PTAT 2530 Ch. 2 Inflammation
Circulatory Changes
-Arteriole constriction followed by vasodilation -Active hyperemia -increased hydrostatic pressure (edma) -Slowed circulation (congestion) -RBCs cluster (rouleaux) and WBCs margination
Classsification of Inflammation
-Duration -Etiology -Location -Pathologic Features
Serous
-Fluid/Drainage of the exudate -if the fluid is clear its serous -someone after a burn may produce alot of this -looks like bubbles on the skin **The least pathological form**
Mediators of Inflammation
1. Plasma Derived 2. Cell Derived
Contracture
A joint that is fixed at a certain degree of motion
Which of the following is NOT an activity neutrophils primarily participate in? A. Clot Formation B. Cytokine production C. Phagocytes D. Pus Formation
A. Clot Formation (Platelets form clots)
Activated Hageman Factor
Acts upon our plateletts top help clot
Duration
Acute: Condition that hasn't been present long, about 14 days or less Chronic: Generally a longer lasting condition for more than 14 days
Which of the following causes the redness and swelling associated with inflammation A. Arteriole constriction B. Arteriolar dilation C. Venule constriction D. Venule dilation
B. Arteriolar Dilation
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation? A. Calor B. Palor C. Rubor D. Tumor
B. Palor (Pale)
A 41 year old male undergoes surgery and has part of a population of stable cells removed. Which of the following best describes how the body will heal this defect?
B. The remaining cells will enter mitosis to replace the lost tissue **Cardiac tissue is the only tissue cell that doesnt regenerate**
Which of the following effects does bradykinin have that histamine does not have? A. Activates the coagulation B. acts faster C. Incites Pain D. increases vessel permeability
C. Incites Pain
Which of the following is the common terminal pathway of the complement system? A. Anaphylaxis B. Lectin patheway C. Membrane attack complex formation D. Opsonification
C. Membrane attack complex formation (associate the 2 together)
Arachidonic acid is derived from which of the following sources? A. Cytoplasmic proteins B. Extracellular proteins C. Phospholipids D. Nucleic Acids
C. Phospholipids (fatty acids)
Which of the following is the mildest form of inflammation? A. Fibrinous B. Purulent C. Serous D. Ulcerative
C. Serous Inflammation (least pathological)
Mechanical Factors
Can the patient still bend or straighten their limb with the wound
Which of the following wounds will heal the quickest?
D. A small eye wound healing by primary intention in a 30 yr old female **Primary has quickest** **The younger you are the better**
Which of the following best describes phagocytosis? A. Migration of a PMN out of a blood vessel B. Migration of a PMN to the site of injury C. Release of interleukins by PMN D. Uptake of debris by PMN
D. Uptake of debris by PMN
Dehiscence
Deficient scar formation
Complications of wound healing
Dehiscence Keloids Contractures
Functio Laesa
Disturbed function
Systemic Symptoms
Fever leukocytes constitutional symptoms (how the patient feels) Psuedomembranous can be systemic
Calor
Heat
Plasma Inflammation
Histamine Bradykinin Activated Hageman Factor
Active Hyperemia
Increased blood flow
Bradykinin
Induces pain (we cannot tell when this or histamine will occur) Longer acting
Clinical Features of Inflammation
Localized symptoms Systemic Symptoms
Location
Localized: Pain and inflammation is generally in one confined are Widespread: Pain or inflammation is not confined to one general area but in multiple areas or radiates to different locations
Macrophages with wound healing
Myofibroblast Fibroblasts angioblast **words that end with Blast are healers** **opposite of that, words that end with clast breakdown**
Dolor
Pain
Cells that participate in wound healing
Polymophonucular Luekocytes Macrophages
Cells of Inflammation
Polymorphonucular neutrophils (WBC's) Eosinophils Basophils Macrophages Platelets Lymphocytes Plasma Cells **If you are lacking in any one of these, it affects the inflammation process**
PMN
Primary Monocyte Neutrophil (WBC's)
Mitotic Cell Cycle
Prophase Pro-metapahse Metaphase Anaphase Telephase
Rubor
Redness
Pathologic Forms of Inflammation
Serous Fibrinous Purulent Ulcerative Psuedomembraneous Chronic Granulmatous
Localized Symptoms
Serous is often localized
Determinants of Wound Healing
Site of wound Size of wound Mechanical factors Infection Circulatory status Nutritional and metabolic factors Age
Pathologic Featrures
Size Color How much Wet/dry Exudate?
Granuloma
Something that grows on the exterior or outside the skin on the epithelium. they are very LARGE!
Tumor
Swelling
Secondary Intention (Wound Healing)
The wound has to be irrigated and treated to destroy bacteria inside Like a surgical incision Be careful about disturbing wound healing with this one when treating
Emigration of Leukocytes
WBC's leaving the blood vessels carry exudate Exudate can cause swelling or seeping puss is an example and is white or yellow
Edema
WBC's move out of the blood vessels into the interstatial fluid
Phagocytosis
WBCs engulf bacteria that they find and release it
Etiology
What Caused it? Infectious Chemical Physical (injury or surgery) Immune Causes (Rheumatoid Arthritis)
Fibrinous Inflammation
When something is long term, it can affect the fibers of the muscles that prevents the muscle from functioning correctly
Scar Tissue
You can have internal or external scar tissue
Plasma Derived
a chemical has to cause the plasma inflammation
Keloids
excess scar formation **Can lead to joint contractures**
Histamine
fairly short acting or has a short action time (20-30 mins) released from platelets and mast cells
Fistula
found between 2 hollow organs like in the small intestines or the esophagus and the stomach (ulcer). It creates a loop that is not supposed to be there
Arachidonic Acid Derivatives
it is a fatty acid that also can cause inflammation and is found within our blood plasma
The Complement System
it is a series of several different proteins: They come from the liver and circulate in the bloodstream and also help our blood to clot (w/platelets)
Purulent Inflammation
like the serous fluid except is discolored like yellow or green. A strong sign of inflammation
Cardinal signs of inflammation
redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
Hypothalamus
regulates our bodys temperature
Sinus
same as an abscess but it has an exit or an opening (like a pimple or a cyst)
Cell Derived
the WBCs are the cause
Primary Intention (Wound Healing)
the wound heals itself granulation tissue comes from the dermis
Psuedomembranous Inflammation
this is the linning of the intestines or anywhere else that has a mucosal membrane lining
Abscess
usually forms within a structure or an organ (confined: no opening or exit)