PTA FSBPT

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RANGE OF MOTION FOR NORMAL GAIT (DEGREES) HIP FLEXION: HIP EXTENSION: KNEE FLEXION: ANKLE DORSIFLEXION: ANKLE PLANTAR FLEXION:

0-30* 0-10* 0-60* 0-10* 0-20*

_____________ is a systemic autoimmune disorder of the connective tissue that is characterized by chronic inflammation within synovial membranes, tendon sheaths and articular cartilage. -Incidence is 3x greater in females than males and is diagnosed most frequently between 30 -50 years of age -blood work assists with the diagnosis ________________ through evaluation of the ____________ factor, white blood cell count , erythrocyte sedimentiation rate , hemoglobin adn hematocrit values

1 & 2..Rheumatoid arthritis 3. rheumatoid

A physical therapist assistant employed by a home health agency visits a patient status post total knee arthroplasty. The patient was discharged from the hospital yesterday and according to the medical record had an unremarkable recovery. The physician orders include the use of a continuous passive motion machine. The MOST appropriate rate of motion would be: 1. 2 cycles per minute 2. 4 cycles per minute 3. 6 cycles per minute 4. 8 cycles per minute

1. 2 cycles per minute

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient status post CVA. The patient has severe difficulty in verbal expression and mild difficulty in understanding complex syntax. This type of communication disorder is BEST termed: 1. Broca's aphasia 2. conduction aphasia 3. global aphasia 4. Wernicke's aphasia

1. Broca's aphasia

A physical therapist assistant selects an assistive device for a patient rehabilitating from a recent illness. Which assistive device provides the LEAST stability? 1. Lofstrand crutches 2. walker 3. parallel bars 4. axillary crutches

1. Lofstrand crutches

__________ ______ ______ involves upper motor neuron damage and ___________ _______ ____ involves damage to the cerebellum, cerebellar pathways or both -Presentation of these is motor delays, abnormal muscle tone, and motor control, reflex abnormalities, poor postural control, and balance impairments -Mental retardation and epilepsy are present in 50%-60% of children diagnosed with this.

1. Spastic Cerebral palsy 2. Athetoid cerebral palsy

A physical therapist assistant works with a child with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Which medical condition is MOST often associated with this condition? 1. avascular necrosis 2. congenital hip dysplasia 3. osteomyelitis 4. septic arthritis

1. avascular necrosis

A physical therapist assistant enters a private treatment area and observes a patient collapsed on the floor. The patient appears to be moving slightly, however, seems to be in need of medical assistance. The MOST immediate action is: 1. check for unresponsiveness 2. monitor airway, breathing, and circulation 3. position the patient 4. phone emergency medical services

1. check for unresponsiveness

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient on gait training using bilateral axillary crutches. The right axillary crutch is modified with a platform attachment. What is the MOST likely reason for the modification? 1. the patient has a radial nerve injury 2. the patient has a proximal humeral fracture 3. the patient has impaired balance and coordination 4. the patient has a transhumeral amputation

1. the patient has a radial nerve injury

A physician orders compression garments for an ambulatory patient who has significant difficulty with lower extremity edema. How much pressure would typically be necessary to control lower extremity edema?

16-18 mm Hg

Which of the following values describes the MOST appropriate rate to release the pressure when obtaining the blood pressure measurement?

2-3 mm/Hg per second

A physical therapist assistant attempts to determine if a wheelchair is the appropriate size for a patient recently admitted to a rehabilitation program. As part of the assessment, the physical therapist assistant measures the distance from the front edge of the seat to the popliteal fold. If the seat depth is appropriate, how much space should exist between these two landmarks? 1. 1 inch 2. 2 inches 3. 4 inches 4. 6 inches

2. 2 inches

A physical therapist assistant employed in a rehabilitation hospital works with a patient that exhibits several signs and symptoms of anemia. Which question would be the MOST useful to gather additional information related to anemia? 1. Does it hurt to take a deep breath? 2. Do you experience heart palpitations or shortness of breath at rest or with mild exertion? 3. Do you frequently experience dizziness, headaches or blurred vision? 4. Are you susceptible to bruising?

2. Do you experience heart palpitations or shortness of breath at rest or with mild exertion?

A physical therapist assistant reporting at a discharge team meeting indicates that a patient rehabilitating from a spinal cord injury should be able to perform household ambulation using knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO) and crutches upon discharge. The patient's quadriceps strength is currently 2+/5. The MOST likely spinal cord injury level is: 1. L1 2. L3 3. L5 4. S1

2. L3

A physical therapist assistant instructs a patient with a lower motor neuron disorder to perform a swing-to gait pattern. The MOST appropriate initial step when instructing the patient is: 1. secure another staff member to assist with guarding 2. demonstrate a swing-to gait pattern 3. describe the various stages of weight bearing 4. provide a written handout describing the gait pattern

2. demonstrate a swing-to gait pattern

A physical therapist assistant reviews a patient coverage form that lists the parameters used during a recent ultrasound treatment to the right anterior shoulder: 1.5 W/cm2, pulsed 20%, 1 MHz, 6 minutes. Assuming the objective of the ultrasound was to increase tissue temperature, which parameter would be the MOST critical for the physical therapist assistant to alter? 1. time 2. duty cycle 3. frequency 4. intensity

2. duty cycle

A physical therapist assistant reviews the results of a pulmonary function test for a 58-year-old male patient recently admitted to the hospital. The physical therapist assistant notes that the patient's total lung capacity is significantly increased when compared to established norms. Which medical condition would MOST likely produce this type of result? 1. chronic bronchitis 2. emphysema 3. spinal cord injury 4. pulmonary fibrosis

2. emphysema

A physical therapist assistant prepares to treat a patient with continuous ultrasound. Which general rule BEST determines the length of treatment when using ultrasound? 1. two minutes for an area that is two times the size of the transducer face 2. five minutes for an area that is two times the size of the transducer face 3. five minutes is the maximum treatment time regardless of the treatment area 4. ten minutes is the maximum treatment time regardless of the treatment area

2. five minutes for an area that is two times the size of the transducer face

A physical therapist assistant uses ultrasound to heat tissues at a depth of approximately four centimeters. Which parameter of ultrasound would MOST influence the depth of tissue heating? 1. intensity 2. frequency 3. effective radiating area 4. beam nonuniformity ratio

2. frequency

A physical therapist assistant records the parameters of an electrical stimulation treatment in a patient's medical record. The standard unit of measure when recording alternating current frequency is: 1. volt 2. hertz 3. coulomb 4. pulses per second

2. hertz

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient rehabilitating from an Achilles tendon repair using cryotherapy. Which cryotherapeutic agent would provide the GREATEST magnitude of tissue cooling? 1. frozen gel packs 2. ice massage 3. Fluori-Methane spray 4. cold water bath

2. ice massage

A physical therapist assistant participates in a study which examines the effect of goniometer size on the reliability of passive shoulder joint measurements. The physical therapist assistant concludes that goniometric measurements of passive shoulder range of motion can be highly reliable when taken by a single therapist, regardless of the size of the goniometer. This study demonstrates the use of: 1. interrater reliability 2. intrarater reliability 3. internal validity 4. external validity

2. intrarater reliability

The specific parameters of the pulsed wave are 2 msec on time and 8 msec off time for one pulse period. The duty cycle should be recorded as:

20%

Planes of the Body?

3 Cardinal Planes: Frontal, sagittal, transverse. Occur in 3 corresponding axes: anterior posterior, medial lateral, veritcal

A patient status post open knee meniscectomy is referred to physical therapy for neuromuscular electrical stimulation. The MOST beneficial frequency of treatment to promote strengthening is:

3 times/week

A physical therapist assistant uses functional electrical stimulation as part of a treatment regimen designed to improve quadriceps strength. Which on:off time ratio would result in the MOST rapid onset of muscle fatigue? 1. 3:1 2. 1:4 3. 5:1 4. 1:6

3. 5:1

A patient in a rehabilitation hospital begins to verbalize about the uselessness of life and the possibility of committing suicide. The MOST appropriate action is: 1. suggest the patient be placed on a locked unit 2. ask nursing to check on the patient every 15 minutes 3. discuss the situation with the patient's case manager 4. review the patient's past medical history for signs and symptoms of mental illness

3. discuss the situation with the patient's case manager

A physical therapist assistant collects data as part of a research project that requires direct observation of children performing selected gross motor activities. The physical therapist assistant is concerned about the influence of an observer on the children's performance. The MOST effective strategy to control for this source of error is to: 1. provide initial and refresher observer training 2. increase observer awareness of the influence of their background 3. have an observer spend time with the children before direct observation 4. ask the children to ignore the presence of the observer

3. have an observer spend time with the children before direct observation

A physical therapist assistant attempts to identify a patient's risk factors for coronary artery disease as part of a health screening. The patient's heart rate is recorded as 78 beats per minute and blood pressure as 110/70 mm Hg. A recent laboratory report indicates a total cholesterol level of 170 mg/dL with high-density lipoproteins reported as 20 mg/dL and low-density lipoproteins as 100 mg/dL. Which of the following values would be considered atypical? 1. heart rate 2. blood pressure 3. high-density lipoproteins (HDL) 4. low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

3. high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

A physical therapist assistant performs crutch training with a patient following total hip arthroplasty. The patient has orders for partial weight bearing. Which of the following gait patterns would be the MOST appropriate? 1. four-point gait 2. two-point gait 3. three-point gait 4. swing-to gait

3. three-point gait

A physical therapist assistant attempts to assess the extent of ataxia in a patient's upper extremities. The preferred method to assess and document ataxia is through a: 1. manual muscle test 2. sensory test for light touch 3. functional assessment of rolling in bed 4. finger to nose test

4. finger to nose test

At what age should an infant begin to sit with hand support for an extended period of time?

6-7 months

THE STANCE /SWING PHASES OF THE GAIT CYCLE REPRESENTS WHAT _____________PERCENTAGES OF THE GAIT CYCLE

60% STANCE 40% SWING

The Cervical spine consists of how many vertebrae? the rest of the spine?

7 Vertebrae 12 thoracic spine 5 Lumbar

THE FOCUS OF TREATING THIS PATHOLOGY INCLUDE RICE NSAIDS, HEEL LIFTS AND CROSS TRAINING, HEEL CORD STRETCHING, AND STRENGTHENING OF THE GASTROCS AND SOLEUS

ACHILLES TENDONITIS

___________ Runs from the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the medial apsect of the lateral femoral condyle in the intercondylar notch. This prevents anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur

ACL

THE FOCUS OF TREATING THIS PATHOLOGY IS INCREASING ROM WITH GLENOHUMERAL MOBILIZATION, ROM EXERCISES, AND MODALITIES. OVER STRETCHING AND ELEVATING PAIN CAN RESULT IN FURTHER LOSS OF MOTION

ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS

MUSCLE USED IN: SHOULDER FLEXION

ANTERIOR DELT, CORACOBRACHIALIS, PEC MAJOR, BICEPS BRACHII

AN ACL SPRAIN CAN BE IDENTIFIED WHY WHAT TESTS (3)?

ANTERIOR DRAWER, LACHMAN, AND LATERAL PIVOT SHIFT?

_____________________is stiffness or fixation of a joint by disease or surgery.

Ankylosis

_________May be injured through non contact twisting injury acssociated with hyperextension and varus or valgus stress to the knee. other mechanisms for ________damage include the tibia being driven anteriorly on the femur, the femur being driven posteriorly on the tibia or severe knee hyperextension.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( ACL )

this is a sprain injury common cause occurs in hyperflexion, rapid deceleration, hyperextendsion or landing in an unbalanced position approximately 2/3rds of complete tear of this ligament of the knee is associated with a meniscal tear

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Sprain- Grade 3

___________________________ is capsular in nature and function. it stretches from the radial collateral ligament and attaches above upper edge of the coronoid fossa. extending to jus below the coronoid process

Anterior Ligament

_____________________________IS GRAY MATTER LOCATED DEEP WITHIN WHITE MATTER OF THE CEREBRUM AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT, REGULATION OF AUTONOMIC MOVEMENT, POSTURE, MUSCLE TOME, AND CONTROL OF MOTOR RESPONSES.

BASAL GANGLIA

A physical therapist assistant prepares to apply a sterile dressing to a wound after debridement. The physical therapist assistant begins the process by drying the wound using a towel. The physical therapist assistant applies medication to the wound using a gauze pad and then applies a series of dressings that are secured using a bandage. Which step would NOT warrant the use of sterile technique?

Bandage

List all muscles activated in knee flexion:

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, sartorious, semimembranosus

A patient diagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome works on weight shifting activities while standing in the parallel bars. The PRIMARY objective of this activity is to improve:

CONTROLLED MOBILITY

The physical therapist assistant indicates that the upper facets move bilaterally up and forward on the lower facets. This type of movement is characteristic of:

Cervical Flexion

Discomfort or tiredness in the legs that occurs during walking and is relieved by rest

Claudication

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Which of the following clinical findings would the physical therapist assistant expect to identify?

Cogwheel Rigidity

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient with a limited straight leg raise of 40 degrees due to inadequate hamstrings length. Which proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique would be the MOST appropriate to increase the patient's hamstrings length?

Contract Relax

A patient diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis exhibits a forward stooped posture. As part of the patient's established plan of care the physical therapist assistant implements a number of active exercises that promote improved posture. Which proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern would be the MOST appropriate to achieve the established objective?

D2 flexion

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient who has experienced a lengthy hospitalization. Which cardiovascular system change is LEAST likely with prolonged bed rest?

DECREASED MAX HEART RATE

_________caused by the weakening of joints that allows for forward slippage of one vertebral segment on the one below due to degenerative changes. -most common site of ______________ is the l4-l5 levels -william's flexion exercises may be indicated to strengthen the abdominals and reduce lumbar lordosis

Degenerative spondylolisthesis for #1 & #2

A physical therapist assistant transports a patient in a wheelchair to the parallel bars in preparation for ambulation activities. The patient is status post abdominal surgery and has not ambulated in over two weeks. The MOST appropriate action to facilitate ambulation is:

Demonstrate ambulation in // pars

for this disease insulin is functionally absent due to the desruction of the beta cells of the pancreas: where the insulin would normally be produced -starts in children ages 4 yoa or older, with the peak incidence of onset coiniciding with early adolescence and puberty -common symptoms include polyuria,polydispia, polyphagia, nausea, weight loss, fatique, blurred vision, and dehydration.

Diabetes Mellitus ( Type 1 )

A patient two days status post arthrotomy of the knee completes a quadriceps setting exercise while lying supine on a mat table. During the exercise the patient begins to experience severe pain. The MOST appropriate action is:

Discontinue exercise

Frontal plane or Coronal

Divides body into anterior and posterior sections. Motions in the plane such as abduction and adduction occur around an anterior posterior axis

Syndesmosis

E, g, Tibia and fibula with interosseous membrane Bone connected to bone by a dens fibrous membrane or cord very little motion

Symphysis? E.g? 4 components?

E.G. pubic symphysis 1. generally located at the midline of the body 2. Two bones covered with hyaline cartilage 3. two bones connected by fibrocartilage 4. slight motion

AN INCREASED VOLUME OF FLUID WITHIN A JOINT CAPSULE

EFFUSION

A physical therapist assistant observes a patient standing in a pool immersed in water to the level of the neck performing a number of upper extremity exercises. Which active movement would be MOST resisted by buoyancy with the patient starting with the arm positioned at the side and the elbow in 90 degrees of flexion?

Elbow extension

A patient suffers a chemical burn on the cubital area of the elbow. Which position would be the MOST appropriate for splinting of the involved upper extremity?

Elbow extension and forearm supination

A physical therapist assistant orders a wheelchair with a reclining back for a patient in a rehabilitation hospital. Which type of legrests would be the MOST appropriate for the wheelchair?

Elevating

is a disease characterized by dilation of the alveolar spaces and destruction of the alveolar walls. With their loss, much of the elastic recoil of the lung is also lost. Causes increased lung capacity

Emphysema

RADIOHUMERAL JOINT: OSTEOKINEMATIC MOTIONS: LOOSE PACKED POSITION: CLOSE PACK POSITION: CAPSULAR PATTERN:

FLEXION, EXTENSION, PRONATION, SUPINATION FULL EXTENSION, SUPINATION 90 DEG FLEXION/5 DEG SUPINATION FLEXION, EXTENSION, SUPINATION, PRONATION

HOW IS STEP LENGTH MEASURED

FROM RIGHT HEEL STRIKE TO LEFT HEEL STRIKE

HOW IS STRIDE LENGTH MEASURED

FROM RIGHT HEEL STRIKE TO THE FOLLOWING RIGHT HEEL STRIKE

IMPAIRMENTS OF THIS LOBE INCLUDE: CONTRALATERAL WEAKNESS PRESERVATION INATTENTION PERSONALITY CHANGES IMPAIRED CONCENTRATION BROCAS APHASIA DELAYED OR POOR INITIATION EMITIONAL LABILITY

FRONTAL

-nonarticular rheumatic condition wiht pain caused by tender point within muscles tendons and ligamanets -greater incidienc in females almost 75% of cases widespread historty of pain that exists in all four quadrants of the body above and below waste axial pain is present and there is a pain in at least 11 of 18 standardized tender point sites.

Fibromyalgia syndrome

Common Later stage symptoms of Lymphadema is

Fibrotic changes of the dermis

Assuming a normal end-feel, which of the following classifications would be MOST consistent with hip extension?

Firm End Feel

Common joint receptors include what?

Free nerve endings, Gogli Ligament endings, Gogli Mazzoni corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and ruffini endings

Burn causes immediate cellular and tissue death and subsequent cascular destruction -Eschar forms from necrotic cells and creates a dry and hard layer that requires debridement. -absent sensation and pain due to desctruction of free nerve endings, houwever there may be pain from adjacent areas that experience partial thickness burn

Full thickness Burn

A CONDITION WHERE KNEES TOUCH WHILE STANDING WITH FEET TOGETHER

GENU VALGUM

A CONDITION WHERE THERE IS BOWING OF THE LEGS WITH ADDED SPACE BETWEEN THE KNEES WHILE STANDING WITH FEET TOGETHER

GENU VARUM

THE FOCUS OF TREATING THIS PATHOLOGY INCLUDE: INITIAL IMMOBILIZATION 3-6 WEEKS RICE, NSAIDS, WITH PROGRESSION TO ROM AND ISOMETRIC STRENGTHENING, FOLLOWED BY PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE EXERCISES

GLENOHUMERAL INSTABILITY

__________________________IS EXCESSIVE TRANSLATION OF THE NUMERAL HEAD ON THE GLENOID DIRING ACTIVE ROTATION.

GLENOHUMERAL INSTABILITY

A SPRAIN THAT PRODUCES MILD PAIN AND SWELLING, LITTLE TO NO TEAR OF LIGAMENT.

GRADE I SPRAIN

A SPRAIN THAT PRODUCES MODERATE PAIN AND SWELLING, MINIMAL INSTABILITY OF THE JOINT, AND MINIMAL TO MODERATE TEARING OF THE LIGAMENT AND DECREASED ROM

GRADE II SPRAIN

A SPRAIN THE PRODUCES SEVERE PAIN AND SWELLING, SUBSTANTIAL JOINT INSTABILITY, TOTAL TEAR OF THE LIGAMENT AND SUBSTANTIAL DECREASE IN ROM.

GRADE III SPRAIN

A physical therapist assistant reviews the parameters of several pain modulation theories using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). When comparing sensory stimulation to motor stimulation, sensory stimulation requires:

Greater frequency

A physical therapist assistant prepares to treat a patient diagnosed with impingement syndrome with iontophoresis. The physical therapist assistant applies iontophoresis directly over the insertion of the supraspinatus muscle. What bony landmark BEST corresponds to this site?

Greater tubercle

The physical therapist assistant applies iontophoresis directly over the insertion of the supraspinatus muscle. What bony landmark BEST corresponds to this site?

Greater tubercle

Primary risk factors for contracting this include unprotected sexual relations, intravenous drug use or mother to fetus transmisison -Patients may actully be symptom free for one to two years post infection or may exhitit flu like symptoms including rash and fever leading cause of death for pts with this is kidney failure secondary to the extended drug therapies

Human Immunodeficiency virus ( HIV)

What are the Three Bones of the Elbow? & Characteristics

Humerus Radius and Ulna , the Articulations are as follow: Raiohumeral, ulnohumeral, proximal raioulnar this is enclosed in a single capsule. classified as a hinge joint by Ulna and humerus articulation

___________________IS CAUSED BY THE HUMERAL HEAD AND ROTATOR CUFF ATTACHMENTS MIGRATING PROXIMALLY AND BECOMING IMPINGED ON THE UNDERSURFACE OF THE ACROMION.

IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME

A physical therapist assistant implements an aquatic program for a patient rehabilitating from a lower extremity injury. The program requires the patient to run in place using a flotation device while tethered to the side of the pool using an elastic cord. Which action would be the MOST appropriate to increase resistance?

Increase speed of movement

A physical therapist assistant would like to minimize the likelihood of a burn when using iontophoresis. Which action would be the MOST consistent with the physical therapist assistant's objective?

Increase the size of the cathode relative to the anode

________Runs from slightly above the mediial femoral epicondyle to the medial aspect of the shaft of the tibia. The deep capsular fibers are attached to the medial meniscus...this prevents excessive valgus displacement of the tibia relative to the femur.

MCL

A physical therapist assistant measures a patient for a wheelchair. When measuring back height, which method is MOST accurate?

MEASURE TO AXILLA AND SUBTRACT 4 INCHES

____________________________IS A FIXED FOOT, TIBIAL ROTATIONAL INJURY ASSOCIATED WITH VALGUS FORCE AND EXTERNAL TIBIA ROTATION.

MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT SPRAIN

What is Closed pack position

Maximal stress on the joint full joint congruency and maximum ligament tightness

____________ May be injured with a pure valgus load at the knee without rotation. this type of injure is often sustained with contact activities susch as a lateral blow to the knee during a football game.

Medial Collateral ligament ( MCL )

____________ injury is characterized by partial tearing of the ligaments fibers resulting in joint laxity when the ligament is stretched -mechanism of injury is usually a blow to the outside of the knee joint causing excess force to the medial side of the joint causing excess force to the medial side fo the joint -return to previous functional level should occur within four to eight weeks folloing the injury if no toher associated structures are involved

Medial Collateral ligment sprain Grade 2

The medial and lateral _______ are firmly attached to the proximal surface of the tibia. The ______)))) are thick at the periphery and thinner at there internal unattached edges. they function to deepen articular surfaces of the tibia.

Menisci

__________________Occurs most frequently in the diabetic population and are often referred to as diabetic ulcers -at-risk areas include those that are routinely subjected to pressure during normal weight bearing, Atypical stresses due to structural changes or improper fitting foot wear -will typically heal by secondary intention with appropriate wound healing interventions and the absence of complications (e.gm infection, severe arterial insufficency)

Neuropathic ULCER

Loose packed position of radiocarpal joint?

Neutral with slight ulnar deviation

THIS LOBE'S FUNCTIONS INVOLVE: -MAIN PROCESSING CENTER FOR VISUAL INFORMATION -PROCESS VISUAL INFORMATION (COLORS/LIGHT/SHAPES) -JUDGES DISTANCE AND SEES IN 3 DIMENSIONS

OCCIPITAL LOBE

PHARMALOGICAL AGENTS USED IN TREATING MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS ARE?:

OPIODS, NON-OPIODS, GLUCOCORTICOID AGENTS, AND ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS

PHARMALOGICAL AGENTS(MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM) ACTION: PROVIDES ANALGESIA FOR ACUTE TO SEVERE PAIN MANAGEMENT. STIMULATES OPIOID RECEPTORS IN THE CNS TO PREVENT PAIN IMPULSES FROM REACHING DESTINATION. INDICATION: MODERATE TO SEVERE PAIN OF VARIOUS ORIGINS, CONCIOUS SEDATION SIDE EFFECTS: MOOD SWING, SEDATION, CONFUSION, VERTIGO, DULLED CONGNITIVE FUNCTION, ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION, PHYSICAL DEPENDENCY. PT IMPLICATIONS: MONITOR FOR RESPITORY DEPRESSION

OPIOID AGENTS GIVEN 2 HOURS PRIOR TO PAINFUL THERAPY OR TECHNIQUES. MORPHINE, OXYCODONE, CODEINE

____________________ IS A DEVICE THAT PROVIDES SUPPORT, STABALIZATION, IMPROVES FUNCTION, CORRECTS DEFORMITIES AND DISTRIBUTES PRESSURE FROM ONE AREA TO ANOTHER

ORTHOTIC

THE FOCUS OF TREATING THIS PATHOLOGY INCLUDE: CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT ON EDUCATION ICE, FLEXIBILITY, AND ELIMINATING ACTIVITIES THAT PLACE STRAIN ON THE PATELLA TENDON (SQUATTING, RUNNING OR JUMPING)

OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE

THE FOCUS OF TREATING THIS PATHOLOGY INCLUDE: BEGINING AT BIRTH, CAREGIVER EDUCATION ON PROPER HANDLING AND FACILITATION OF MOVEMENT. PT WILL FOCUS ON AROM WITH EMPHASIS ON SYMMETRICAL MOVEMENTS, POSITIONING, FUNCTIONAL MOBILITY, FRACTURE MANAGEMENT AND USE OF ORTHOTICS

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

__________________________IS IS A GENETIC INHERITANCE WHICH RESULT IN PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES, OSTEOPOROSIS, HYPERMOBILE JOINTS, BOWING OF LONG BONES WEAKNESS, SCOLIOSIS, AND IMPAIRED RESPIRATORY FUNCTION.

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

This type of conditioning can be described as a process that attempts to modify behavior through the use of positive and negative reinforcement.

Operant Conditioning

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient with superficial partial-thickness burns on the anterior surface of his lower legs. In an attempt to assist the patient to control the pain associated with the burns, the physical therapist assistant rewards the patient with a lengthy rest period after successfully completing an exercise sequence. This type of psychological approach is MOST representative of:

Operant conditioning

A physical therapist assistant monitors a 29-year-old male with a C6 spinal cord injury positioned on a tilt table. After elevating the tilt table to 30 degrees, the patient begins to complain of nausea and dizziness. The patient's blood pressure is measured as 70/35 mm Hg. The patient's signs and symptoms are MOST indicative of:

Orthostatic hypotension

_________________________is an age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and density and resulting in brittle bones that are more likely to fracture

Osteoporosis

A physical therapist assistant reads in the medical record that a patient exhibits asthenia. Which test would be the MOST useful to identify the presence of this condition?

Perform manual muscle test

____________ is characterized by narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels causing a reduction in circulation usually secondary to atherosclerosis. -risk factors include phlebitis, injury or surgery, autoimmune disease, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hyperlipidemia, inactivity, hypertension, positive family history, increased age , and obesity -Patient education is paramount regarding the disease process, limb protecting, foot and skin care and risk factor reduction. ( smoking cessation, avoid cold exposure.)

Peripheral vascular disease

___________is a Chronic overuse condition that develops secondary to repetive stretching of the plantar fascia through excessive foot pronation during the loading phase of gait -characterized by severe pain in the heel when first standing up in the morning ( when the facia is contracted,stiff, and cold) -intervention consists of ice massage, deep friction massage, heel insert, orthotic prescription, activity modification, and gentle stretching program of the achilles tendon and plantar fascia.

Plantar Fasciitis

As part of the treatment program, the physical therapist assistant uses ultrasound over the peroneus longus and brevis tendons. The MOST appropriate location for ultrasound application is:

Posterior to Lateral Malleolus

A physical therapist assistant works with a 26-year-old female whose subjective complaints include morning stiffness of her hands and visible swelling. The patient indicates that the stiffness seems to diminish with activity. This description BEST describes:

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

MUSCLE USED IN: SCAPULAR DOWNWARD ROTATION

RHOMBOIDS, LEVATOR SCAP, PEC MINOR

RULE OF NINE FOR BURNS

Which upper extremity joint is characterized by osteokinematic motion and arthrokinematic glide occurring in the same direction?

Radiohumeral Joint

disease causes some areas of your body — such as your fingers and toes — to feel numb and cold in response to cold temperatures or stress. In this disease smaller arteries that supply blood to your skin narrow, limiting blood circulation to affected areas (vasospasm).

Raynauds Disease

List all muscles activated in knee extension:

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis

A physical therapist assistant attempts to improve a patient's lower extremity strength. Which proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique would be the MOST appropriate to achieve the established goal?

Repeated Contractions

______________ is a classification of a disorders caused by a pulmonary or extrapulmonary restriction that produces impairment in lung expansion and an abnormal reduction in pulmonary ventilation. -pulmonary restricion of the lungs can be caused by tumor interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, scarring within the lungs, pleural effusion, chest wall stiffness, structural abnormality and respiratory muscle weakness -Pathogenesis includes a decrease in lung and chest wall compliance , decrease in lung volumes and an increase i nthe work of breathing.

Restrictive lung disease

A physical therapist assistant working on a pulmonary rehabilitation unit works with a patient on therapeutic positioning. The patient has experienced a lengthy inpatient hospitalization and was only recently referred to physical therapy. The patient has significant weakness of the diaphragm and is hypertensive. The MOST appropriate patient position to initiate treatment is:

Reverse Trendelenburg position

A physical therapist assistant prepares to assess a patient's triceps using a reflex hammer. The MOST appropriate positioning of the patient's arm during the testing procedure is:

SCOREBUILDERS CUSTOM TEST #14

A physical therapist assistant attempts to educate a patient by using their hands to demonstrate facet movement in the cervical spine. The physical therapist assistant indicates that the upper facets move bilaterally up and forward on the lower facets. This type of movement is characteristic of:

SCOREBUILDERS CUSTOM TEST #18

A physical therapist assistant observes an electrocardiogram of a patient on beta-blockers. Which of the following electrocardiogram changes could be facilitated by beta-blockers?

SINUS BRADYCARDIA

GRADE I AND IV JOINT MOBS ARE CONSIDERED (LARGE OR SMALL) AMPLITUDE MOVEMENTS

SMALL

COMPONENTS OF A UPPER EXTREMITY PROSTHESIS

SOCKET SUSPENSION ELBOW UNIT WRIST UNIT TERMINAL DEVICE

COMPONENTS OF A LOWER EXTREMITY PROSTHESIS

SOCKET, SUSPENSION, KNEE, SHANK, AND FOOT

_________________ is when the sciatic nerve experiences an inflammatory response and subsequent damage secondary to compression from the herniated disk -sciatica is characterized by low back and gluteal pain that typically radiates down the back of the thigh along the sciatic nerve distribution -pain will increase in a sitting posiition or when lifting forward bending or twisting

Sciatica secondary to a herniated disk

The upper extremity consists of what?

Shoulder elbow and wrist The shoulder complex is formed by the glenohumeral joint, sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, and scapulothoracic articulations the elbow joint is formed by the radiohumeral joint , ulnohumeral joint, and proximal radioulnar joint the wrist complex is formed by the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints

be the result of many things including good physical fitness, medications, and some forms of heart block, Refers to low heart rate first word : is the hearts natural pace maker

Sinus BradyCardia

A patient with a T3 spinal cord injury exercising on a treatment table in supine begins to exhibit signs and symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia including a dramatic increase in blood pressure. The MOST immediate action to address the patient's blood pressure response is to:

Sit the patient upright

A physical therapist assistant instructs a 55-year-old patient with significant bilateral lower extremity paresis to transfer from a wheelchair to a mat table. The patient has normal upper extremity strength and has no other known medical problems. The MOST appropriate transfer technique is a:

Sliding board transfer

_____________occurs when a developing baby's spinal cord fails to develop or close properly while in the womb.

Spinal Bifida or myelomeningocele

A 35-year-old male diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis is referred to physical therapy for instruction in a home exercise program. Which general treatment objective would be the MOST beneficial for the patient?

Strengthen back extensors

An eleven-month-old child with cerebral palsy attempts to maintain a quadruped position. Which reflex would interfere with this activity if it was NOT integrated?

Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex

_______________________IS A HIGH STEPPING ATAXIC GAIT IN WHICH THE FEET SLAP THE GROUND

TABETIC GAIT

THIS LOBE'S FUNCTIONS INVOLVE: -PRIMARY AUDITORY PROCESSING AND OLFACTION -WERNICKES AREA (COMPREHENSION OR UNDERSTANDING OR WRITTEN AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE) -REAR OF THIS LOBE ENABLES INTERPRETATION OF OTHER PEOPLES EMOTIONS AND REACTIONS

TEMPORAL LOBE

MUSCLE USED IN: SHOULDER LATERAL ROTATION

TERES MINOR, INFRASPINATUS, POST. DELT

A physical therapist assistant completing a balance assessment positions a patient in standing prior to administering the Romberg test. When administering the Romberg test it would be MOST important for the physical therapist assistant to determine:

THE AMOUNT OF SWAY PRESENT DURING TEST

MUSCLE USED IN: SCAPULAR RETRACTION

TRAPS AND RHOMBOIDS

A physical therapist assistant positions a patient in supine prior to performing a manual muscle test of the supinator. To isolate the supinator and minimize the action of the biceps, the physical therapist assistant should position the patient's elbow in:

Terminal Elbow Flexion

A physical therapist assistant observes that a patient's ankle pain tends to be exaggerated during weight bearing activities when the ankle is maximally dorsiflexed. Which component of the gait cycle would likely exacerbate the patient's ankle pain

Terminal Stance

Manual muscle testing is what?

Testing greades range from zero (0/5) to normal (5/5) based o nthe ability to move a body segment through range with and without varying levels resistance.

Transverse Plane

The Transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower sections. Motions in this plane are medial and lateral rotation which occur around a vertical axis.

physical therapist assistant performs autolytic debridement in an attempt to remove nonviable tissue from a stage IV pressure ulcer. Autolytic debridement removes necrotic tissue by using:

The bodys own mechanism

Open chain activities involve what?

The distal segment moving freely in space while closed chain activities involve body moving over a fixed distal segment

A physical therapist assistant attempts to determine if a patient with known heart disease is an appropriate candidate for an exercise program. Which scenario would MOST likely exclude the patient from participating?

The patient has ventricular arrhythmias at rest.

A physical therapist assistant performs pulmonary function testing on an otherwise healthy 80-year-old male status post humeral fracture. Which pulmonary value would the physical therapist assistant expect to remain MOST stable over the patient's lifespan?

Tidal Volume

A physical therapist assistant conducts a sensory assessment on numerous areas of a patient's face. The cranial nerve MOST likely assessed using this type of testing procedure is:

Trigeminal Nerve

End feels refers to what ?

Type of resistance felt when passively moving a joint through the end range of motion. an end feel classified as firm, hard, or soft can be normal or abnormal depending on the joint while an end feel classified as empty refers to pain is always abnormal.

MUSCLE USED IN: SCAPULAR ELEVATION

UPPER TRAP, LEVATOR SCAPULAE

The patient has progressed well in therapy, however, has been bothered by diplopia. Which treatment strategy would be the MOST appropriate to address diplopia?

Use an eyepatch over one of the eyes

_________________________IS A GAIT PATTERN WHERE THE SWING LEG ADVANCES THROUGH WITH A COMBINATION OF ELEVATION OF THE PELVIS AND PLANTAR FLEX ION OF THE STANCE LEG

VAULTING

An 18-year-old male sustained a patella fracture in a motor vehicle accident. The patient's knee is maintained in extension using a straight leg knee immobilizer. Which gait deviation would be MOST likely when using this type of immobilizer?

Vaulting

A physical therapist assistant instructs a patient to make a fist. The patient can make a fist, but is unable to flex the distal phalanx of the ring finger. This clinical finding can BEST be explained by:

a ruptured flexor digitorum profundus tendon

what is Capsular Pattern?

a series of limitations of joint movement when the joint capsule is a limiting structure. An example is the range in glenohumeral joints, from flexion as the least limited movement to external rotation as the most limited movement

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient diagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Which of the following signs or symptoms is NOT typically associated with this condition?

absent sensation

Occurs more in women 40-70 yoa arthrogram of the shoulder can assist with diagnosis by detecting decreased volume of fluid within the joint capsule range of motion restriction typically in a capsular pattern (lateral rotation, abduction, medial rotation

adhesive capsulitis

A physical therapist assistant discusses pain management for a patient following total hip arthroplasty with the patient's nurse. Which objective finding would make the use of patient controlled analgesia MOST unrealistic?

altered cognitive status

Decribe type 2 muscle fibers and function?

anaerobic white, phasic, fast twitch, and fast-glycolytic

A physical therapist assistant reviews the medical record of a patient diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The medical record indicates that the patient's current condition is consistent with chronic respiratory acidosis. Which testing procedure was likely used to identify this condition?

arterial blood gas analysis

A physical therapist assistant completing a lower quarter screening attempts to palpate the tendon of the tibialis anterior. The MOST appropriate action to facilitate palpation is:

ask the patient to actively move the foot into dorsiflexion and inversion

DEFINITION

asthenia

Pt's with _______________ suffer from disturbance of balance and coordination

ataxia

A 13-year-old female diagnosed with cerebral palsy is referred to physical therapy. The patient exhibits slow, involuntary, continuous writhing movements of the upper and lower extremities. This type of motor disturbance is MOST representative of:

athetosis

is the occurrence of involuntary movements in a combination of chorea (irregular migrating contractions) and athetosis (twisting and writhing). It is caused by many different diseases and agents. related to Parkinson disease

choreoathetosis

A physical therapist assistant using an electrical stimulation device attempts to quantify several characteristics of a monophasic waveform. When measuring phase charge, the standard unit of measure is the:

coloumb

A patient rehabilitating from a spinal cord injury informs a physical therapist assistant that he will walk again. Which type of injury would make functional ambulation the MOST unrealistic?

complete T9 paraplegia

A physical therapist assistant employed in an acute care hospital observes that a patient appears to have recently gained weight. Which medical condition would MOST likely be associated with this type of scenario?

congestive heart failure

A physical therapist assistant reviews the medical record of a patient rehabilitating from a stroke. The patient exhibits paralysis and numbness on the side of the body contralateral to the vascular accident. Which descending pathway is MOST likely damaged based on the patient's clinical presentation?

corticospinal tract

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient with end-stage renal disease for general deconditioning. Which other symptoms would this patient MOST likely demonstrate?

decreased urine output and anemia

Resuslt from a long history of chronic bronchitis, recurrent alveolar inflammation or from genectic predisposition of a congfenital alpha 1-antitrypsin defiency -clinical presentation may include barrel chest appearance, increased subcostal angle rounded shoulders secondary to tight pectorals, and rosy skin coloring -symptoms of emphysema worsent with the progression of the disease and include a persistent cough, wheezing , difficulty breathing especially with expiration and an increased respiration rate.

emphysema

close packed position of radiocarpal joint?

extension with readial deviation

A 29-year-old male diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis reports progressive stiffening of the spine and associated pain for more than five years. The patient's MOST typical standing posture demonstrates:

flattened lumbar curve, exaggerated thoracic curve

Capsular pattern of radiocarpal joint

flexion and extension equally limited

Radiocarpal Osteokinematic motions?

flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation

A physical therapist assistant is treating a patient with a head injury who begins to perseverate. In order to refocus the patient and achieve the desired therapeutic outcome, the physical therapist assistant should:

guide the patient into an interesting new activity and reward successful completion of the task

Standard gait terminology includes?

heel strike, foot flat, midstance, heel off, toe off, acceleration, midswing and deceleration

____________is used to treat and prevent blood clots in the veins, arteries, or lung. It is also used before surgery to reduce the risk of blood clots.

heparin

Rancho los amigos gait terminology is?

initial contact, loading response, midstance, terminal stance, pre-swing, intitial swing, midswing, terminal swing

A patient informs a physical therapist assistant that she noticed a small lump on her right breast while dressing. The patient was referred to physical therapy with lateral epicondylitis and has no significant past medical history. The MOST appropriate action is:

instruct the patient to make an immediate appointment with her physician

A physical therapist assistant employed in an acute care hospital reviews the medical record of a patient diagnosed with congestive heart failure. The physical therapist assistant would like to implement a formal exercise program, but is concerned about the patient's exercise tolerance. Which condition is MOST responsible for the patient's limited exercise tolerance?

insufficient stroke volume during ventricular systole

A physical therapist assistant completes a series of resisted movements on a patient with a lower extremity injury. The patient denies pain initially, but complains of increasing pain after performing a number of repetitions. This scenario is MOST consistent with:

intermittent claudication

avulsion fracture

is an injury to the bone in a location where a tendon or ligament attaches to the bone.

A patient has weakness of the quadriceps secondary to a femoral nerve injury. When observing the patient's gait from heel strike to foot flat, the physical therapist assistant would MOST likely observe the patient compensate for their injury by:

leaning the trunk forward

A physical therapist assistant prepares to work with a patient diagnosed with a dorsal scapular nerve injury. Which muscles would you expect to be MOST affected by this condition?

levator scapulae, rhomboids

A patient rehabilitating from cardiac surgery is monitored using an arterial line. The PRIMARY purpose of an arterial line is to:

measure blood pressure

A physical therapist assistant reads a recent entry in a patient's medical record that indicates aspiration was performed in the elbow region. This scenario is MOST commonly associated with:

olecranon bursitis

A patient involved in a motor vehicle accident sustains a proximal fibula fracture. The fracture damaged the motor component of the common peroneal nerve. Ankle dorsiflexion and eversion are tested as 2/5. The MOST appropriate intervention to assist the patient with activities of daily living would be:

orthosis

A patient is referred to physical therapy with a diagnosis of left shoulder impingement. During the session, the physical therapist assistant begins to suspect a systemic cause for the patient's pain. Which of the following symptoms would BEST support this hypothesis?

pain remains unrelieved with rest

A 48-year-old female rehabilitating from a fractured femur asks questions about her expected functional level following rehabilitation. Assuming an uncomplicated recovery, the MOST accurate prediction of functional level would be based on the patient's:

previous functional level

A 32-year-old tennis player is referred to physical therapy after being diagnosed with median nerve entrapment. The patient's chief complaints include paresthesias in the hand and progressive weakness. Which muscle would MOST likely contribute to the entrapment?

pronator teres

A physical therapist assistant reviews the medical record of a patient 24 hours status post total hip arthroplasty. A recent entry in the medical record indicates that the patient was placed on anticoagulant medication. Which of the following laboratory values would be MOST affected based on the patient's current medication?

prothrombin time

A physical therapist assistant instructs a patient in pelvic floor muscle strengthening exercises. Which of the following explanations would be the MOST effective to assist the patient to perform a pelvic floor contraction?

pull your muscles upward and inward as if attempting to stop the flow of urine

A physical therapist assistant attempts to strengthen the lumbricals on a patient with a low metatarsal arch. Which exercise would be the MOST appropriate?

resisted flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joint

rheumatoid arthritis

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient diagnosed with chronic arterial disease. The patient exhibits cool skin, decreased sensitivity to temperature changes, and intermittent claudication with activity. The primary treatment goal is to increase the patient's ambulation distance. The MOST appropriate ambulation parameters to facilitate achievement of the goal are:

short duration, frequent intervals

A patient diagnosed with shoulder pain of unknown etiology is referred by his physician for magnetic resonance imaging. Results of the test reveal a partial tear of the infraspinatus muscle. Which muscle group would be the MOST seriously affected by the injury?

shoulder lateral rotators

A physical therapist assistant instructs a patient rehabilitating from thoracic surgery how to produce an effective cough. Which patient position would be the MOST appropriate to initiate treatment?

sitting

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient status post right cerebrovascular accident with resultant left hemiplegia for a colleague on vacation. A note left by the primary physical therapist indicates that the patient exhibits "pusher syndrome." When observing the patient's sitting posture, which of the following findings would be MOST likely?

sitting with increased lean to the left along with increased weight bearing through the left buttocks

A 13-year-old girl discusses the possibility of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with an orthopedic surgeon. The girl injured her knee while playing soccer and is concerned about the future impact of the injury on her athletic career. Which of the following factors would have the GREATEST influence on her candidacy for surgery?

skeletal maturity

A physical therapist assistant applies silver sulfadiazine to a wound on a patient's forearm after hydrotherapy treatment. What type of aseptic equipment is necessary when applying the topical agent?

sterile gloves

A physical therapist assistant observes a burn on the dorsal surface of a patient's arm. The wound area is mottled red with a number of blisters. The physical therapist assistant informs the patient that healing should take place in less than three weeks. This description is MOST indicative of a:

superficial partial-thickness burn

Infraspinatus is innervated by what nerve

suprascapular nerve

A physical therapist assistant monitors the blood pressure of a 28-year-old male during increasing levels of physical exertion. Assuming a normal physiologic response, which of the following BEST describes the patient's blood pressure response to dynamic exercise?

systolic pressure increases, diastolic pressure remains the same

A patient is limited in passive ankle dorsiflexion when the knee is extended, but is not limited when the knee is flexed. The MOST logical explanation is:

the gastrocnemius is responsible for the limitation

What is the Importance of Loose packed position?

the joint is characterized by minimal stress on the joint, minimal joint congruency, and maximum ligament laxity.

Define Distention?

the state of being distended, enlarged, swollen from internal pressure

Describe Type 1 Muscle fibers and the funciton?

they are aerobic, red, tonic, slow twitch, and slow oxidative

ATP- PC Sytem

this energy system is used for atp production during High intensity short duration exercise. Phosphocreatine decompeses and releases a large amount of energy to construct ATP

Cartilaginous joints or Amphiarthroses?

this has hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage that connects one bone to another: they are slightly movable

A physical therapist assistant reviews the results of pulmonary function testing on a 44-year-old female diagnosed with emphysema. Assuming the patient's testing was classified as unremarkable, which of the following lung volumes would MOST likely approximate 10% of the patient's total lung capacity?

tidal volume

what is Osteokinematic mean?

to name the movements that occur between bones at synovial joints around a Joint axis

A 52-year-old male being treated for low back pain indicates that he recently was diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Which symptom is MOST commonly associated with this condition?

urge to urinate frequently

Aerobic Metabolism

used predominantly during low intensity long duration exercise such as a marathon this system provides energy though oxidation of food: combination of fatty acids amino acids and glucose with oxygen releases energy that forms ATP

A physical therapist assistant discusses the plan of care for a 61-year-old male diagnosed with spinal stenosis with the referring physician. During the discussion the physician shows the physical therapist assistant a picture of the patient's spine obtained through computed tomography. What color would vertebrae appear when using this imaging technique?

white

A patient recently admitted to the hospital with an acute illness is referred to physical therapy. During a scheduled treatment session the patient asks what effect anemia will have on his ability to complete a formal exercise program. The MOST appropriate physical therapist assistant response is:

you may have a tendency to become fatigued

Suture?

Union of two bones by a ligament or membrane immovable joint eventual fusion is termed synostosis E,G: sagittal suture of the skull

Sagittal plane

This plane divides body into right and left sections. Motions in this plane such as flexion extension occur aorund a medial lateral axis

A patient with a suspected scaphoid fracture is referred to physical therapy. Which clinical sign is MOST indicative of a scaphoid fracture?

localized bony tenderness in the anatomic snuff box

_____________ is an increase in sympathetic activity causes a release of norepinephrine i nthe periphery and subsequent vasoconstricion of blood vessels resulting in pain and an increase in sensitivity to peripheral stimulation -patients experience intense burning and chronic pain in the affected extremity that eventually spreads in a proximal direction

reflex sympathetic dystrophy

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient with a fractured left hip. The patient is weight bearing as tolerated and uses a large base quad cane for gait activities. Correct use of the quad cane would include:

using the quad cane on the right with the longer legs positioned away from the patient

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient with suspected ulnar nerve palsy. Which finding is MOST consistent with this diagnosis?

wasting of the hypothenar eminence

Typically occurs within 1 to 2 inches above the tendinous insertion of calcaneus Incidience is greatest between 30 - 50 YOA without history of calf or heel pain patients will present with a positive thompson test, and be unable to stand on their toes

Achilles tendon Rupture

A physical therapist assistant assesses a patient's upper extremity deep tendon reflexes. The MOST appropriate location to elicit the brachioradialis reflex is the:

Styloid Process of the Radius

A burn covers an area approximately four inches by three inches and blanches with direct pressure. The MOST likely burn classification is:

Superficial/Partial thickness

__________ is abnormally rapid breathing.

Tachypnea

THIS RULE SPECIFIES THAT WHEN A CONCAVESURFACE IS MOVING ON A CONVEX SURFACE THE ROLL AND SLIDE OCCUR IN THE SAME DIRECTION

CONVEX CONCAVE RULE

THIS RULE SPECIFIES THAT WHEN A CONVEX SURFACE IS MOVING ON A CONCAVE SURFACE THE ROLL AND SLIDE OCCUR IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION

CONVEX CONCAVE RULE

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient diagnosed with left-sided heart failure on endurance activities. The patient is using a recumbent bicycle when they suddenly develop tachypnea and a cough that produces frothy sputum. What is the MOST appropriate immediate action of the physical therapist assistant?

Call 911

A physical therapist assistant measures a patient's shoulder complex medial rotation with the patient positioned in supine, the glenohumeral joint in 90 degrees of abduction, and the elbow in 90 degrees of flexion. The physical therapist assistant records the patient's shoulder medial rotation as 0 - 70 degrees and classifies the end-feel as firm. Which portion of the joint capsule is primarily responsible for the firm end-feel?

SCOREBUILDERS CUSTOM TEST #23

A physical therapist assistant observes the gait of a patient following a lateral ankle sprain. The patient walks without crutches, but it is evident that walking is extremely painful. Which description is MOST accurate when describing the unaffected extremity during walking? (SWING PHASE AND STEP LENGTH)

SCOREBUILDERS CUSTOM TEST #6

A physical therapist assistant completes a sensory assessment on a male patient rehabilitating from a peripheral nerve injury. As part of the assessment the physical therapist assistant attempts to quantify the patient's two-point discrimination at different locations on his right hand. The MOST appropriate instruction for the patient is:

SCOREBUILDERS CUSTOM TEST #7

MUSCLE USED IN: SCAPULAR PROTRACTION

SERRATUS ANTERIOR, PEC MINOR

A physical therapist assistant discusses the importance of a proper diet with a patient diagnosed with congestive heart failure. Which of the following substances would MOST likely be restricted in the patient's diet?

SODIUM

BICEPS TENDON PATHOLOGY CAN BE IDENTIFIED BY WHAT TESTS

SPEEDS AND YERGASONS TESTS

A physical therapist assistant applies passive overpressure to the spine of a patient referred to physical therapy with back pain. The patient reports back and leg symptoms with extension overpressure, however, he denies the presence of symptoms with flexion. This finding is MOST consistent with:

SPINAL STENOSIS

A physical therapist assistant assesses a patient's upper extremity deep tendon reflexes. The MOST appropriate location to elicit the brachioradialis reflex is the:

STYLOID PROCESS OF RADIUS

Synchondrosis- E.g.?

E.g. : sternum and true rib articulation 1. Hyaline cartilage 2. cartilage adjoins two ossifying centers of bone 3. provides stability during growth 4. May ossify to a synostosis once growth is completed 5. Slight motion

Gomphosis

E;G, Tooth in its socket Two Boney sufaces connect as a peg in a hole the teeth and corresponding sockets in the mandible/maxilla are the only gomphosis joints in the body the periodontal membrane is the fibrouse componenet of the joint

AN INCREASED VOLUME OF FLUID IN SOFT TISSUE THAT OCCURS OUTSIDE OF A JOINT CAPSULE

EDEMA

WHAT TESTS CAN IDENTIFY HIP TIGHTNESS (6)?

ELY TEST OBERS TEST PIRIFORMIS TEST THOMAS TEST TRIPOD SIGN 90/90 STRAIGHT LEG RAISE

EMPHYSEMA

A physical therapist assistant assesses the functional strength of a patient's hip extensors while observing the patient move from standing to sitting. What type of contraction occurs in the hip extensors during this activity?

Eccentric

A physical therapist assistant treats a 54-year-old male rehabilitating from a tibial plateau fracture. While completing a resistive exercise, the patient indicates that lifting weights often causes him to void small amounts of urine. The MOST appropriate action is:

Educate Pt on incontinence

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient diagnosed with congestive heart failure who presents with dyspnea during ambulation. The patient has an ejection fraction of less than 55 percent. Which of the following interventions would be the MOST appropriate?

Educate on energy conservation techniques

is the fraction of outbound blood pumped from the heart with each heartbeat. It is commonly measured by echocardiogram and serves as a general measure of a person's cardiac function. Normal is 55% - 70%

Ejection Fraction

A physical therapist assistant utilizes a manual assisted cough technique on a patient with a mid-thoracic spinal cord injury. When completing this technique with the patient in supine, the MOST appropriate location for the physical therapist assistant's hand placement is:

Epigastric area

What technique should the physical therapist assistant use to assess the patient's superficial reflexes?

Stroking the skin with a non cutting but pointed object

A physical therapist assistant observes a patient running on a treadmill at an intensity of approximately 75% of their estimated maximum oxygen consumption. What is the PRIMARY source for the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced during this activity?

carbohydrates

If the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) test is negative for airway obstruction in 99% of individuals without lung disease, then the measurement of FEV1 is: 1. sensitive 2. specific 3. reliable 4. valid

2. specific

Uniaxial Joint, Motions?

1 motion around a single axis in one plane of the body -Hinge ( ginglymus) elbow joint -Pivot (trochoid) atlantoaxial joint

A physical therapist assistant prepares a patient status post CVA with global aphasia for discharge from a rehabilitation hospital. The patient will be returning home with her husband and daughter. The MOST appropriate form of education to facilitate a safe discharge is to: 1. perform hands-on training sessions with the patient and family members 2. videotape the patient performing transfers and activities of daily living 3. provide written instructions on all activities of daily living and functional tasks 4. meet with family members to discuss the patient's present status and abilities

1. perform hands-on training sessions with the patient and family members

A patient with a compensated rearfoot varus deformity prepares to utilize a set of rigid orthoses. Which recommendation would be the MOST appropriate when wearing the orthoses the first day?

1-2 Hrs

Common etiologies contributing to ____________ include arrhythimia, pulmonary embolism, hypertension, vavular heart disease, myocarditis, unstable angina, renal failure, and severe anemia sef sided ______ is generally associated with signs of pulmonary venous congestion : ________ is associated with signs of systemic venous congestion diminished cardiac output causes compensatory changes including an increase in blood volume, cardiac filling pressure heart rate and cardiac muscle mass.

1. .Congestive Heart Failure 2. Heart Failure 3. Right sided heart failure

A physical therapist assistant prepares to administer iontophoresis over the anterior surface of a patient's knee. The physical therapist assistant would like to keep the current density low in order to avoid skin irritation. Which of the listed parameters would BEST accomplish the stated objective? 1. current amplitude of 4 mA; electrode with an area of 12 cm2 2. current amplitude of 4 mA; electrode with an area of 4 cm2 3. current amplitude of 3 mA; electrode with an area of 6 cm2 4. current amplitude of 3 mA; electrode with an area of 4 cm2

1. current amplitude of 4 mA; electrode with an area of 12 cm2

A physical therapist assistant obtains the past medical history of a patient recently referred to physical therapy after being diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis. Which medical condition is associated with an increased incidence of adhesive capsulitis? 1. diabetes mellitus 2. hemophilia 3. peripheral vascular disease 4. osteomalacia

1. diabetes mellitus

A physical therapist assistant reviews a laboratory report for a patient recently admitted to the hospital. The patient sustained burns over 25 percent of her body in a fire. Assuming the patient exhibits hypovolemia, which of the following laboratory values would be the MOST significantly affected? 1. hematocrit 2. erythrocyte sedimentation rate 3. oxygen saturation rate 4. prothrombin time

1. hematocrit

A physical therapist assistant implements an exercise program for a patient several weeks following cardiac transplantation. Which of the following would be the MOST essential to incorporate into the patient's exercise program based on the transplantation? 1. increased warm-up and cool down period 2. increased duration of training sessions 3. increased target heart rate range during exercise 4. increased monitoring of exercise intensity through heart rate

1. increased warm-up and cool down period

Phosphagen system represents most available source of ATP for muscle why?

1. it does not depend on a long series of chemical reactions 2. it does not depend on transporting the oxygen we breathe to the working muscles 3. both ATP and PC are stored directly within the contractile mechanisms of the muscle

A physical therapist assistant performs a chart review for a patient admitted to the hospital after sustaining an acute myocardial infarction. A recent note in the medical record indicates that the patient has experienced frequent arrhythmias. Which lab value abnormality would be MOST likely to contribute to the arrhythmias? 1. potassium 2. hemoglobin 3. hematocrit 4. platelet count

1. potassium

A physical therapist assistant reviews a patient's medical record prior to beginning a physical therapy session. The record indicates the patient was recently placed on amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant medication. The MOST common side effect associated with tricyclic antidepressants is: 1. sedation 2. dysarthria 3. seizures 4. blood pressure variability

1. sedation

A physical therapist assistant observes an electrocardiogram of a patient on beta-blockers. Which of the following electrocardiogram changes could be facilitated by beta-blockers? 1. sinus bradycardia 2. sinus tachycardia 3. premature ventricular contractions 4. ST segment sagging

1. sinus bradycardia

A physical therapist assistant attempts to assess the motor component of the axillary nerve by conducting a resistive test. Which muscle would be the MOST appropriate to utilize? 1. teres minor 2. teres major 3. subscapularis 4. supraspinatus

1. teres minor

A physical therapist assistant reviews the surface anatomy of the hand in preparation for a patient status post wrist arthrodesis. Which bony structure does NOT articulate with the lunate? 1. trapezium 2. radius 3. capitate 4. scaphoid

1. trapezium

A patient with muscle weakness and compromised balance uses a four-point gait pattern with two canes. The physical therapist assistant would like to instruct the patient to ascend and descend the stairs according to the normal flow of traffic. When ascending stairs the MOST practical method is to: 1. use the handrail with the right hand and place the two canes in the left hand 2. use the handrail with the left hand and place the two canes in the right hand 3. place one cane in each hand and avoid using the handrail 4. place the two canes in the left hand and avoid using the handrail

1. use the handrail with the right hand and place the two canes in the left hand

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient status post CVA. The physical therapist assistant plans activities that focus on hand-eye coordination, recognition of position in space, and general spatial relationships. The patient's deficits are likely:

1. visual-perceptual deficits due to right hemisphere damage

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient with suspected ulnar nerve palsy. Which finding is MOST consistent with this diagnosis? 1. wasting of the hypothenar eminence 2. wrist drop with increased flexion of the wrist 3. increased flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joint 4. proximal interphalangeal joint hyperextension and slight flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint

1. wasting of the hypothenar eminence

Joint Capsule- What are the Characteristics?

1.this arises from the glenoid fossa and the glenoid labrum to blend muscles of the rotator cuff. 2.the volume of the capsule is twice as large as the humeral head 3.the capsule is renforced by the glenohumeral ligaments and the coracohumeral ligament

A physical therapist assistant uses metabolic equivalents (METs) as a method to establish exercise intensity for a 36-year-old female. The patient is recreationally active and has no relevant past medical history. Which MET level would be MOST consistent with the patient's anticipated maximal aerobic capacity?

10 Mets

Normal Hemoglobin Levels for men and women

13.5gm/dl - men 12gm/dl - women

How long does the ATP PC system provide energy for muscle contraction?

15 seconds

A patient diagnosed with infrapatellar tendonitis completes a series of functional activities. After completing the activities the physical therapist assistant instructs the patient to use ice massage over the anterior surface of the knee. The MOST appropriate treatment time is: 1. 3-5 minutes 2. 5-10 minutes 3. 10-15 minutes 4. 15-20 minutes

2. 5-10 minutes

A patient diagnosed with C5 tetraplegia receives physical therapy services in a rehabilitation hospital. The patient has made good progress in therapy and is scheduled for discharge in one week. During a treatment session, the patient informs the physical therapist assistant that one day in the future he will walk again. The MOST appropriate response is: 1. Your level of injury makes walking unrealistic. 2. Future advances in spinal cord research may make your goal a reality. 3. You can have a rewarding life even if confined to a wheelchair. 4. Completing your exercises on a regular basis will help you to walk.

2. Future advances in spinal cord research may make your goal a reality.

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient diagnosed with an avulsion fracture of the left anterior superior iliac spine. The MOST likely scenario associated with this diagnosis is: 1. a 14-year-old soccer player who experienced a forceful contraction of the rectus femoris 2. a 13-year-old basketball player who experienced a forceful contraction of the sartorius 3. a 22-year-old sprinter who experienced a forceful contraction of the hamstrings 4. a 40-year-old hockey player who experienced a direct blow to the ilium

2. a 13-year-old basketball player who experienced a forceful contraction of the sartorius

A physical therapist assistant reviews a patient's medical history prior to administering intermittent compression. Which of the following conditions would be considered a contraindication to the use of this mechanical device? 1. venous stasis ulcer 2. acute pulmonary edema 3. intermittent claudication 4. lymphedema

2. acute pulmonary edema

A physical therapist assistant walks with a patient in an inpatient cardiac rehabilitation unit. The patient describes a sensation of lower extremity cramping and sensory changes after a distance of 50 feet. The pain subsides following a brief rest period. The physical therapist assistant hypothesizes that the patient's symptoms are consistent with pain from claudication. Which of the following tests would be the MOST appropriate to confirm the hypothesis? 1. venous Doppler ultrasonography 2. arterial Doppler ultrasonography 3. clinical electromyography 4. electrocardiogram

2. arterial Doppler ultrasonography

A physical therapist assistant employed in an outpatient orthopedic clinic works with a patient diagnosed with cerebral palsy. The physical therapist assistant has limited experience with cerebral palsy and is concerned about his ability to provide appropriate treatment. The MOST appropriate action is: 1. inform the patient of your area of expertise 2. co-treat the patient with the supervising physical therapist 3. treat the patient 4. refuse to treat the patient

2. co-treat the patient with the supervising physical therapist

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient three days following shoulder surgery. The patient complains of general malaise and reports a slightly elevated body temperature during the last twenty-four hours. The physical therapist assistant determines that the patient's shoulder is edematous and warm to the touch. A small amount of yellow fluid is observed seeping from the incision. The MOST appropriate action is: 1. send the patient to the emergency room 2. communicate the information to the referring physician 3. document the findings in the medical record 4. ask the patient to make an appointment with the referring physician

2. communicate the information to the referring physician

A physical therapist and a physical therapist assistant work as a team in an orthopedic private practice. Which activity would be inappropriate for the physical therapist assistant? 1. application of a superficial modality 2. completing a discharge summary 3. leading a group exercise program 4. performing an isokinetic test

2. completing a discharge summary

A physical therapist assistant employed in a busy outpatient orthopedic clinic attempts to determine a schedule for calibration and maintenance of an ultrasound unit. The MOST important factor for the physical therapist assistant to consider when determining an appropriate schedule is: 1. beam nonuniformity ratio 2. frequency of use 3. cost associated with calibration and maintenance 4. availability of qualified personnel to inspect the unit

2. frequency of use

A physical therapist assistant uses intermittent compression to treat a patient with an acute ankle sprain. The patient is positioned in supine with the leg elevated on a 40 degree wedge. The physical therapist assistant uses an inflation pressure of 50 mm Hg with an on:off time of 40 seconds on and 20 seconds off. The treatment time is scheduled for 20 minutes. After five minutes of treatment the patient reports some discomfort in the ankle. The MOST appropriate modification to the current treatment parameters would be: 1. increase the inflation pressure 2. increase the off time 3. increase the total treatment time 4. increase the elevation of the leg

2. increase the off time

A physical therapist assistant teaches a patient positioned in supine to posteriorly rotate her pelvis. The patient has full active and passive range of motion in the upper extremities, but is unable to achieve full shoulder flexion while maintaining a posterior pelvic tilt. Which of the following could BEST explain this finding? 1. capsular tightness 2. latissimus dorsi tightness 3. pectoralis minor tightness 4. quadratus lumborum tightness

2. latissimus dorsi tightness

A physical therapist assistant attempts to secure a wheelchair for a patient with an incomplete spinal cord injury. The patient is a 28-year-old female that is very active and relies on a wheelchair as her primary mode of transportation. Which type of wheelchair design would be the MOST appropriate for the patient? 1. standard chair with a rigid frame 2. lightweight chair with a rigid frame 3. standard chair with a folding frame 4. lightweight chair with a folding frame

2. lightweight chair with a rigid frame

A physical therapist assistant measures a patient for a wheelchair. When measuring back height, which method is MOST accurate? 1. measure from the seat of the chair to the base of the axilla and subtract two inches 2. measure from the seat of the chair to the base of the axilla and subtract four inches 3. measure from the seat of the chair to the acromion process and subtract two inches 4. measure from the seat of the chair to the acromion process and subtract four inches

2. measure from the seat of the chair to the base of the axilla and subtract four inches

A physical therapist assistant recommends that a patient engage in a prescribed exercise program five days per week. Based on the recommended frequency, the exercise program MOST likely consists of: 1. agility activities 2. moderate intensity aerobic activities 3. muscular strengthening activities 4. vigorous intensity aerobic activities

2. moderate intensity aerobic activities

2. posterior joint capsule

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient on wheelchair mobility. The patient has a history of cerebrovascular accident with right-sided hemiparesis. Which of the following wheelchair adaptations would be MOST beneficial for the patient to ensure safety during stand pivot transfers? 1. anti-tip tubes 2. pull-to wheel lock with brake extensions 3. elevating leg rests 4. removable full length armrests

2. pull-to wheel lock with brake extensions

. A physical therapist assistant instructs a patient rehabilitating from a low back injury in a series of five pelvic stabilization exercises. The patient indicates he understands the exercises, however, frequently becomes confused and is unable to perform them correctly. The MOST appropriate action is: 1. repeat the exercise instructions 2. reduce the number of exercises in the series 3. select a different treatment option 4. conclude the patient is not a candidate for physical therapy

2. reduce the number of exercises in the series

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient diagnosed with spinal stenosis. As part of the treatment program the patient lies prone on a treatment plinth with a hot pack draped over the low back. The MOST effective method to monitor the patient while using the hot pack is: 1. check on the patient at least every ten minutes 2. supply the patient with a bell to ring if the hot pack becomes too hot 3. instruct the patient to remove the hot pack if it becomes too hot 4. select an alternate superficial heating modality

2. supply the patient with a bell to ring if the hot pack becomes too hot

A physical therapist assistant prepares to select an assistive device for a patient rehabilitating from a lower extremity injury. Which of the following would be of LEAST importance when selecting an assistive device? 1. the patient's level of understanding 2. the patient's height and weight 3. the patient's upper and lower extremity strength 4. the patient's level of coordination

2. the patient's height and weight

A physical therapist assistant consults with a teacher regarding a child with autism who has impairments in sensory processing. Which piece of equipment would be the MOST useful to address the child's dyspraxia? 1. swing 2. weighted vest 3. sit and spin 4. rocking chair

2. weighted vest

A physical therapist assistant elects to use mechanical lumbar traction for a patient rehabilitating from a back injury. The therapeutic goals of the session include decreasing the patient's muscle spasm. The MOST appropriate force based on the stated objective would be: (% of BW)

25% of pt BW

A physical therapist assistant sets up a patient for mechanical traction to the lumbar spine. The treatment objective is to provide soft tissue stretch to surrounding muscles. Assuming the physical therapist assistant uses a force equivalent to 25% of the patient's body weight and the patient has tolerated treatment without difficulty on several other occasions, the MOST appropriate duration of treatment is: 1. 5 minutes 2. 10 minutes 3. 25 minutes 4. 40 minutes

3. 25 minutes

A patient in an acute care hospital has a catheter inserted into the internal jugular vein. The catheter travels through the superior vena cava and into the right atrium. The device permits removal of blood samples, administration of medication, and monitoring of central venous pressure. The device is BEST termed: 1. arterial line 2. central venous pressure catheter 3. Hickman catheter 4. Swan-Ganz catheter

3. Hickman catheter

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient with a degenerative central nervous system disorder. The pathology primarily consists of destruction of the motor neurons in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. The patient's MOST likely diagnosis is: 1. Parkinson's disease 2. Huntington's disease 3. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 4. multiple sclerosis

3. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A physician instructs a 26-year-old male to utilize a knee derotation brace for all athletic activities. Which condition would MOST warrant the use of the derotation brace? 1. medial meniscus repair 2. anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction 3. anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency 4. posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

3. anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency

A 16-year-old female accompanied by her mother receives exercise instructions. During the treatment session the mother makes several comments to her daughter that appear to be extremely upsetting and result in the daughter losing concentration. The MOST appropriate action is: 1. document the mother's comments in the medical record 2. ask the patient if her mother is verbally abusive 3. ask the mother to return to the waiting area 4. discontinue the treatment session

3. ask the mother to return to the waiting area

A patient begins to cry in the middle of a treatment session. The physical therapist assistant attempts to comfort the patient, however, eventually has to discontinue treatment. Which section of a S.O.A.P. note would be the MOST appropriate to document the incident? 1. subjective 2. objective 3. assessment 4. plan

3. assessment

A patient with complete C5 tetraplegia works on a forward raise for pressure relief. The patient utilizes loops that are attached to the back of the wheelchair to assist with the forward raise. Which muscles need to be particularly strong in order for the patient to be successful with the forward raise? 1. brachioradialis, brachialis 2. rhomboids, levator scapulae 3. biceps, deltoids 4. triceps, flexor digitorum profundus

3. biceps, deltoids

A male physical therapist assistant works with a female diagnosed with subacromial bursitis. During the physical therapy session, the physical therapist assistant asks the patient to change into a gown. The patient seems very uneasy about this suggestion, but finally agrees to use the gown. The MOST appropriate course of action would be to: 1. continue with treatment as planned 2. attempt to treat the patient without using the gown 3. bring a female staff member into the treatment room and continue with treatment 4. offer to transfer the patient to a female physical therapist assistant

3. bring a female staff member into the treatment room and continue with treatment

A physical therapist assistant attempts to confirm the fit of a wheelchair for a patient recently admitted to a skilled nursing facility. After completing the assessment, the physical therapist assistant determines the wheelchair has excessive seat width. Which adverse effect results from excessive seat width? 1. difficulty changing position within the wheelchair 2. insufficient trunk support 3. difficulty propelling the wheelchair 4. increased pressure to the distal posterior thighs

3. difficulty propelling the wheelchair

A physical therapist assistant instructs a patient rehabilitating from a rotator cuff repair in a home exercise program. The patient is a 27-year-old male who is illiterate. The MOST appropriate action to promote compliance with the exercise program is: 1. ask the patient to memorize the exercises 2. use short sentences consisting of simple words 3. draw pictures to describe the exercises 4. do not utilize a home exercise program

3. draw pictures to describe the exercises

A patient recently diagnosed with a deep venous thrombophlebitis is placed on heparin. The PRIMARY side effect associated with heparin is: 1. hypotension 2. depression 3. excessive anticoagulation 4. thrombocytopenia

3. excessive anticoagulation

A physical therapist assistant prepares to use phonophoresis as a component of a patient's plan of care, but is concerned about the potential of the ultrasound to exacerbate the patient's current inflammation. The MOST effective method to address the physical therapist assistant's concern is: 1. utilize ultrasound with a frequency of 1 MHz 2. limit treatment time to five minutes 3. incorporate a pulsed 20% duty cycle 4. select an ultrasound intensity less than 1.5 W/cm2

3. incorporate a pulsed 20% duty cycle

A physical therapist assistant assesses selected characteristics of a patient's peripheral pulse. Which medical condition would make this type of assessment MOST essential? 1. cor pulmonale 2. hypertension 3. intermittent claudication 4. pulmonary embolism

3. intermittent claudication

A patient eight days status post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a patellar tendon autograft is treated in physical therapy. Which of the following exercises would be the MOST appropriate based on the patient's post-operative status? 1. limited range isokinetics at 30 degrees per second 2. unilateral leg press 3. mini-squats in standing 4. active knee extension in short sitting

3. mini-squats in standing

A group of health care professionals participates in a family conference for a patient with a spinal cord injury. During the conference one of the participants summarizes the patient's progress with bathing and dressing activities. This type of information is typically conveyed by a/an: 1. nurse 2. physical therapist 3. occupational therapist 4. case manager

3. occupational therapist

A physical therapist assistant orders a wheelchair for a patient with C4 tetraplegia. Which wheelchair would be the MOST appropriate for the patient? 1. manual wheelchair with friction surface handrims 2. manual wheelchair with handrim projections 3. power wheelchair with sip and puff controls 4. power wheelchair with joystick controls

3. power wheelchair with sip and puff controls

A physical therapist assistant instructs a patient how to fall safely to the floor when using axillary crutches. Which of the following should be the FIRST to occur in the case of a forward fall? 1. reach towards the floor 2. turn the face towards one side 3. release the crutches 4. flex the trunk and head

3. release the crutches

A physical therapist assistant reads in the medical record that a patient with cardiovascular pathology is placed on a diuretic. Which type of laboratory test would be the MOST essential to monitor based on the patient's prescribed medication? 1. cardiac biomarkers 2. prothrombin time 3. serum electrolytes 4. serum cholesterol

3. serum electrolytes

A physical therapist assistant prepares a patient recovering from a total hip arthroplasty using a posterolateral surgical approach for discharge from the hospital. The patient is 65 years old and resides alone. Assuming an uncomplicated recovery, which of the following pieces of adaptive equipment would NOT be necessary for home use? 1. long handled shoehorn 2. raised toilet seat 3. sliding board 4. tub bench

3. sliding board

A patient informs a physical therapist assistant how frustrated she feels after being examined by her physician. The patient explains that she becomes so nervous, she cannot ask any questions during scheduled office visits. The MOST appropriate response is to: 1. offer to go with the patient to her next scheduled physician visit 2. offer to call the physician and ask any relevant questions 3. suggest that the patient write down questions for the physician and bring them with her to the next scheduled visit 4. tell the patient it is a very normal response to be nervous in the presence of a physician

3. suggest that the patient write down questions for the physician and bring them with her to the next scheduled visit

An employee with a disclosed disability informs her employer that she is unable to perform an essential function of her job unless her workstation is modified. Which of the following would provide the employer with a legitimate reason for NOT granting the employee's request? 1. the accommodation would cost hundreds of dollars 2. the accommodation would require an expansion of the employee's present workstation 3. the accommodation would fundamentally alter the operation of the business 4. the accommodation would not address the needs of other employees

3. the accommodation would fundamentally alter the operation of the business

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient who sustained a right lateral ankle sprain less than six hours ago. The physical therapist assistant contemplates the use of cold water immersion as a cryotherapeutic agent. What would be the PRIMARY limitation of this type of intervention? 1. decreased cell metabolism 2. excessive vasoconstriction of blood vessels 3. the involved extremity cannot be elevated 4. decreased nerve conduction velocity

3. the involved extremity cannot be elevated

35 mm Hg

A physical therapist assistant works with a nine-year-old child with cystic fibrosis. The age which BEST approximates the median age of survival for a patient with cystic fibrosis is:

35-years-old

4. 35 mm Hg

A physically active 19-year-old male receives pre-operative instruction prior to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The patient's past medical history includes a medial meniscectomy of the contralateral knee eight months ago. The MOST likely functional level of the patient following rehabilitation is: 1. able to participate in light recreational activities 2. able to participate in all recreational activities 3. able to return to recreational and competitive athletic activities with a derotation brace 4. able to return to previous functional level

4. able to return to previous functional level

A patient with acute back pain is given a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation unit to use at home. The physical therapist assistant provides detailed instructions on the care and use of the unit. Which of the following activities is NOT the responsibility of the patient? 1. modulate the current intensity 2. application of new electrodes 3. change the battery 4. alter the pulse rate and width

4. alter the pulse rate and width

The goals for a patient status post total knee arthroplasty include general conditioning and independent household mobility. Which component of the patient's treatment would be the MOST appropriate to delegate to a physical therapy aide? 1. stair training 2. progressive gait training with a straight cane 3. patient education regarding the surgical procedure 4. ambulation with a walker for endurance

4. ambulation with a walker for endurance

A physical therapist is responsible for supervising a physical therapist assistant at an off-site location. Which of the following would NOT necessitate a supervisory visit by the physical therapist? 1. a change in the patient's medical status 2. a modification in the patient's plan of care 3. a request by the physical therapist assistant 4. an alteration in the patient's level of motivation

4. an alteration in the patient's level of motivation

A patient in the physical therapy gym suddenly grasps his throat and begins to cough. The physical therapist assistant, recognizing the signs of an airway obstruction should: 1. attempt to ventilate 2. administer abdominal thrusts 3. perform a quick finger sweep of the mouth 4. continue to observe the patient, but do not interfere

4. continue to observe the patient, but do not interfere

A physical therapist assistant observes a patient's skin shortly after applying moist heat to the low back. The physical therapist assistant identifies several signs of heat intolerance including uneven blotching and a surface rash. The MOST appropriate action is to: 1. continue with the present treatment 2. select an alternate superficial heating agent 3. limit moist heat exposure to five minutes 4. discontinue the moist heat and document the findings

4. discontinue the moist heat and document the findings

A patient refuses physical therapy services after being transported to the gym. The physical therapist assistant explains the potential consequences of refusing treatment, however, the patient does not reconsider. The MOST appropriate initial action is: 1. treat the patient 2. convince the patient to have therapy 3. contact the referring physician 4. document the incident in the medical record

4. document the incident in the medical record

A physical therapist assistant completing daily documentation at a charting station is asked by a nurse to transfer a patient recently admitted to the intensive care unit. The MOST appropriate method to confirm the patient's identity prior to completing the transfer is: 1. contact the attending physician 2. check the patient's medical record 3. ask the patient their name 4. examine the patient's identification bracelet

4. examine the patient's identification bracelet

A physical therapist assistant inspects a patient's wheelchair and identifies that the wheel axle is aligned further posterior than it typically would be in a standard wheelchair. This type of alignment would likely result in: 1. decreased rolling resistance 2. increased ability to perform a "wheelie" 3. decreased turning radius 4. increased energy required for propulsion

4. increased energy required for propulsion

A physical therapist assistant treats a 26-year-old male with complete C6 tetraplegia. During treatment the patient makes a culturally insensitive remark that the physical therapist assistant feels is offensive. The MOST appropriate action is to: 1. document the incident in the medical record 2. transfer the patient to another therapist's schedule 3. recommend discharging the patient from physical therapy 4. inform the patient that the remark was offensive and continue with treatment

4. inform the patient that the remark was offensive and continue with treatment

A physical therapist assistant reads a recent entry in a patient's medical record that indicates aspiration was performed in the elbow region. This scenario is MOST commonly associated with: 1. dorsal ganglion cyst 2. lateral epicondylitis 3. medial epicondylitis 4. olecranon bursitis

4. olecranon bursitis

A physical therapist assistant attempts to obtain a history from a patient that recently immigrated to the United States. The patient does not speak English and seems to be intimidated by the hospital environment. The MOST appropriate action is to: 1. ask the patient to communicate in writing 2. ask another physical therapist assistant or physical therapist to obtain the history 3. move the patient to a private treatment room 4. request an interpreter

4. request an interpreter

A physical therapist assistant employed in an outpatient physical therapy clinic attempts to obtain informed consent from a 17-year-old male prior to initiating a formal exercise test. The patient signs the informed consent form, however, the patient's parents dropped him off at the clinic and are now unavailable to sign the form. The MOST appropriate action is: 1. complete the exercise test 2. secure another physical therapist assistant or physical therapist to witness the exercise test 3. contact the referring physician and request approval to complete the exercise test 4. reschedule the exercise test

4. reschedule the exercise test

A physical therapist assistant attempts to identify an appropriately sized wheelchair for a patient recently referred to a rehabilitation hospital. The physical therapist assistant determines that the patient's hip width in sitting and the measurement from the back of the buttocks to the popliteal space are each 16 inches. Given these measurements, which of the following wheelchair specifications would BEST fit this patient? 1. seat width 16 inches, seat depth 14 inches 2. seat width 18 inches, seat depth 18 inches 3. seat width 16 inches, seat depth 18 inches 4. seat width 18 inches, seat depth 14 inches

4. seat width 18 inches, seat depth 14 inches

A physical therapist assistant prepares to assist a patient with a sliding board transfer from a wheelchair to a mat table. Which of the following would be the MOST appropriate initial instruction to the patient? 1. place the sliding board under your buttocks 2. move your buttocks onto the mat table 3. complete a series of push-ups 4. secure the wheelchair brakes

4. secure the wheelchair brakes

A physical therapist assistant completes documentation using a S.O.A.P. note format. Which of the following would NOT be found in the objective section of a S.O.A.P. note? 1. measurement of pertinent changes in mental status 2. description of present treatment 3. vital sign measurements 4. short and long-term goals

4. short and long-term goals

A physical therapist assistant observes that a patient often exhibits toe drag during the swing phase of gait. Which objective finding would be LEAST likely to contribute to this gait deviation? 1. flaccidity of the dorsiflexors 2. inadequate dorsiflexion range of motion 3. weakness of the dorsiflexors 4. spasticity of the dorsiflexors

4. spasticity of the dorsiflexors

A physical therapist assistant performs a manual muscle test on a patient's shoulder medial rotators. Which muscle would NOT be involved in this specific test? 1. pectoralis major 2. teres major 3. latissimus dorsi 4. teres minor

4. teres minor

A physical therapist assistant instructs a patient to expire maximally after taking a maximal inspiration. The physical therapist assistant can use these instructions to measure the patient's: 1. expiratory reserve volume 2. inspiratory reserve volume 3. total lung capacity 4. vital capacity

4. vital capacity

A physical therapist assistant conducts an inservice on exercise guidelines for a group of senior citizens. As part of the inservice the physical therapist assistant discusses the benefits of improving cardiovascular status through a low intensity activity such as a walking program. What frequency of exercise would be the MOST desirable to achieve the stated objective?

5 days a week

MENISCAL PATHOLOGIES OF THE KNEE CAN BE IDENTIFIED BY WHAT TESTS (2)?

APLEY'S COMPRESSION TEST MCMURRAY TEST

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient status post stroke on a mat program. The physical therapist assistant assists the patient in lateral weight shifting activities while positioned in prone on elbows. Which therapeutic exercise technique would allow the patient to improve dynamic stability with this activity?

APPROXIMATION

What are the Body's 3 sources of adenonsine triphosphate (ATP) ?

ATP-PC: Phosphagen system Anaerobic GLycolysis ( Lactic Acid) System Aerobic ( Oxygen) System

COMMON TYPE OF FRACTURES

AVULSION FRACTURE FRACTURE CLOSED COMMINUTED FRACTURE (MANY FRAGMENTS) COMPOUND FRACTURE (BREAKS SKIN) GREENSTICK FRACTURE (1 SIDE BROKEN/1 SIDE BENT) NONUNION FRACTURE STRESS FRACTURE SPIRAL FRACTURE (ROTATING FRACTURE)

_________________________Supplies ATP during Low Intensity and long duration activities such as running a marathon amount of ATP production is greater but requires compilated chemical reactions

Aerobic System ( oxygen )

A recent entry in the medical record indicates a patient exhibits dysdiadochokinesia. Based on the patient's documented deficit, which activity would be the MOST difficult for the patient?

Alternating supination an pronation of forearms

This can be a Upper and Lower neuron involvement with weakness occurring in a distal to proximal progression course of diagnosis is 2 to 5 years with 20%-30% of pt surviving longer than five years

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Anaerobic Glycolysis?

An energy system which is a major supplier of ATP during High Intensity workouts, short duration activities such as sprinting. Stored glycogen is split into glucose and through glycolysis split again into pyruvic acid. this energy is released to form ATP. This process results in the formations of lactic acid which causes muscle fatigue

Kinesiology: What is Anatomical Position?

Anatomical position is an erect posture of the body with the face forward feet pointing forward and slightly apart, arms at the side and palms forward with fingers and thums in extension. this is a point of reference including for the cardinal planes and associated axes

Anaerobic Glycolysis vs ATP-PC systems

Anerobic is 50% slower than the phosphocreatine system. and can provide a person with 30 to 40 seconds of muscle contraction. this is because 1.it does not require the presence of oxygen 2. it only uses carbohydrates ( glycogen and glucose) 3. it releases enough energy for the resyntheses of only small amounts of ATP

this is a systemic condition characerized by inflammation of the spine and larger peripheral joints pts represent inittially recurrent and insidious onset of backpain, morning stiffness and impaired spinal extension

Ankylosing Spndylitis

Symptoms of this pathology typically appear in early adulthood and include reduced flexibility in the spine. This reduced flexibility eventually results in a hunched-forward posture. Pain in the back and joints is also common.

Ankylosing spondylitis

_________________________Consists of a band of fibers that surrounds the head of the radius, it allows the head of the radius to rotate and retain contact with the radial notch of the unla

Annular Ligament

A physical therapist assistant reviews a physical therapy examination which indicates diminished sensation in the L3 dermatome. The MOST appropriate location to confirm the finding is:

Anterior Thigh

Approximation

___________ _____________ complex consists of the arcuate ligament, oblique politeal ligament, lateral collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, and lateral head of the gastrocnemius.... this complex assists the cruciate ligaments in controlling posterolateral rotatory instability of the knee and provides support to the posterolateral joint capsule

Arcuate Ligament

Fibrous joints are composed of?

Are composed of bones that are united by fibrous tissue and are nonsynovial. Movement is minimal to none permitted at the joint dependent on the length of the fibers uniting the bone.

CHaracterized by the narrowing of arterial vessels that impedes the delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues Peripheral artery disease is typically linked to the development of this. Risk factors include atherosclerosis, hypertension, obesity diabetes mellitus, and smoking, Typically heal by secondary intention with adequate blood supply and wound healing interventions

Arterial insufficiency ulcer

A physical therapist assistant attempts to assess the integrity of the first cranial nerve. Which test would provide the physical therapist assistant with the desired information?

Ask the Pt to identify familiar odors

A patient with C5 tetraplegia exercises on a mat table. Suddenly, the patient begins to demonstrate signs and symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia including headache and sweating above the level of the lesion. The MOST appropriate assessment to validate the presence of autonomic dysreflexia is:

Assess blood pressure

A patient with Alzheimer's disease is referred to physical therapy for instruction in an exercise program. The MOST appropriate initial step is:

Assess cognitive status

Abnormal physical weakness or lack of energy is called?

Asthenia

As a component of a cognitive assessment, a physical therapist assistant asks a patient to count from one to twenty-five by increments of three. Which cognitive function does this task accurately assess?

Attention

__________________________ Debridement uses the body's own enzymes and moisture to re-hydrate, soften and finally liquefy hard eschar and slough.

Autolytic debridement

A physical therapist assistant working on an acute care floor in a hospital reviews the medical record of a patient with suspected renal involvement. Which laboratory test would be the MOST useful to assess the patient's present renal function?

BLOOD UREA NITROGEN

A physical therapist assistant observing a patient complete a leg curl exercise notices two prominent tendons visible on the posterior surface of the patient's left knee. The visible medial and lateral tendons are MOST likely associated with the:

Biceps Femoris (Lateral)/Semitendinosus (Medial)

Increased incidence of this injury is associated with selected athletic activities such as baseball pitching swimming rowing gymnastics and tennis Characterized by subjective reports of a deep ache directly in front and on top of the shoulder made worse with overhead activities or lifting exams reveal positive speed's test or yergasons's test

Bicipital tendonitis

Red Yellow Black Wound classification

Black: Narcotic tissue Yellow: Sloughy Tissue Red: Granualtion Tissue Pink: Epithelial Tissue

A physical therapist assistant prepares to initiate an exercise program for a patient with diabetes mellitus. Which objective measure would be the MOST useful in order to avoid significant complications from exercise?

Blood Glucose levels

______________________KNOWN AS WRY NECK IS CHARACTERIZED BY A UNILATERAL CONTRACTURE OF THE STERNOCLADIOMASTOID

CONGENITAL TORTICOLLIS

A physical therapist assistant works with a four-month-old infant. During mat activities the infant suddenly becomes unconscious. The MOST appropriate artery to assess the infant's pulse is the:

Brachial Artery

WHAT ARE POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS FROM AN AMPUTATION

CONTRACTURES DVT HYPERSENSITIVITY NEUROMA PHANTOM LIMB PHANTOM PAIN INFECTIONS PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT

A SUDDEN BLOW TO A PART OF THE BODY THAT RESULTS IN MILD TO SEVER DAMAGE TO SUPERFICIAL AND/OR DEEP STRUCTURES.

CONTUSION

CARBOHYDRATES

A physical therapist assistant inspects a patient's wound prior to applying a dressing. When documenting the findings in the medical record, the physical therapist assistant classifies the exudate from the wound as serous. Based on the documentation, the MOST likely color of the exudate is:

CLEAR

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Which of the following clinical findings would the physical therapist assistant expect to identify?

COGWHEEL RIGIDITY LEADPIPE RIGIDITY CLASP KNIFE RIGIDITY

A physical therapist assistant conducts a patient history for a female patient diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Given the capsular pattern of the shoulder, which functional limitation would the patient MOST likely have difficulty with?

COMBING HER HAIR

This incidence is subject to muscle atrophy noted in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle and later in the thenar muscles electromyography studies tinel's sign and phalen's test can be used to assist with confirming the diagnosis

Carpal tunnel syndrome

types of these include :ischemic stroke (thrombus,embolus, lacunar ) and hemorrhagic stroke ( intracerebral, subdural, subarachnoid) left _________ present with weakness or paralysis to the right side, impaired processingm, heightened frustration, aphasia,dysphagia, and motor apraxia Right __________ may present with weakness or paralysis to the left side, poor attention span, impaired awareness, and judgement, spatial deficits, memory deficits, emotional lability, and impulsive behavior

Cerebrovascular accident 1. CVA 2. CVA

a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

Cyanosis

____________ affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. It causes these fluids to become thick and sticky. They then plug up tubes, ducts, and passageways.

Cystic Fibrosis

______causes the eexocrine glands to overproduce thick mucus which causes subsequent obstruction -autosomal recessive genetic disorder ( both parents are carriers of the defective gene ) located on the long arm of chromosome seven -the comon cause of death is respiratory failure

Cystic Fibrosis

A physical therapist assistant instructs a patient in an upper extremity proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern by telling the patient to begin by grasping an imaginary sword positioned in a scabbard on their left hip using their right hand. This type of command would be MOST appropriate to initiate:

D2 flexion

DIFFICULTY PROPELLING THE CHAIR

PHARMALOGICAL AGENTS(MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM) ACTION: HALTS OR SLOWS THE PROGRESSION OF RHEUMATIC DISEASE. USED EARLY IN DISEASE PROCESS TO SLOW PROGRESSION PRIOR TO WIDESPREAD DAMAGE TO AFFECTED JOINTS INDICATION: REHEUMATIC DISEASE; DURING EARLY TREATMENT SIDE EFFECTS: NAUSEA, HEADACHE, JOINT PAIN, SWELLING, TOXICITY, GI DISTRESS FEVER, LIVER DYSFUNCTION, HAIR LOSS, SEPSIS, RETINAL DAMAGE PT IMPLICATIONS: LOOK FOR HIGH INCIDENCE OF TOXICITY

DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS METHOTHRXATE, RIDAURA, HIMIRA, ENBREL

ROTATOR CUFF PATHOLOGY/IMPAIRMENT MAY BE IDENTIFIED THROUGH WHICH 4 TESTS?

DROP ARM TEST HAWKINS-KENNEDY IMPINGEMENT TEST NEER IMPINGEMENT TEST SUPRASPINATUS TEST

Synovial joints or Diarthroses?

Define: Synovial joints provide free movement between the bones they join. 5 distinguishing characteristics: - Joint cavity -articular cartilage -synovial membrane - synovial fluid -and fibrous capsule. Most complex and vulnerable to injury and are classified further by the type of movement and shape of articulating bones

A physical therapist assistant notices a small area of skin irritation under the chin of a patient wearing a Philadelphia collar. The patient expresses that the area is not painful, but it is becoming increasingly itchy. The MOST appropriate action is:

Discontinue use of orthosis until healed

Do you experience heart palpitations or shortness of breath at rest or with mild exertion?

- Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, flattened nasal bridge, simian line ( palmar crease), epicanthal folds, enlargement of the tonque and developmental delay -detection occurs in approximately 60%-70% of women tested that are carrying a baby with this -exercise is essential for a child with this in order to avoid inactivity and obesity.

Down Syndrome

X linked recessive trait manifesting in only male offspring while female offspringe become carriers -clinical presentation includes waddling gait, proximal muscle weakness, toe walking, pseudohypertrophy of the calf, and difficulting climbing stairs. -there is usually rapid progression of this disease with the inability to ambulate by ten to twelve years of age with death occuring as a teenager or less frequently in the 20s

Duchenne musclular dystrophy

A physical therapist assistant employed in a school setting observes a 10-year-old boy attempt to move from the floor to a standing position. During the activity, the boy has to push on his legs with his hands in order to attain an upright position. This type of finding is MOST commonly associated with:

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis using iontophoresis. The physical therapist assistant uses dexamethasone with a current intensity of 3 mA for 20 minutes. How often during the treatment session should the physical therapist assistant check the skin?

Every 3-5 minutes

A physical therapist assistant prepares to initiate an exercise program for a patient with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Which statement is MOST accurate when designing the program?

Exercise 4-6 times a week at low intensity

THIS LOBE'S FUNCTIONS INVOLVE: VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT, INTELLECT, ORIENTATION. BROCAS AREA, PERSONALITY, TEMBER, REASONING, JUDGEMENT, SELF AWARENESS, AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS.

FRONTAL LOBE

________________________DISEASES SERVES AS THE PRIMARY ETIOLOGY FOR LOWER EXTREMITY AMPUTATIONS

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES

PHARMALOGICAL AGENTS(MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM) ACTION: PROVIDE HORMONAL, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND METABOLIC EFFECTS (SUPPRESSION OF ARTICULAR AND SYSTEMIC DISEASES). VASOCONSTRICTION RESULTS... INDICATION: REPLACEMENT THERAPY FOR ENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTION, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS, TREATMENT OF RHEUMATIC, RESPIRATORY, AND OTHER DISPORDERS. SIDE EFFECTS: MUSCLE ATROPHY, GI DISTRESS, GLAUCOMA, ADRENOCORTICAL SUPPRESSION, CUSHING SYNDROME, MOOD CHANGES, HYPERTENSION. PT IMPLICATIONS: WEAR MASKS DUE TO PATIENTS WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM. LOOK FOR TOXICITY SIGNS, MOON FACE, BUFFALO HUMP, AND PERSONALITY CHANGES

GLUCOCORTICOID AGENTS: CORTICOSTEROIDS HYDROCORTISONE, PREDNISONE, DEXAMETHASONE

This infant reflex is elicited by holding the newborn in ventral suspension (face down) and stroking along the one side of the spine. The normal reaction is for the newborn to laterally flex toward the stimulated side.

Galant

Results in motor weakness in a distal to proximal progression, sensory impairment,m and possible respiratory paralysis Etiology of the disease is unknown,, however it is hypothesiszed to be an autoimmune response to a previous respiratory infection influenza, immunization or surgery -Majority of patients experience full recovery 20% have remaining neurologic deficits and 3-5% pf patients die from respiratory complications

Guillain -Barre Syndrom

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient wearing a shoe that incorporates a rocker bottom. This type of modification would be the MOST beneficial for a patient diagnosed with:

HALLUX RIGIDUS

HEMATOCRIT

CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR A THA USINT POSTEROLATERAL APPROACH ARE?

HIP FLEXION PAST 90* HIP ADDUCTION HIP MEDIAL ROTATION

Note PG 48 & 50 for Table Labeling Actions & Movements per muscle groups.

Head-spine-Upper extremity-lower extremity

_____________________are spiral-shaped bacteria that grow in the digestive tract and have a tendency to attack the stomach lining and are usually harmless, but they're responsible for the majority of ulcers in the stomach and small intestine

Helicobacter pylori bacterium

Hematocrit

Hickman Catheter

The ATP-PC system is used during what type of exercise?

High intensity, short duraiton exercise such as sprinting 100 meters this system provides energy for muscle contraction up to 15 sec

The physical therapist assistant would like the patient to fully extend the involved lower extremity while sitting in the hydrotherapy tank. Which type of whirlpool would NOT allow the patient to extend the involved lower extremity?

Highboy tank

A physical therapist assistant observes a patient status post transfemoral amputation lying in supine with a pillow positioned under the residual limb. What contracture could develop?

Hip Flexion contracture

Lower extremity consists of what?

Hip, Knee Ankle and foot the hip joint is a synovial joint formed by the head of the femur anhd the acetabulum the knee joint is formed by the tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint the ankle and foot are formed by the distal tibiofibular joint and talocrural joint, subtalar joint, midtarsal joint, and forefoot.

Chronic progressive genetic disorder that is fatal within 15 ro 20 years after clinical manifestation -characterized by degeneration and atrophy of the basal ganglia ( specifically the striatum) and cerebal cortex within the brain - clinical presentation includes enlarged ventricles secondary to atrophy of the basal ganglia, mental deterioration, speech disturbances and ataxic gait.

Huntington's disease

A physical therapist assistant reviewing a patient's medical record identifies an order for Doppler ultrasonography. The patient is MOST likely presenting with:

INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION

A physical therapist assistant observes that a patient has difficulty controlling the affected lower extremity during the loading response. This phase is characterized by:

Increased quadriceps activity and decreased hamstrings activity

JASON PG 97-103

PATHOLOGIES MUSCULOSKELETAL

A physical therapist assistant instructs a patient's spouse to remove and reapply a bandage. Which of the following instructional methods would be the MOST appropriate to ensure the task is performed appropriately?

Instruct spouse the have her demonstrate

A physical therapist assistant initiates an exercise program for a patient rehabilitating from a lower extremity injury. The single MOST important factor in an exercise program designed to increase muscular strength is:

Intensity of exercise

Which muscle of respiration is MOST active during forced expiration?

Internal intercostals

What do resistive training exercises employ?

Isometic, isotonic and isokinetic exercise

Glenoid Labrum. what does it consist of?

It is a Fibro Cartilaginous structure that serves to deepen the GLENOID FOSSA, and increase the size of articular surface The labrum consists of a dense fibrous connective tissue that is often damaged due to recurrent shoulder instability

What are the Characteristics of the Golgi Tendon organs?

It is encapusulated sensory receptors that are sensitive to tension, especially when produced by active muscle contraction. they function to transmit info about tension or the rate of change of tension within the muscle

Automimmune disorder found in children less than 16 years of age that occurs when the immune cells mistakenly begin to attack the joints and organs causing local and systemic effects throughout the body -girls have a higher incidence of this and are most commonly diagnosed as toddlers or in early adolescence -symptoms include persistent joint swelling , pain and stiffness

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)

_______________________ IS EXCESSIVE CURVATURE OF THE SPINE IN A POSTERIOR DIRECTION AND NORMALLY LOCATED TIN THE THORACIC SPINE

KYPHOSIS

GRADE II AND III JOINT MOBS ARE CONSIDERED (LARGE OR SMALL) AMPLITUDE MOVEMENTS

LARGE

MUSCLE USED IN: SCAPULAR DEPRESSION

LAT DORSI, PEC MAJ, ANT. DELT

MUSCLE USED IN: SHOULDER EXTENSION

LAT DORSI, POST. DELT, TERES MAJOR

COMMON GAIT DEVIATIONS FROM A PROSTHESIS

LATERAL BENDING VAULTING FORWARD TRUNK FLEXION MEDIAL WHIP LATERAL WHIP ABDUCTED GAIT CIRCUMDUCTED GAIT EXCESSIVE KNEE FLEXION DURING STANCE

THE FOCUS OF TREATING THIS PATHOLOGY INCLUDE: RICE, NSAIDS, IMPROVING STRENGTH, FLEXIBILITY, AND ENDURANCE OF THE WRIST EXTENSORS AND AS STRAP PLACED 2-4 INCHES DISTAL TO THE ELBOW JOINT TO REDUCE MUSCULAR TENSION ON THE EPICINDYLE.

LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS

_____________________________IS THE IRRITATION OR INFLAMMATION OF THE COMMON EXTENSOR MUSCLES AT THEIR ORIGIN AND THE LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS

LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS

_________ runs from the Lateral Femoral epicondyle to the fibular head. this prevents excessive varus displacement of the tibia relative to the femur.

LCL

LIGHTWEIGHT CHAIR W/ RIGID FRAME

A physical therapist assistant observes a patient during gait training. The patient has normal strength and equal leg length. As the patient passes midstance he slightly vaults and exhibits early toe off. The MOST likely cause of this deviation is:

LIMITED DORSIFLEXION

FRONTAL, PARIETAL, TEMPORAL, AND OCCIPITAL ARE?

LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM

_______________ IS AN EXCESSIVE CURVATURE OF THE SPINE IN AN ANTERIOR DIRECTION USUALLY IN THE CERVCIAL OR LUMBAR SPINE

LORDOSIS

Typiccally occurs due to significant inversion and involves the lateral ligament complex, most commonly damages the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) - will likely present with significant pain or tenderness along the lateral aspect of the ankel especially at the ATFL -Should heal fairly quickly if no other structures are involved and will return to the previous functional level within two to six weeks

Lateal ankle spreain- Grade 2

_____________ is Characterized by inflammation or degenerative changes at the common extensor tendon that attaches to the later epicondyle of the elbow -Repeated overuse of the wrist extensors , particularly the extensor carpi radialis brevis can produce tensile stress and result in microscopic tearing and damage to the extensor tendon -symptoms include difficulty holding or gripping objects and insufficient forearm function strength

Later epicondylitis "tennis Elbow"

the _________________ may be injured with a pure varus load at the knee without rotation. this type of injury is often sustained with contact activiities such as a medial blow to the knee. this componenet of the knee is rarely ever completely torn.

Lateral collateral ligament ( LCL )

A 64-year-old female patient is admitted to the hospital with a stage III decubitus ulcer over her right ischial tuberosity. The patient's past medical history includes severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The MOST appropriate position for the patient is:

Left Sidelying with pillow between knees

__________________ is a disease occurs when blood supply is temporarily interrupted to the ball part (femoral head) of the hip joint. Without sufficient blood flow, the bone begins to die — so it breaks more easily and heals poorly.

Legg-Calve-Perthes

What common structural deformity is often associated with tight hip flexors?

Lordosis

MUSCLE USED IN: SHOULDER ABDUCTION

MIDDLE DELT, SUPRASPINATUS

A physical therapist assistant inspects a wound that has large quantities of exudate which requires frequent dressing changes. If the physical therapist assistant applies a dressing that cannot handle the quantity of exudate present, the MOST likely outcome is:

Maceration

A patient reports feeling pain during and isometric resistance test, however, strength is normal. Which of the following conclusions is MOST likely?

Minor lesion of a muscle or tendon

Multi-axial joint, motions?

Movement occurs in three planes and around three axes -Plane ( gliding)- carpal joints - Ball and socket - hip joint.

Biaxial Joint, Motions?

Movement occurs in two planes around two axes through the convex/concave surfaces -Condyoid- metacarpophalangeal joint of a finger -Saddle- carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

____________ runs from the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle in the intercondylar notch. This prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur

PCL

MUSCLE USED IN: SHOULDER ADDUCTION

PEC MAJOR, LAT DORSI, TERES MAJOR

___________ is CHaracterized by demyelination of the myelin sheaths that surround nerves within the brain and spinal cord resulting in plaque development, decreased nerve conduction velocity and eventual failure of impulse transmission -symptoms include visual problems, paresthesias, sensory changes, clumsiness, weakness, ataxia, balance dysfunction, and fatique -intervention includes regulation of activity level, relaxion and energy conservation techniques, normalization of tone, balance activities, gait training, and core stabilization

Multiple Sclerosis

____________ occurs when there is poor coronary artery perfusion, ischemia, and subsequent necrosis of the cardiac tissue usually due to thrombus, arterial blockage or atherosclerosis -risk factors include patient or family history of heart disease smoking , physical inactivity, stress, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and obesity - clinical presentation may include deep pain or pressure in the substernal area with or without pain radiating to the jaw or into the left arm or the back

Myocardial infarction

PHARMALOGICAL AGENTS(MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM) ACTION: PROVIDES ANALGESIA (INABILITY TO FEEL PAIN) AND PAIN RELIEF, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS, FEVER REDUCER, MINIMIZES FORMATION OF IMPULSE PAIN FIBERS INDICATION: MILD TO MODERATE PAIN OF VARIOUS ORIGINS, FEVER, HEADACHE, MUSCLE ACHE, INFLAMMATION AND REDUCES MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (ASPIRIN ONLY) SIDE EFFECTS: NAUSEA, VOMITING, VERTIGO, ABDOMINAL PAIN, GI DISTRESS, ULCERS AND REYE SYNDROME (ASPRIN) PT IMPLICATIONS: MASKED PAIN

NON OPIOID AGENT ASPIRIN, ADVIL, ADVIL MOTRIN/NAPROXEN

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient who has type 2 diabetes mellitus and neuropathy in bilateral lower extremities. The physical therapist assistant should educate the patient about appropriate foot care by telling the patient to:

NOT WEAR SOCKS/SHOES THAT WOULD IRRITATE THE SKIN

____________________________IS CAUSED BY REPETITIVE TENSION TO THE PATELLAR TENDON OVER THE TIBIAL TUBEROSITY IN YOUNG ATHLETES

OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE

____________________________ ARTHRITIS IS A CHRONIC DISEASE THAT CAUSES DEGENERATION OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE PRIMARILY ON _________________________ JOINTS.

OSTEOARTHRITIS/WEIGHTBEARING

When measuring medial rotation of the shoulder, the physical therapist assistant should position the fulcrum:

Olecranon Process

_____________ is a degenerative process primarily involving articular cartilage resulting from excessive loading of a healthy joint or normal loading of an abnormal joint -typically diagnosed based on the results of a clinical exam and x ray findings - prevalence is higher among women than men later in life with approximately 80-90% of individuals older than 65yoa demonstrating evidence of this

Osteoarthritis

____________ is a Metabolic bone disorder where the rate of bone resorption accelerates while the rate of bone formation slows down -patients may complain of low thoracic or lumbar pain and experience compression fractures of the vertebrae -bone mineral density test accounts for 70% of bone strength and is the easiest way to determine ____________

Osteoporosis

A physical therapist assistant instructs a patient with pulmonary pathology in energy conservation techniques. Which of the following techniques would be the MOST effective when assisting a patient to complete a selected activity without dyspnea?

PACING

THIS LOBE'S FUNCTIONS INVOLVE: SENSATION FO TOUCH, KINESTHESIA, PERCEPTION OF VIBRATION AND TEMPERATURE. RECEIVES INFORMATION FROM OTHER AREAS OF THE BRAIN REGARDING HEARING, VISION, MOTOR, SENSOR AND MEMORY. PROVIDES MEANING FOR OBJECTS INTERPRETS LANGUAGE SPATIAL AND VISUAL PERCEPTION

PARIETAL LOBE

__________________________IS TENDERNESS AT THE INSERTION OF THE PLANTAR FASCIA, PRESENCE OF A HEEL SPUR, AND IS CAUSED FROM EXCESSIVE LOADING OF THE FOOD OR EXCESSIVE DURATIONS OF PRONATION

PLANTAR FACIITIS

A physical therapist assistant assesses the vital signs of a patient with a blood disorder. The physical therapist assistant records the patient's blood pressure as 150/85 mm Hg. Which condition is MOST likely the cause of the abnormal blood pressure measurement?

POLYCYTHEMIA

__________________________________IS abnormally increased concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, through either reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cell numbers AND CAN LEAD TO HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE.

POLYCYTHEMIA

PRONATOR TERES

A physical therapist assistant works with a five-year-old boy diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The medical chart indicates that the boy was diagnosed with the disease less than one year ago. Assuming a normal progression, which of the following findings would be the FIRST to occur?

PROXIMAL MUSCLE WEAKNESS

A patient explains to a physical therapist assistant that she was instructed to bear up to five pounds of weight on her involved extremity. The patient's weight bearing status would be BEST described as:

PWB

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient with a suspected injury to the thoracodorsal nerve. Which objective finding would be consistent with this injury?

Paralysis of the rhomboids

When observing a patient ambulating, a physical therapist assistant notes that the patient's gait has the following characteristics: narrow base of support, short bilateral step length, and decreased trunk rotation. This gait pattern is often observed in patients with a diagnosis of:

Parkinson's disease

_________ is a Degenerative disorder characterized by a decrease in production of dopamine (neurotransmitter) within the corpus striatum of the basal ganglia -Pt presentation may include hypokinesia, diffuculty initiating and stopping movement, festinating and shufflying gate brady kinesia, poor posture and cogwheel or lead pipe rigidity - medical managment includes dopamine replacement thereapy ( LEvodopa, Sinement and madopar) whihc is designed to minimize bradykinesia rigidity and tremor

Parkinson's disease

__________ superficial burn thatinvolves the epidermis and upper portion of the dermis: deep partial thickness burn involves the epidermis, majority of the dermis, and structures within the dermis this burn is chracterized by a red color that will blanch when touched : deep ___________________ is characterized by red discoloration, however it will not blanch -will typically heal without residual deficits in the absencee of infection or other factors that may comlplicate or delay healing

Partial Thickness burn

This ________________Joint is formed by he convex patella and the concave trochlear groove of the femur. The Patella slides superiorly in knee extension and inferiorly in knee flexion

Patellofemoral

________________ causes damage to the articular cartilage of the patella ranging from softening to complete cartilage destruction resulting in exposure of subchrondral bone -etiology is unknown however it is extremely common during adolescence is more prevelent in females than males and has a direct association with activity level. -management includes controlling edema, stretching, strengthening, improving range of motion, and activity modification

Patellofemoral syndrome

______________ may occur as a result of an acute traumatic incident or due to a chronic degenerative pathology such as chronic supraspinatus tendonitis -the drop arm test and empty can test can assist in identifying supraspinatus pathology which may be indicative of a rotator cuff tear -Failure to adequately treat a rotator cuff tear may neccessitate significant activity modification, additional surgical managment , adhesive capsulitits or degenrative changes

Rotator cuff Tear

A patient four weeks status post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction questions a physical therapist assistant as to why he is still partial weight bearing. An acceptable rationale is:

Patient does not have full knee extension

the _______________ may be injured when the supeior portion of the tibia is struck while the knee is flexed. A common example occurs in a MVA when a passengers leg collides against the dashboard. Other mechanisms for ______ damage include the tibia being driven posteriorly on the femur and the femur being driven anteriorly on the tibia or severe knee hyper flexion.

Posterior cruciate ligament ( PCL )

The physical therapist assistant records the patient's shoulder medial rotation as 0 - 70 degrees and classifies the end-feel as firm. Which portion of the joint capsule is primarily responsible for the firm end-feel?

Posterior joint capsule

__________________ resembles the Anterior ligament. it blends on each side with the collateral ligaments and is attached to the upper portion of the olecranon fossa and to just below the olecranon process.

Posterior ligament

A physical therapist assistant reviews an examination completed on a patient diagnosed with complete C7 tetraplegia. The patient problem list includes inability to complete an independent bed to wheelchair transfer, decreased passive lower extremity range of motion, tissue breakdown over the ischial tuberosities, and decreased upper extremity strength. Which of the following treatment activities should be given the highest priority?

Pressure Relief on Ischial Tuberosities

___________caused by unrelieved pressure deprives the tissues of oxygen which causes ischemia, subsequent cell death, and tissue necrosis -High risk areas for _______________ include the occiput, heels, greater trochanters, ischial tuberosities, sacrum, and epicondyles of the elbow -impaired cognition poor nutrition, altered sensation, incontinence, decreased lean body mass, and infection contribute to the development of a pressure ulcer.

Pressure Ulcer

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient with epilepsy that was admitted to a rehabilitation unit five days after total hip arthroplasty. Which setting would initially be MOST desirable when treating this patient?

Private treatment room

A physical therapist assistant reviews an examination completed on a patient diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Results of the examination include 4/5 strength in the lower extremities, 10 degree flexion contracture at the hips, and exaggerated forward standing posture. The patient has difficulty initiating movement and requires manual assistance for gait on level surfaces. The MOST appropriate activity to incorporate into a home program is:

Prone lying

A physical therapist assistant attempts to enhance a patient's shoulder stability through the use of approximation. Which neurodevelopmental position would be the MOST appropriate to accomplish the objective?

Prone on elbows

The Anaerobic glycolysis system supplies ATP during what type of exercise and what does it produce in the muscle?

Provides ATP during High intensity short duration exercise such as sprinting for 400 meters 800 meters, the system provides energy for 30 to 40 seconds produces lactic acid

____________________ IS A GONIOMETRIC MEASUREMENT THAT USES THE ASIS, TIBIAL TUBEERCLE, AND MIDPOINT OF THE PATELLA AS THE BONY LANDMARKS

Q ANGLE

________________________________ is a name for the combination of three of the graphical deflections seen on a typical electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG). It is usually the central and most visually obvious part of the tracing. It corresponds to the depolarization of the right and left ventricles of the human heart.

QRS complex

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient following total knee arthroplasty who presents with increased knee flexion during the stance phase of gait. Which intervention would BEST address this gait deviation?

Quadsets w towel under ankle

WHAT CAUSES IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME

REPETITIVE MICRO-TRAUMA FROM ACTIVITIES PERFORMED ABOVE THE HORIZONTAL PLANE

____________________________ARTHRITIS IS A SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER CAUSED BY A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN THE SYNOVIAL TISSUES OF A OINT THAT RESULT IN SROSION AN CARTILAGE AND SUPPORTING STRUCTURES WITHIN A JOINT CAPSULE

RHEUMATOID

__________________________IS A DISEASE WITH UNKNOWN CAUSES AND PRESENTS WITH PAIN AND TENDERNESS OF THE AFFECTED JOINTS, MORNING STIFFNESS, WARM JOINTS, SWAN NECK DEFORMITY (DIP FLEXION,/PIP HYPERTEXTENSION), BOUTONNIERE DEFORMITY (DIP EXTENSION/PIP FLEXION), AND LOW GRADE FEVERS

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

A patient rehabilitating from an upper extremity injury uses a latissimus pull-down machine. The physical therapist assistant specifically instructs the patient to pull the bar down behind his head. This action emphasizes strengthening of the:

Rhomboids/Middle Traps

_______________ is caused by an inability of a weak supraspinatus muscle to adequatley depress the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa during elevation of the arm -participating in activites that require excessive overhead activity such as swimming, tennis, baseball, painting, and other manual labor activities increase the risk of rotator cuff tendonitis -patients may experience a feeling of weakness and identify the presence of a painfaul arc of motion most commonly occuring between 60 and 120 degrees of active abduction

Rotaor cuff Tendonitis

__________is the curvature of the spine usually found in the thoracic or lumbar vertebrae and can be associated with kyphosis or lordosis -a pt with this that ranges between 25 and 40 degrees requires a spinal orthosis, and physical therapy intervention for posture, flexibility , strengthening , respiratory function , and proper utilization of the spinal orthosis, _this does not usually progress significantly once bone growth is complete if the curvature remains below 40 degrees at the time of skeletal maturity

Scoliosis

A physical therapist assistant inspects the residual limb of a patient following ambulation activities with a patellar tendon bearing prosthesis. The physical therapist assistant identifies excessive redness over the patella. The MOST likely cause is:

Settling due to limb shrinkage

A patient two weeks status post transtibial amputation is instructed by his physician to remain at rest for two days after contracting bronchitis. The MOST appropriate position for the patient in bed is:

Supine w/ legs extended

A physical therapist assistant employed in an acute care hospital prepares to work on standing balance with a patient rehabilitating from abdominal surgery. The patient has been on extended bed rest following the surgical procedure and has only been out of bed a few times with the assistance of the nursing staff. The MOST important objective measure to assess after assisting the patient from supine to sitting is:

Systolic Blood pressure

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient with a diagnosis of gouty arthritis. This medical condition would be MOST likely to produce subjective reports of pain affecting the:

THE TOE

TIDAL VOLUME

MUSCLE USED IN: SCAPULAR UPWARD ROTATION

TRAPS, SERRATUS ANTERIOR

_______________________IS A GAIT PATTERN CHARACTERIZED BY EXCESSIVE LATERAL TRUNK FLEZION AND WEGHT SHIFTING OVER THE STANCE LEG DUE TO GLUTEUS MEDIUS WEAKNESS

TRENDELENBURG GAIT

muscle spindles functions?

They are distributed throughout the belly of the muscle and function to send info to the nervous system about muscle length and or the rate of change of its length

Subacromial Bursa: characteristics?

This Extends over the supraspinatus tendon and distal muscle belly beneath the acromion and deltoid muscle 2. the bursa facilitates movement of the deltoid muscle over the fibrous capusle of the shoulder joint and supraspinatus tendon 3. the bursa is often involved with impingement beneath acromial arch.

Subscapular bursa Characteristics?

This Overlies the anterior joint capsule and lies beneath the subscapularis muscle. Anterior shoulder fullness may indicate articular effusion secondary to distention of the bursa

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient with a diagnosis of gouty arthritis. This medical condition would be MOST likely to produce subjective reports of pain affecting the:

Toe

A physical therapist assistant utilizes continuous ultrasound to supply thermal effects to a patient rehabilitating from a lower extremity injury. During the treatment session, the patient suddenly becomes startled and reports feeling an electrical shock from the ultrasound machine. The MOST appropriate action is to:

Unplug and mark defective

The physical therapist assistant attempts to stabilize the scapula while measuring glenohumeral abduction. Failure to stabilize the scapula will lead to: (Glenoid Direction)

Upward Rotation and Elevation of the scapula

A physical therapist assistant instructs a patient to expire maximally after taking a maximal inspiration. The physical therapist assistant can use these instructions to measure the patient's:

Vital Capacity

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient six weeks following total hip arthroplasty (posterolateral approach). The patient's medical history includes Graves' disease. Which intervention should the physical therapist assistant avoid when treating the patient?

WARM THERAPY POOL WHY? GRAVES= HEAT INTOLERANCE

A physical therapist assistant attempts to select an assistive device for a patient rehabilitating from a traumatic brain injury. The patient is occasionally impulsive, however, has fair standing balance and good upper and lower extremity strength. Which of the following would be the MOST appropriate assistive device?

Walker

Warm pool therapy

A physical therapist assistant treats a patient status post femur fracture with external fixation. While monitoring the patient during an exercise session, the physical therapist assistant observes clear drainage from a distal pin site. The MOST appropriate action is:

Wipe drainage with gauze and continue treatment

A physical therapist assistant employed in an acute care hospital interviews a patient referred to physical therapy. During the discussion, the physical therapist assistant asks the patient if he feels dependent on coffee, tea or soft drinks. Which clinical scenario would MOST appropriately warrant this type of question?

a 42-year-old male with premature ventricular contractions

A physical therapist assistant reviews risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers. Which patient would be MOST at risk for a pressure ulcer?

a 60-year-old African American female with a C7 spinal cord injury

A physical therapist assistant reviews the medical record of a patient with a spinal cord injury. A note recently entered by the physician indicates that the patient contracted a respiratory infection. Which patient would be MOST susceptible to this condition?

a patient with complete C4 tetraplegia

active muscle insufficency occurs when?

a two joint muscle contracts across both joints simultaneously

Passive muscle insufficiency occurs when?

a two joint muscle is lengthened over both joints simultaneously

A 21-year-old female is examined in physical therapy after sustaining a grade I ankle sprain two days ago in a marching band competition. The patient's description of the mechanism of injury is consistent with inversion and plantar flexion. Which of the following ligaments would MOST likely be affected?

anterior talofibular ligament

A physical therapist assistant reviews the medical record of a patient recently admitted to the intensive care unit. A note from the patient's physician indicates an order for arterial blood gas analysis six times daily. Which type of indwelling line would be used to collect the necessary samples?

arterial line

A physical therapist assistant identifies that an infant is unable to roll from prone to supine. Which reflex could interfere with the infant's ability to roll?

asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

A physical therapist assistant uses repeated contractions to strengthen the quadriceps of a patient that fails to exhibit the desired muscular response throughout a portion of the range of motion. This proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique should be applied:

at the point where the desired muscular response begins to diminish

A physical therapist assistant works with a child with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Which medical condition is MOST often associated with this condition?

avascular necrosis

A physician orders x-rays for a 36-year-old male with shoulder pain. Which medical condition could be confirmed using this type of diagnostic imaging?

calcific tendonitis

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient referred to physical therapy who was diagnosed with anterior compartment syndrome. The patient presents with an inability to dorsiflex the foot and a mild sensory disturbance between the first and second toes. The nerve MOST likely involved is the:

deep peroneal nerve

diabetes mellitus

A patient with known cardiac disease experiences angina while exercising on a recumbent bicycle. The patient self-administers a nitroglycerin tablet to control the angina. Nitroglycerin helps to control this symptom by:

dilating peripheral arteries and veins

A physical therapist assistant documents in the medical record that a patient has moved from stage 5 to stage 6 of Brunnstrom's Stages of Recovery. This type of transition is characterized by:

disappearance of spasticity

A physical therapist assistant performs postural drainage to the anterior basal segments of the lower lobes. During the treatment session the patient suddenly complains of dizziness and mild dyspnea. The MOST appropriate action is to:

elevate patients head

The medical record indicates a patient has been diagnosed with chronic respiratory alkalosis. The MOST consistent laboratory finding with this condition is:

elevated arterial blood pH, low PaCO2

A physical therapist assistant discusses risk factors associated with coronary artery disease with a patient in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Which risk factor would be the MOST relevant for the patient?

elevated serum cholesterol

A patient ambulates outside a rehabilitation hospital as part of a therapy session. The physical therapist assistant monitors the patient closely during the session due to extreme heat and humidity. What is the PRIMARY mode of heat loss during exercise?

evaporation

A physical therapist assistant classifies the gait of a patient with hemiplegia as equinus. Which finding is MOST likely to promote this type of gait pattern?

excessive activity of the gastrocnemius

frequency of use

A physical therapist assistant performs a chart review of a new patient and finds the patient is positive for the Helicobacter pylori bacterium. The physical therapist assistant would anticipate that the patient presents with:

gastric ulcer disease

A physical therapist assistant monitors the vital signs of a 52-year-old male during a graded exercise test. The patient was prompted to seek medical assistance two weeks ago after becoming short of breath on two separate occasions. When interpreting the data collected during the exercise test, which finding would serve as the BEST indicator that the patient had exerted a maximal effort?

heart rate does not increase with increased intensity

A physical therapist assistant completes a coordination assessment on a 67-year-old patient with central nervous system involvement. After reviewing the results of the assessment, the physical therapist assistant concludes the clinical findings are indicative of cerebellar dysfunction. Which finding is NOT associated with cerebellar dysfunction?

hypertonia

A physical therapist assistant works with a patient who has sustained a lesion to the long thoracic nerve. What objective finding would this patient MOST likely demonstrate?

inability to elevate the arm overhead

A patient with mallet finger admits to being noncompliant with the recommended splinting regimen. The patient was instructed to wear the prescribed splint continuously for six weeks. Which impairment would be MOST likely based on the described scenario?

inability to fully extend the distal interphalangeal joint

A physical therapist assistant attempts to prevent alveolar collapse in a patient following thoracic surgery. Which breathing technique would be the MOST beneficial to achieve the established goal?

incentive spirometer

A physical therapist assistant supervises an aerobic exercise program for a nine-year-old child. Which statement BEST describes the heart rate and stroke volume of the child compared to an adult during aerobic exercise?

increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume

A patient with an acute burn is referred to physical therapy less than 24 hours after being admitted to the hospital. The patient's burns range from superficial partial-thickness to deep partial-thickness and encompass approximately 35 percent of the patient's total body surface area. Which of the following findings would be MOST predictable based on the patient's injury?

increased oxygen consumption

What is Joint Effusion

joint effusion is the presence of increased intra-articular fluid.[1] It may affect any joint. Commonly it involves the knee

A 35-year-old female is admitted to the hospital following a recent illness. Laboratory testing reveals a markedly high platelet count. This finding is typical with:

malignancy

An Upper and lower quarter screen should consist of what?

minimum of of an assessment of posture , range of motion, resistive testing , reflex testing, and dermatome testing.

A two-year-old with T10 spina bifida receives physical therapy for gait training. Initially, the preferred method to teach a child how to maintain standing is with the use of:

parapodium and the parallel bars

A patient is referred to physical therapy with a C6 nerve root injury. Which of the following clinical findings would NOT be expected with this type of injury?

paresthesias of the long and ring fingers

A physical therapist assistant assesses the deep tendon reflexes of a patient as part of a lower quarter screening. The physical therapist assistant determines that the right and left patellar tendon reflex and the left Achilles tendon reflex are 2+, while the right Achilles tendon reflex is absent. The clinical condition that could BEST explain this finding is:

peripheral neuropathy

A physical therapist assistant performs prosthetic training with a patient status post transfemoral amputation. Which initial instruction would be the MOST appropriate when ascending the stairs?

place your body weight on the prosthetic side and lead with your uninvolved leg

A physical therapist assistant performs postural drainage on a 68-year-old male with bronchiectasis. The patient's medical history includes diabetes and hypertension, both of which are poorly controlled. Which lung segment would MOST likely require the physical therapist assistant to modify the standard treatment procedure?

posterior segment of left lower lobe

A physical therapist assistant notes that a newborn has extremely limited dorsiflexion. Which positional foot deformity would be MOST likely based on the range of motion limitation?

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