recognizing a responsibility to seek changes to laws and regulations which are 2contraryto the best interests of the patient and public health -Include: 5. Respecting the 1rightsof clients, colleagues and other health professionals and shall safeguard medical information within the confines of the law 6. Continuing to study, apply and advance knowledge, maintain a 2commitmentto veterinary medical education, make relevant information available to clients, colleagues, the public and obtain consultation or referral when indicated -Include: 7. Within the provision of 1appropriatepatient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to serve, with whom to associate and the environment in which to provide veterinary medical care 8. Recognizing a 2responsibilityto participate in activities contributing to the improvement of the community and the betterment of public health
Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
- Is a division of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) - 1Regulates veterinary biologics (vaccines, bacterins, diagnostic kits and other products of a biological origin) - Ensures the veterinary 2biologics available for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of animal diseases are safe, pure, potent and effective - Performs work through the Center of Veterinary Biologics (CVB)
Abnormal Behavior
- Is defined as individual behavior which is not similar to those of the same species For companion animals includes the following examples: showing aggression exhibiting a stiff body posture shaking avoiding direct eye contact laying ears flat or back on the head lowering their body or tail to the ground bearing teeth raising the tail
Centrifuge - Blood Examination
- Is used to measure the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood, known as Packed Cell Volume (PCV) -for high PCV-condition is called polycythemia, which is common for animals with dehydration or diarrhea -for low PCV-condition would indicate the animal is anemic or bleeding
Board of Veterinary Medicine (BVM)
- Protects the health and 1safety of the public and animals through the regulation of the practice of veterinary medicine - Regulates in accordance with the state's veterinary 2practice act
Veterinarian's Oath
-Being admitted to the profession of veterinary medicine, I solemnly swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills for the 1benefit of society through the protection of animal health and welfare, the prevention and relief of animal suffering, the conservation of animal resources, the 2promotion of public health, and the advancement of medical knowledge. -I will practice my profession conscientiously, with dignity, and in keeping with the principles of veterinary medical ethics. -I accept as a lifelong obligation to the continual improvement of my professional knowledge and competence.
Abnormal behavior exotic animals
-For exotic animals include the following examples: plucking feathers self-mutilating rocking pacing showing aggression exhibiting defensive behavior biting
Controlled Substances Act of 1970
-Is a federal drug policy which regulates the manufacture and 1distributionof controlled substances -Categorizes drugs into five "schedules" or classifications based on their potential for 2abuse, status in international treaties and medical benefits
Animal Behavior examined
-Is studied to help understand human behavior, instincts and social interactions Is paired against human behavior in comparative psychology to analyze a specific action and see if the two share similarities -Is researched in evolutionary psychology to better understand how humans and animals have adapted to living in their environments over the years Helps scientists study sociobiology, which examines social behaviors in animals and humans and shows the evolutionary advantages of such behaviors -Research areas include: genetics instinct ethology aging body homeostasis
Microscope Parts
-Parts include: - (ocular lens) eyepiece allows the viewer to see the specimen - body tube-connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses - arm-connects the body tube to the base of the microscope - coarse adjustment - brings the specimen into a general focus - fine adjustment; fine tunes and increases the detail of the specimen, revolving nose piece; rotates the objective lenses -stage-where the specimen slide is placed -stage clips-metal clips which hold the slide in place - diaphragm-adjusts the amount of light which reaches the specimen - base-supports the microscope and is where the light or illuminator is located -light or illuminator- a steady light source which is mounted under the stage
Board of Pharmacy
-Regulates 1whole sale and pharmacy distribution of veterinary drugs -Regulates veterinarians which 2prescribe and distribute controlled substances
Keratin is found in which of the following locations? * /Hooves /All of the answer choices /Hair /Feathers
/All of the answer choices
The trachea ends by splitting into two main ______________.
1bronchi
The larynx is made up of two major ______________.
1cartilages
The left ventricle must push blood through the _________ body.
1entire
Gas _______________ occurs within the lungs.
1exchange
In respiration, ______________ is taking air into the lungs, ______________ is expelling air from the lungs.
1inspiration, 2expiration
The right side of the heart is a _____________ system.
1low pressure
The heart is a ____________ organ. It is composed mostly of ____________ muscle.
1muscular, 2cardiac
Red blood cells carry ___________ from the lungs to the body's tissues. Red blood cells also carry ___________ from the tissues to the lungs to be expelled.
1oxygen, 2carbon dioxide
The ______________ trunk and arteries are the only arteries in the body which carry _________________ blood.
1pulmonary, 2deoxygenated
The _____________ veins are the only veins in the body which carry _____________ blood.
1pulmonary, 2oxygenated
The arrangement of the lobes are such that damage within any area of the lung can be _____________ without affecting other portions of the lungs.
1removed
The right and left sides of the heart are separated by the ____________.
1septum
The aorta is the ____________ artery in the body.
1thickest
The right lung has _________ lobes.
1three
The left lung has ________ lobes.
1two
We can divide the respiratory system into _________ portions, the __________ respiratory system and the lower system.
1two, 2upper
One difference between domestic animals and humans is that there is no ________ present.
1uvula
Which of the following are parts of the small intestine? * =All of these =Jejunum =Duodenum =Ileum
=All of these
The wall separating the left side of the heart from the right side is the * A) None of these B) Atrium C) Bronchus D) Sulcus
A) None of these
Which of the following administers licenses and registration to research facilities? *
APHIS
Which stomach compartment of ruminants is considered to be the true "stomach?" *
Abomasum
Spiny lobsters use which of the following pheromones to create safety in numbers by forming groups to wave spiny antennae in order to deter predators?
Aggregation pheromones
Which of the following pheromones is excreted from the stinger of a worker bee which signals other bees to the threat, explaining why once one bee has stung, others move in?
Alarm pheromones
Which of the following warns animals of possible predators?
Alarm pheromones
Trail Pheromones
Allow animals to follow one another Lead to food sources, new 1colonies and prey animals to kill 2permit lost animals to find the group by following scent Clinic Corner: When found walking in a straight line, ants are actually following the trail pheromone left behind from the ant in front of them
Which of the following is NOT an example of common practices for law enforcement in regards to animals? *
Allowing the ownership of poisonous or dangerous animals
In males, hormones which stimulate formation of male characteristics are called __________.
Androgens
Which of the following was signed into effect in 1966 seeking to regulate who may possess or sell certain animals and to regulate animal living conditions? *
Animal Welfare act
Steroid Hormones
Are 1crucial substances for the proper function of the body Are in charge of many physiological functions Affecting animal 2behavior include:sex hormones
Changing Practices
Are becoming a huge competition for 1clinic based veterinarian hospitals Include:mobile vet services natural and 2holistic alternative care specialized treatments or surgeries
Hormones
Are chemical substances in the body 1regulating specific physiological processes Affecting animal behavior Include the following: 2steroid hormone samino acid hormones
Pheromones
Are chemicals 1secreted by an animal which influence the behavior of others in the same species Include the following: aggregation alarm 2epideictic territorial trail sex
Amino Acid Hormones
Are derived from amino acids and 1secreted from the adrenal medulla Affecting animal behavior include:epinephrine2norepinephrine Clinic Corner: The adrenal medulla is located in the center of the adrenal gland which is located at the top of each kidney and produces hormones.
Unlike exocrine glands, endocrine glands __________.
Are ductless
Ethics
Are extremely important in veterinary 1medicine because the public holds veterinarian 2professionalsand staff members in very high regard and trust in their services Include:ethical behavior unethical behavior reasons for unethical behavior
Epideictic Pheromones
Are known as 1spacing pheromones Regulate population 2density Affect the colonization or extent of exploration of a plant resource Helps parasites identify healthy hosts from parasitized ones Clinic Corner: Flies will produce epideictic pheromones when laying eggs to deter other female flies from laying larvae in the same spot.
Client Concerns
Are on the rise due to owners who view their pets as 1family members Include problems for the veterinarians, such as:2lawsuitsdue to disagreement with care provided by the veterinariannon-compliance with medical advice such as preventative care
Sex Hormones
Are responsible for sexual development and reproduction Include the following 1female hormones:estrogenprogesterone Include the following 2male hormone:testosterone
Cat Friendly Practices
Are the 1keyto veterinary job growth cats represent 80 percent 2clinicalgrowth potential are 13 percent more prominent than dogs visit veterinarians 30 percent less Vet Voice: The total number of cats owned in the U.S. is 95.6 million and the total number of dogs owned in is 83.3 million
Veterinary Prescription Drugs
Are to be used or prescribed only within the 1context of a veterinarian-client-patient relationship -must be properly labeled before dispensing -dispensing and 2treatment records must be filed -should be dispensed in quantities required for treatment; avoiding unlimited refills
Who was the first to divide organisms into two groups - plants and animals?
Aristotle
Courtship Rituals
Attract members of the opposite sex for mating Include jumping, 1dancing , singing or displaying decorations Cause males to become more 2territorial and aggressive, often leading to a fight with rival suitors Clinic Corner: Male grasshoppers can produce more than 400 mating songs, each with a different meaning
Sex Pheromones
Attract the opposite sex in animals Allow animals to 1know when the opposite sex is ready to mate Are often used by predators to 2lure prey into capture Clinic Corner: When a female dog is in heat, she is exerting sexual pheromone which can attract male dogs from more than a mile away
Where is the most common place to put a tag which identifies an animal?
Auricle
The peripheral nervous system includes the _________.
Autonomic nervous system
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is known as the:
Bicuspid valve
Which of the following explains why a dog curls into a ball and uses its tail to cover its nose to minimize heat loss during cold weather?
Body homeostasis
The trachea divides into two branches called the _________.
Bronchi
The cartilaginous rings which make up the trachea are _________.
C-shaped
Aggressive Behavior
Can be categorized into the following: - social: establishing order within a group - territorial: protecting resources, such as domain, food, mate or owner fear protecting self from perceived threat - maternal: protecting offspring - predatory: attacking prey for food
Identify the waste gas removed from the blood during expiration.
Carbon dioxide
What is different about the mouth structure of ruminants compared to that of humans?
Cattle, sheep and goats have a dental pad instead of upper incisors.
Which of the following animals are ruminants?
Cattle; Sheep; Deer
In humans, which part of the brain contains 80 percent of its weight?
Cerebrum
Blockage of a _____________ artery results in a heart attack.
Coronary
Which of the following causes male grasshoppers to produce more than 400 mating songs, each with a different meaning?
Courtship rituals
Which of the following refers to the region of the body towards the head?
Cranial
Territorial Pheromones
Define the claimed area of specific organisms Warn other animals of nearby 1dominant animal Can be used to 2recognize other animals, such as an ant from another colony Clinic Corner: Dogs deposit territorial pheromones, present in their urine on landmarks to mark the boundaries of their terrain.
Which part of the skin houses the hair follicles?
Dermis
Which part of the skin houses the hair follicles? *
Dermis
Body Homeostasis
Describes an environment which supports the survival of cells inside an organism Is achieved by all body systems working together to maintain body temperature, acidity and oxygen levels Occurs at different levels in different animals Operates both internally and externally Clinic Corner: A dog will curl into a ball and use its tail to cover its nose to minimize heat loss during cold weather.
Chemoreception
Describes the physiological response to a chemical stimulus Includes recognizing and exhibiting 1pheromones and identifying substances based on taste Explains behavior in animals such as constant 2licking and sniffing Clinic Corner: Butterflies have chemoreceptors on their feet allowing them to sense different strengths and types of nectar
Veterinary Responsibility
Dictated by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) includes: Veterinarian 1Oath Principles of Veterinary 2Ethics
What is the name of the highest point on most four legged animals?
Dorsal
Which of the following make up the small intestine?
Duodenum; Ileum; Jejunum
Which of the following are proteins produced by living organisms and which function as catalysts? *
Enzymes
Which of the following are known as spacing pheromones?
Epideictic pheromones
Which of the following pheromones helps regulate population density?
Epideictic pheromones
Which of the following hormones can attract a male from more than a mile away?
Estrogen
Which of the following observes natural processes such as communication, courtship, mating and self defense?
Etheology
Animal Behavior
Examines the reaction of an animal to a certain stimulus Indicates how an animal reacts with its environment reflects internal and external factors as well as learned activities Clinic Corner: Stimulus is an agent, action or condition causing a response
Mechanoreception
Expresses an animal's response to a physical stimulus Includes communicating through 1vibrations Includes the following: -substratum: through the 2ground or other foundation - acoustic: through the air or water Clinic Corner: Spiders use their web to "pluck" (i.e. send vibrations) mating calls to one another
Abnormal behavior large animals
For large animals include the following examples: laying ears flat or back on the head weaving circling chewing cribbing showing aggression kicking biting
Which of the following controls walking?
Genetics
Which of the following controls walking? *
Genetics
Which of the following studies the science of heredity and variation of inherited traits among related organisms?
Genetics
What is a human's organ of prehension?
Hand
Controversy Over Vaccines
Has been an issue for several years in which some believe 1vaccinesdo not need to be administered annually Resulted in:the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) recommending core vaccines every three years Requires more 2testingand information due to the division of veterinarians on the issue
Pet Obesity
Has been shown in recent studies that over 150 percent of all pets in the U.S. are over-weight or obese Causes many health problems, such as:diabetesjoint disease respiratory problems Requires veterinarians to create a plan for pet owners to 2decreasethe weight and improve the animal's well being
Cost of Care
Has increased because of the following:significant fee increases more 1sophisticated care available increased hospital fees pets are living longer, therefore requiring more 2routine care and a higher chance of developing serious diseases Causes pet owners to avoid veterinarian care
Centrifuge - Urine Analysis
Helps examine sediments in the urine Detects if the urine contains the following: -increased amount of red blood cells -increased amount of white blood cells -casts from an inflammatory condition -crystals from bladder stones or infection Clinic Corner: sediments are substances found in the urine
All venous blood leaving the intestines travels through which structure?
Hepatic portal vessel
Which of the following supports the survival of cells inside an organism?
Homeostasis
Chemical molecules which travel through blood to affect body systems are called __________.
Hormones
Prehension is a term referring to:
How an animal gathers food
Which of the following explains the reason for rapid learning which occurs during a brief receptive period, often right after birth or hatching?
Imprinting
Which of the following explains the reason for rapid learning which occurs during a brief receptive period, often right after birth or hatching? *
Imprinting
External Factors
Include the following: environment communication 1courtship rituals threats to 2safety
Regulatory Agencies
Include: - federal: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)Occupational Safety & 1Health Administration (OSHA) -2state:Board of Veterinary Medicine (BVM)The American Association of Veterinary State Boards Board of Pharmacy professional liability insurance
Non-traditional Treatment Methods
Include: 1preventative dental care chiropractic acupuncture herbal remedies, natural supplements, minerals and vitamins 2hip replacements blood transfusions cancer treatment Vet Voice: Job growth for veterinarian is expected to increase 27.6 percent by 2016
Trends in Veterinary Medicine
Include: increased use of technology non-traditional 1treatment methods2 cat-friendly practices
Issues in Veterinary Medicine
Include:veterinarian supply and pet owner demand cost of care has 1increased client concerns pet obesity changing practices 2controversy over vaccines
Environment
Includes the surroundings, influences and 1conditions placed upon an organism Influences how an animal feeds and reproduces Shapes how animals will 2respond to new situations, including the introduction of humans Includes:threats to safety
Autoclave Safety
Includes: - being cautious of hot surfaces when loading and unloading - keeping face, body and hands away from escaping heat and steam -asking for assistance if the contents are heavy -inspect cords and plugs -not placing materials which are not autoclave safe into the autoclave, including non heat resistant plastics and glass
Centrifuge - Urine Analysis Process
Includes: - collecting a urine sample by using a clean, dry container - pouring urine into centrifuge tube - placing in the centrifuge - applying a small drop on a clean cover slip and slide after a few minutes - evaluating the urine under a microscope
Microscope Care & Maintenance
Includes: - dusting with pressurized air or a soft brush -cleaning smudges, oils and fingerprints with a soft clean cloth -cleaning the body and stand with a moist, soft cloth and mild detergent -always covering and storing in a dry place away from direct sunlight -always following the manufacturers manual -contacting a reputable equipment company for major service or repairs
Centrifuge Safety
Includes: - insuring the centrifuge bowl and tubes are dry - checking the balancer - cleanliness of the spindle - avoiding overfilling tubes and bottles - insuring rotor is properly placed - insuring proper placement of O-rings - using a cleanliness balancer - securely shutting the lid
Unloading the Autoclave
Includes: - making sure all items are dry when pulled out and the indicator tape has changed color -indicator tape will have black lines -always wearing gloves when pulling out sterilized items
Centrifuge Care & Maintenance
Includes: - thoroughly cleaning the sample/rotor chamber - use a sponge, warm water and mild detergent -removing stains with a plastic scrub pad - lubricating motors to avoid unleveled movements - decontaminating and disinfecting if there is ever an occurrence of tube breakage - contacting a reputable equipment company for major service repairs - always following the manufacturers manual
Loading the Autoclave
Includes: - wrapping the instruments in a sterilized pouch and applying indicator tapesome instruments do not need to be wrapped - checking the water level -only use distilled water to fill -loading autoclave with all contents evenly distributed - sealing the chamber -selecting the sterilize setting allowing the autoclave to begin -sterilizing the instruments - sterilizing sealing general surgical packs and wrapped items for at least 30 minutes in at least 250°F (121°C)
Autoclave Care & Maintenance
Includes: -cleaning trays and racks with a mild detergent and non-scratch pad -completely draining water weekly and refilling with distilled water - inspecting cords and plugs - thoroughly inspecting, cleaning, testing and calibrating once a year - always following the manufacturers manual - contacting a reputable equipment company for major service or repairs
Centrifuge - Blood Examination Process
Includes: collecting a blood sample from a vein with a syringe or needle -inserting blood into a test tube and wait 20 to 30 minutes for clotting time -placing in the centrifuge -making sure the serum and plasma have separated after 10 minutes -sending the blood sample out for further testing
Centrifuge - Fecal Examination Process
Includes: - collecting a fresh sample of feces which is free from rocks, soil, etc. - placing the stool into a specimen container - placing a small amount of fecal material into a test tube and mix it with a fecal flotation solution - running the centrifuge for at least five minutes - fecal debris will sink to the bottom and other material will float to the top - adding fresh fecal flotation solution to the tube until a (rounded) meniscus forms - placing the cover slip on top of the tube - removing the cover slip and place the liquid side down onto a glass slide top - examining the entire cover slip for parasite eggs
Veterinary/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR)
Includes:the veterinarian: -has taken 1responsibility for the health of the patient and the client has agreed to follow the instructions provided -has made a diagnosis and has kept up with the care of the patient with timely visits -is available for follow-up evaluation or has arranged care and treatment -provides 2oversight of treatment, compliance and out come -maintains patient records Record keepingincludes: 1maintaining treatment records for at least two years providing a 2VCPRowners of food animals must also keep treatment records
Increased Use of Technology
Includes:veterinarians adapting to new technology and getting information in new, innovative ways for example: using Dropbox and e-mail to send photos and 1radiographs to clients text messaging clients with 2appointment reminders using social media to promote their business
Pregnancy
Inhibits activity among females, decreasing the amount of time spent walking or standing and increasing the amount of time sleeping Increases the amount of food a female will 1consume Causes females to become more 2agitated and aggressive towards other animals and humans Clinic Corner: The Asian Elephant's pregnancy last for 22 months
Which of the following allows a spider to build a perfect web for the first time despite having no previous experience with webs?
Instinct
Which of the following tells a newly hatched herring gull to peck a small red spot on its mother's beak in order to be fed?
Instinct
Reasoning
Involves an animal responding correctly to a 1stimulus the first time presented Takes place when an animal uses past 2experiences to make a decision regarding its actions
Which element is administered to the general population through table salt?
Iodine
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Is a 1division of the U.S. Department of Justice Enforces the 2Controlled Substances Act of 1970
The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)
Is a 1subdivision of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Regulates the following: -animal drugs -animal feed -2veterinary devices
U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
Is a scientific, regulatory and public health agency with 1jurisdiction encompassing the following: -human and animal drugs -therapeutic agents of biological origin -medical devices -2radiation- emitting products -cosmetics -animal feed Enforces the Animal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994
Epinephrine
Is also known as adrenaline Is a hormone released in 1response to short term stress Increases the 2heart rate, blood pressure and blood glucose levels Is closely related to norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
Is also known as the flight or fight hormone Releases in response to physical or 1mental stress such as fear or injury Accelerates heart rate and raises blood pressure Is released during a 2fight , resulting in animals being aggressive for several hours afterwards Clinic Corner: When dogs fight or feel threatened, high levels of norepinephrine are released causing them to become hostile to both the aggressor and surrounding animals
Playing
Is an important way of learning for animals Helps animals learn 1movements and become more successful predators as adults Prepares young animals for 2survival in adulthood
Instinct
Is an innate or fixed behavioral response Causes a newborn kangaroo to crawl into the mother's pouch and begin nursing Tells a newly hatched herring gull to peck a small red spot on its mother's beak in order to be fed Allows a spider to build a perfect web for the first time despite having no previous experience with webs
Unethical Behavior
Is characterized as an action which is not considered 1morally right within a profession Examples include:not upholding to standards or protocol giving uplying not speaking up when someone is doing something wrong 2falsifyingin formation tolerating carelessness
Communication
Is classified and described based on the ways animals receive signals Includes the following: chemoreception mechanoreception 1visual communication vocal communication 2courtship rituals
Normal Behavior
Is defined as individual behavior which is similar to those of the same species For animals includes the following examples:relax edalertstand, sit or lie comfortably ears up and forward
Professional Liability Insurance
Is highly encouraged for veterinarians Provides: -coverage for non-veterinarian 1employees -payment for legal defense fees and court costs -qualified veterinarians reviewing every 2malpractice allegation -consent to settle clause no claim will be settled without a veterinarians written consent protects reputation and unneeded lawsuits
Vocal Communication
Is made by the giving and receiving of audible noises from one animal to another In 1dolphins and whales include making clicks and squeals to inform others of feeding, migration and location In elephants involve emitting 2low pitched sounds, below the level of human hearing, which draws in other elephants from miles away
Progesterone
Is produced in the 1ovaries and helps the body prepare for conception and pregnancy Regulates the monthly 2menstrual cycle Also plays a role in maintaining pregnancy Clinic Corner: Menstrual cycle is the process of ovulation and menstruation in women and other female primates.
Imprinting
Is rapid learning which occurs during a brief 1receptive period, often right after birth or hatching Is 2irreversible
Centrifuge - Fecal Examination
Is the most common method used to detect parasites Allows:examination of fecal samples for worm eggs, larvae and protozoa identification of zoonotic parasites which can be a risk to children or family prevention of parasites
Common Electrical Technology
Is used daily in veterinary clinics to help determine illness and the overall health of animals Includes: centrifuge autoclave microscope
Which act prohibits the illegal trade of any fish or wild animals which were taken, possessed, transported or sold in violation of any law, treaty or regulation of the United States? *
Lacey Act
Professional Licensing
Laws are in place to protect the public -it takes special 1knowledge and skills to practice the profession -the public needs protection from incompetent or unethical practitioners Is required in each state or province where a veterinarian practices -many 2jurisdictionsrequire veterinary technicians be licensed as well
Visual Communication
Leads to competition among males for the most impressive displays to attract females Wards off other 1male competitors Is displayed through facial expressions and 2body language Alerts predators to the position of their prey Clinic Corner: Male peacock's brightly colored tails are used to impress and attract female peacocks, but also attract predators.
Which of the following is not directly involved in mechanical processing?
Liver
Which animal rights activist protested animal cruelty and research in "A Dog's Tale"? *
Mark Twain
The stomach performs which of the following functions?
Mechanical processing; Digestion; Secretion
Reasons for Unethical Behavior
Might include the following:needing to meet sales, profit or budget goals no recognition politics in the work place poor 1communication balancing work and familywork loadlack of management support personal 2worries insufficient resources
In ruminants, the esophagus carries feed from the:
Mouth to the rumen; rumen to the mouth
Records of Controlled Drugs
Must be kept in records of orders, receipts, uses, discards and thefts of controlled substances for 1two years by a 2registered veterinarian and authorized handlers
Which structures prevent heart valves from being forced backward into the wrong chamber? Sulci Bronchi Cusps None of the above
None of the above
Which of the following hormones is released during a fight, resulting in animals being aggressive for several hours afterwards?
Norepinephrine
Which of the following takes place when one animal watches the actions of another and learns from those actions?
Observation
Learned Behavior
Occurs as a result of experience, transforming animals to be more adaptive than 1innate in behaviors Includes the following: habituation conditioning 2observation playing reasoning imprinting
Habituation
Occurs when an animal becomes accustomed to a particular situation due to 1frequent repetition Results from exposure to an event which merits no reward or punishment Leads to an animal completely ignoring an event it once would consider dangerous, such as 2deer becoming accustomed to passing cars
Conditioning
Occurs when animals learn to respond to a stimulus in a certain way due to reinforcement from a reward or punishment Includes the following forms:conditional pairs a neutral stimulus with one eliciting a response until the neutral stimulus itself causes the response operant causes an animal to associate a certain behavior with pain or pleasure to either reinforce or discourage this behavior
Threats to Safety
Occurs when predators attack, unknown creatures appear or animals feel trapped Cause animals to become 1tense and aggressive Result in a 2flight or fight situation
Which of the following structures aids in absorption?
Papillae; Villi; Microvilli
Which structure holds the chordae tendineae to the interior walls of the heart?
Papillary Muscles
Which structure holds the chordae tendineae to the interior walls of the heart? *
Papillary muscles
Waves of muscular contractions which push food through the esophagus are part of the process known as ______.
Peristalsis
Aggregation Pheromones
Promote the 1cohesion of animals Attract both male and female animals Influence animals to form groups of 2protection , migration and mating Clinic Corner: Spiny lobsters use aggregation pheromones to create safety in numbers by forming groups to wave spiny antennae in order to deter predators.
Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?
Protection, Locomotion, Blood production
Blood leaving the right ventricle enters the _________.
Pulmonary Artery
The only type of artery in the body which carried deoxygenated blood is _________.
Pulmonary Artery
The only type of vein in the body which carries oxygenated blood is _________.
Pulmonary vein
Which structure governs the passage of food material into the small intestine?
Pylorus or pyloric valve
Which structure governs the passage of food material into the small intestine? *
Pylorus or pyloric valve
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Requirements for veterinary hospital safety includes 1implementing or posting: -job safety and health protection posters -summaries of petitions for variances from standards or record keeping procedures -copies of all OSHA citations for violations of standards -summary of occupational injuries and illnesses and records -appropriate warning or 2identification signs
Which situation would most likely involve active expiration?
Running a marathon
What type of pheromones does a female dog excrete while she is in heat which attracts male dogs from more than a mile away?
Sex pheromones
A neuron has ________.
Soma; axom; nucleus
Ethical Behavior
Starts at the top of any organization and is characterized by honesty, fairness and respect towards professionals, coworkers and clients Examples include:fixing problems being 1enthusiasticand creative building on strengths improving skills being 2accountable making sure that future goals can be me tasking the right questions
Animal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994
States: -legalized extra-label drug use by vets is acceptable as long as certain 1parametersare meton non-food animals -there must be a vet-client-patient relationship -limited to 2circumstances when the health of the animal is threatened, suffering or death may result from failure to treat -cannot be used in or on animal feed Clinic Corner: Extralabel use is when a veterinarian uses a drug in a manner which is not in accordance with the approved labeling; for example: the dosage, interval, route or species may differ
Testosterone
Stimulates the development of the male sex organs and sperm Leads to a hierarchy in most animals, the 1dominant male having the highest level of testosterone Causes males to seek females for 2mating and accounts for aggressive behavior toward other males during this time Clinic Corner: When two male dogs are seeking the same female, the dog with higher level of testosterone will succeed in obtaining the female
Genetics
Studies the science of heredity and variation of inherited traits among related organisms Explain instincts , which animals are born with Control some behaviors, such as walking , which is shared by most animals whereas other actions are unique to certain animals Clinic Corner: Instinct are an inborn pattern of behavior which is characteristic of a species, often a response to their environment.
Which of the following causes animals to communicate through the ground or other foundation?
Substratum
Which of the following causes animals to communicate through the ground or other foundation? *
Substratum
The grooves in which the coronary arteries lie are known as which of the following?
Sulci
Observation
Takes place when one animal 1watches the actions of another and learns from those actions Occurs when a young 2chimpanzee learns social behavior from watching its mother and other members of the group
Which of the following pheromones can be used to recognize other animals?
Territorial pheromones
When two male dogs are seeking the same female, the dog with a higher level of which of the following hormones will obtain the female?
Testosterone
Why are magnets administered to cattle?
To catch wire and bolts
The right ventricle must exert enough pressure to push the blood where?
To the lungs and back to the left atrium
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. *
True
Smooth muscles are involuntary. *
True
Expiration is _____ _____.
Usually passive
What structure helps to prevent food from entering the sinus cavity during swallowing?
Uvula
Signs of Aggressive Behavior
Varies among species, but commonly includes: - standing still and rigid - focusing intensely on target - signaling with sound (i.e., bark, growl, neigh, squeal, etc.) and bearing teeth in threatening way - lunging at target - lowering or raising tail and head -cats lower tail -horses raise tail -raising hair on the back flattening ears against head
Behavioral Changes Due to Age
Varies among species, but commonly includes: decreased or impaired mobility weight loss aggression destructiveness Clinic Corner: In the wild, elderly female elephants become the leaders - "matriarchs" - of their herds
Which of the following is NOT an anatomical location term?
Vibrissae
Which of the following is NOT an anatomical location term? *
Vibrissae
Alarm Pheromones
Warn animals of possible 1predators Trigger 2defensive and aggressive behavior Emitted by one animal in a group will cause others to respond Clinic Corner: Alarm pheromones excreted from the stinger of a worker bee singles other bees to the treat, explaining why once one bee has stung, others move in
Red Blood Cells
Which are found in large numbers in urine generally indicate bleeding in the urinary tract
White Blood Cells
Which are found in large numbers in urine may indicate inflammation of the bladder or a kidney infection
Which of the following is the transplantation of living tissue from one species to another? *
Xenograft
Which of the following animals are ruminants? * a) all of these b) sheep c) deer d) cattle
a) all of these
Material leaving the omasum enters which structure?
abomasum
Which stomach compartment of ruminants is considered to be the true "stomach?"
abomasum
What is it called when an animal communicates through water or air vibrations?
acoustic
Which of the following hormones is secreted from the adrenal medulla?
amino acid hormones
Keratin is found in which of the following locations? a).Feathers b).All of the answer choices c).Hair d).Hooves
b).All of the answer choices
The shoulder and hip joints are considered what kind of joints?
ball and socket joints
Humans are considered ________.
bipeds
Which of the following terms is the Latin word for tail?
cauda
What do butterflies have on their feet which allows them to sense different strengths and types of nectar?
chemoreceptors
Which bone is present in humans, but absent in four-legged animals?
clavicle
Which of the following occurs when animals learn to respond to a stimulus in a certain way due to reinforcement from a reward or punishment?
conditioning
Heart attacks can result from a blockage of
coronary artery
The lung's lobed structure: a) Can be helpful when treating patients with lung cancer b) Allows removal of part of a lung c) Has a different number of lobes on each side d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Which structure helps to prevent food from entering the trachea during swallowing? a) The uvula b) The epiglottis c) The vocal cords d) All of the above
d) All of the above
The wall separating the left side of the heart from the right side is the _____. a) Sulcus b) Bronchus c) Atrium d) None of the above
d) None of the above
Surgical procedures were often first studied on which animal? *
dog
Which of the following hormones is released when dogs fight or feel threatened?
epinephrine
How many chambers are in the heart?
four
How many stomach compartments does a ruminant have?
four
We all have a _______ chamber heart. All of our blood vessels are set up in _______ with ___________ and veins distributing blood to the body and bringing it back to the heart.
four, pairs, arteries
Bile is stored and concentrated in the _______.
gallbladder
Which of the following occurs when an animal becomes accustomed to a particular situation due to frequent repetition?
habituation
Which external component can be used for defense?
horns
Deoxygenated blood from the body arrives at the heart through the superior vena cava and the _____________.
inferior vena cava
Which chamber has the thickest muscular wall?
left ventricle
What is a horse's organ of prehension?
lips
Before traveling to the rest of the body, all absorbed nutrients or toxins must pass through the _______.
liver
Which organ produces bile?
liver
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the skin?
mesodermis
Which of the following occurs when a young chimpanzee learns foraging and social behavior from watching its mother and other members of the group?
observation
Which gland is most closely associated with the thyroid gland?
parathyroid
Which of the following helps animals learn movements and become more successful predators as adults?
playing
Which of the following causes females to become more agitated and aggressive towards other animals and humans?
pregnancy
Which of the following hormones helps maintain pregnancy?
progesterone
Which of the following takes place when an animal uses past experiences to make a decision regarding its actions?
reasoning
The "honeycomb" refers to which structure?
rectilium
The SA node is located in the _________.
right atrium
When blood leaves the right atrium, it enters the _____.
right ventricle
Which of the following is not a type of bone in dogs and cats? *
round
The body's release of enzymes, water and acid into food is known as _______.
secretion
The bones of the hand are called ________.
short
The brain is directly protected by the _________.
skull
The central nervous system includes the _________.
spinal cord
The mesentery carries blood to the ______.
stomach
Which of the following hormones stimulates the development of the male sex organs and sperm?
testosterone
The right lung is composed of how many lobes?
three
Which of the following causes male peacocks to use their brightly colored tails to impress and attract female peacocks?
visual communication
Which of the following is made by the giving and receiving of audible noises from one animal to another?
vocal communication
Which of the following terms is also know as vibrissae?
whiskers