pt 125 negative reinforcement( escape behavior) and discriminative stimuli

Escape condtioning

(A) An aversive stimuli must be present prior to an escape response (B) An aversive stimuli is removed immediately following a response (C) Reinforcement occurs -conditioning and learning occurs . (a) antecedent) (b) behavior (c) consequence) (Also called principal of negative reinforcement)

problems with escape/avoidance conditioning 1

-"giving in" to problem behavior by placing maladaptive behavior on a variable schedule of reinforcement ( likely hood of occurring in a unpredictable time again) -using these methods may maintain the caregivers undesirable behavior through the application

Discriminative stimulus (SD)

-A response that has been reinforced only in the presence of a particular stimulus ( or what you say or do to get the person or thing to get the desired response) -a cue that a particular response will occur ( or pay off) -stimulus for reinforcement ex. (putting money in a soda machine , picking what type of soda you desire and getting exactly what u wanted.) (pay off) reinforced

Discriminative Stimulus (SA)

-If a response has been extinguished only in the presence of a particular stimulus - a cue that a particular response will not occur (no pay off) -stimulus for extinction ex. (Putting money in the soda machine, picking what type of soda you desire and not getting what you want or even nothing at all( no pay off and will more than likely not want to go back to that soda machine) no reinforcer

Avoidance condtioning

-prevention or postponed aversive stimuli by engaging in a behavior from occuring -learned by escape conditioning (first) and sustained by avoidance behavior -Reinforcement occurs (increased frequency of reponse)

Warning Stimulus

A stimulus that signals a forthcoming aversive stimulus if avoidance does not occur

examples of avoidance condtioning

Conditioned . ( Warning given before and adversive stimulus occurs ( hearing a fire alarm bell before seeing a fire) or paying taxes to avoid going to jail you avoid the fire by hearing the fire alarm bell first ( you already know ,no surprise)

Learned Response Generalization due to Functionally Equivalent Responses

Different responses that serve the same function -Hand shake/bough/kiss on cheek or - a child learning to tell the truth will more than likely, return articles of clothing to people and not copy others test ( honest responses )

Stimulus control

when a particular behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulus and not others ( For example, the presence of a stop sign (a discriminative stimulus) at a traffic intersection increases the probability that "braking" behavior will occur.) (control) or ( seeing a green light you go)

Learned Response Generalization Based on Minimal Physical Similarity of Responses

A learned response that can be put into another context Ex (A child who has learned how to add S to the ends of words pertaining to more than one object or event is response generalization even if the word is not correct)

Discriminative stimuli

Any situation when a behaviors occur can be analyzed in terms of 3 sets of events 1. The stimuli that exists just prior to the occurrence of the behavior (antecedent) 2. the behavior itself (behavior) 3. the consequence of the behavior (consequence) (ANY STIMULUS CAN BE AN ANTECEDENT OR CONSEQUENCE OF A BEHAVIOR)

Difference of Positive and Negative behavior

For positive reinforcement, your adding (increase) something positive in order to increase a response. For negative reinforcement, your taking(decrease) something negative away in order to increase a response

Response generalization

Occurs when a behavior becomes more probable in the presence of a stimulus or situation as a result of another behavior having been strengthened in the presence of that stimulus or situation or( when a person displays a variation of the taught behavior in the presence of stimulus discrimination) ex. behaviors requiring creativity, conversations, writing.

Stimulus Generalization

Occurs when behavior becomes more probable in the presence of one stimulus or situation as a result of having been reinforced in the presence of another stimulus or situation or ( having the same, learned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus) Ex. dog learns to salivate to one bell, and can learn to salivate to different types of bells.

2 types of aversive stimuli

Primary (unconditioned) secondary ( conditioned)

Unlearned Response Generalization due to Considerable Physical Similarity of Responses

The greater the physical similarity of the response the greater the generalization ex. ( like roller blading becomes easier to learn if you have already learn how to ice skate.)

examples of escape condtioning

Unconditioned, no warning given before an adversive stimlus occurs) , ex seeing a fire and escaping the fire to get away, bright light, close eyes (you escape the fire by seeing it) Element of surprise

problems with escape/avoidance conditioning 2

When escape conditioning occurs, primarily the end result may be avoidance ex coach to each yells at football player to improve players ability 1. player can initially improves to escape the coaches yelling 2. however player may quit to avoid(avoidance) the coach altogether

Negative Reinforcement

also called (escape conditioning) Using a specific behavior to remove the effects of an aversive stimulus thus, reinforcing the specific behavior and making increasingly likely to occur in the future. Ex. (getting a speeding ticket, want to avoid the behavior by going the speed limit always)also

Learned Stimulus Generalization Involving Minimal Physical Similarity

common element stimulus class(concept): a set of stimuli all of which have one or more physical characteristics in common -many stimuli belonging to one common class might be differing physically) ex. child seeing a red pencil and a red car. a child will recognize the car and the pencil to be red but are very different at the same time

Unlearned stimulus generalization due to considerable physical similarity

humans and animals have evolved so that the more physically similar two stimuli are, the more stimulus generalization will occur between them) or ex. -soda machine vs vending machine (similar physically but each has different things) or -an infant seeing a a hairy animal with legs and a friendly bark for the first time and calling it a doggy& later seeing different kind of dog and calling a doggy ( new and unlearned)

Positive Reinforcement

is a technique used to increase behavior -Positive reinforcement occurs when the likelihood of a certain behavior increases as a result of the presentation of something pleasant after the behavior

Aversive Stimuli

is an unpleasant event that is intended to decrease the probability of a behavior when it is presented as a consequence (i.e., punishment or negative reinforcer)

Learned Stimulus Generalization Due to Stimulus Equivalence Class

stimulus equivalence class: a set of completely dissimilar stimuli that an individual has learned to group or match together -members of a stimulus equivalence class mean the same thing or share a common meaning &- what may be a common-element stimulus class for one individual might be a stimulus equivalence class for others ex. you have a carrot , a calculator, a pea, a pencil and glass of milk, when asked to identify foods you will be able to identify out of group of items.