PTA 230: Developmental processes & Gross-motor milestones

Sitting independently is defined as

sitting alone with a straight back without Kyphosis No hand support exhibit trunk rotation

maturational changes are those that are

genetically guided *such as myelination of nerve fibers, the appearance of primary and secondary bone growth centers, increasing complexity of internal organs, and the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics

An infant should exhibit good head control by

4months of age

Infants at this age can demonstrate segmental rolling

6-8 months *preceded by log-rolling at 4-6mo

Independent sitting is typically achieved by

8 months of age

Motor development is a result of 3 processes

Growth, Maturation & adaptation

Gross-motor milestones include

Head control, rolling, sitting, creeping, cruising & walking

Signs an infant is exhibiting good head control by 4 moths

Keep head in line when pulled supine to sit tilt head opposite of direction being tilted in prone able to lift head against gravity past 45° by 5mo flex the head in supine

The last major gross motor milestone is

Walking *12-18 months

A new walker assumes this position

a wide base of support, with legs abducted and externally rotated; exhibits lumbar Lordosis & holds arms in high guard (w/scapular adduction)

Growth is

any increase in dimension or proportion

Failure to grow or discrepancies between two growth measures can be an

early indicator of a developmental problem

Adaptation is the process by which

environmental influences guide growth and development

Rolling from prone to supine precedes rolling from supine to prone because

extensor control precedes flexor control

Adaptation occurs when

physical changes are the result of external stimulation

Maturation is the result of

physical changes that are due to preprogrammed internal body processes

Creeping

reciprocally moving forward on hands and knees *9-10 months

Rolling from prone to supine precedes

rolling from supine to prone

Segmental rolling

rolling with separate upper and lower trunk rotation

Examples of ways that growth is typically measured include

size, height, weight & head circumference

Growth is an important parameter of change during development because

some changes in motor performance can be linked to changes in body size

Cruising is

walking sideways while being supported by hands or tummy on furniture (by 9 months)