Public Copy: AP Euro Final Review, Chapter 32: Key Figures in European Intellectual History, Chapter 31: Key Trends in Post-Cold War Europe, Chapter 30: The Cold War (1946-1991), Chapter 34: Key Events, Trends, and Figures in European Women's History...
De-Stalinization
The policy of liberalization of the Stalinist system in the Soviet Union. As carried out by Nikita Khrushchev, de-Stalinization, meant denouncing Joseph Stalin's cult of personality, producing more consumer goods, allowing greater cultural freedom, and pursuing peaceful coexistence with the West.
Legitimacy (Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction, 1648-1815)
The principle that rulers who have been driven from their thrones should be restored to power. For example, the Congress of Vienna restored the Bourbons to power in France.
Enclosure Movement (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
The process by which British landlords consolidated or fenced in common lands to increase the production of cash crops. The Enclosure Acts led to an increase in the size of farms held by large landowners.
Decolonization
The process by which colonies gained their independence from the imperial European powers after World War II.
(Old World to New World): what were some important agricultural products, animals, diseases, and human populations?
agricultural products: coffee, cane sugar, wheat, and rice animals: cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens diseases: smallpox, measles, and diphtheria human populations: European colonists and African slaves
(New World to Old World): what were some important agricultural products, animals, and diseases?
agricultural products: potatoes, maize, tomatoes, peanuts, tobacco, vanilla, and chocolate animals: turkeys diseases: possibly syphilis
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For protestants and Catholics) what principle did the Thirty Years War reaffirm and extend? What did this result in?
curious regio, eius religio ("whose the region, his the religion"). -As a result, the European powers officially recognized Calvinism as a politically acceptable faith
(ROMANTICISM: KEY CHARACTERISTICS) The primacy of emotion: Romantics rejected reason, and instead stressed ___, ___, and ___. The German novelist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe emphasized the importance of feeling ___ when he wrote, "____."
emotion, intuition, and subjective feelings -over thinking -"What I know, anyone can know but my heart is my own, peculiar to itself."
Guest Workers
foreign workers working temporarily in European countries
Did Luther support the German nobility as they brutally suppressed the peasant rebellion?
yes
(THE NINETEENTH CENTURY) Henrik Ibsen's "__" criticized __.
-"A Doll's House" -conventional marriage roles
(THE FRENCH REVOLUTION) Mary Wollstonecraft wrote "___". She argued that women are not __. They only appear to be (A) because of __.
-"A Vindication of the Rights of Women" -naturally inferior to men -a lack of education
(THE BERLIN CONFERENCE, 1884-1885) Declared the Congo to be the "__," under the personal control of __.
-"Congo Free State" -Leopold II of Belgium
(THE FRENCH REVOLUTION) Olympe de Gouges wrote the "__". She demanded that French women be __.
-"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen" -given the same rights as men
(Jean-Jacques Rousseau [1712-1778]: Natural Education) What book did Rousseau presented his ideas on education in?
-"Emile"
(ROMANTICISM: KEY ROMANTIC WRITERS, ARTISTS, AND COMPOSERS) Writers- Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, what did they write? what is it? what ideas does it illustrate?
-"Grimm's Fairy Tales" -a collection of over 200 German folk stories -illustrate the fusion of nationalism and romanticism
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: VLADIMIR LENIN AND THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION) Lenin sensed that it was time to act. "___" Lenin wrote, "___." On the night of November 6, 1917, the Bolsheviks occupied ___. The next day Lenin proclaimed __.
-"History will not forgive us" -"if we do not seize power now" -most government buildings -the establishment of a new Bolshevik government
(THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)) English political philosopher who wrote __.
-"Leviathan"
(ROMANTICISM: KEY ROMANTIC WRITERS, ARTISTS, AND COMPOSERS) Artists- Eugène Delacroix, what did he paint? What does it depict?
-"Liberty Leading the People" -depicts working and middle-class citizens united by their common yearning for liberty.
(ROMANTICISM: KEY ROMANTIC WRITERS, ARTISTS, AND COMPOSERS) Writers- Writers William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, what did they write? What is it?
-"Lyrical Ballads"-a collection of poems that mark the beginning of the English Romantic movement in poetry
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN, AUGUST 1789) The Declaration began by forthrightly declaring, _______.
-"Men are born free and remain free and equal in rights." These rights included "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression."
Thomas More (1478-1535) "Utopia"
-"Nowhere" -novel describing an imaginary society located somewhere off the mainland of the New World -country of Utopia featured religious toleration, a humanist education for both men and women, and communal ownership of property
(ROMANTICISM: KEY ROMANTIC WRITERS, ARTISTS, AND COMPOSERS) Writers- Friedrich Schiller, what did he write? What does it celebrate?
-"Ode to Joy" -celebrates the unity of all humankind
(NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)) Polish clergyman and astronomer who wrote ___.
-"On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres"
(ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727)) English scientist and mathematician who wrote the __.
-"Principia"
(ROMANTICISM: KEY ROMANTIC WRITERS, ARTISTS, AND COMPOSERS) Artists- John Constable, what did he paint? What does it portray?
-"The Hay Wain" -portrays a farmer and his hay wagon as integral and harmonious parts of the natural landscape.
(JOHN CALVIN (1509-1564)) Protestant reformer who wrote ___.
-"The Institutes of the Christian Religion"
(ROMANTICISM: KEY ROMANTIC WRITERS, ARTISTS, AND COMPOSERS) Composers (music writers)- Richard Wagner, what did he create? What does it fuse, how?
-"The Ring of the Nibelung" -fuses music and drama by reshaping ancient Germanic myths into a story of how unselfish love finally triumphs over the obsessive pursuit of money and power
(JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)) English philosopher who wrote __.
-"The Second Treatise of Government"
(JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)) Enlightened thinker best known for writing __.
-"The Social Contract and Emile"
(Jean-Jacques Rousseau [1712-1778]: The General Will) What book did Rousseau write? What is it about? Why was it important?
-"The Social Contract", Rousseau's treatise on politics and government, is one of the most influential books on political theory in European history.
(THE NINETEENTH CENTURY) John Stuart Mill wrote "__". He argued that the __ and __ imposed on women were a relic from the past
-"The Subjection of Women" -social and legal inequalities
(James I [reigned: 1603-1625]: Divine Right of Kings) What work did he publish? What did he assert?
-"The True Law of Free Monarchies" -asserted that: "Kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth, and sit on God's throne, but even by God himself they are called gods."
(ROMANTICISM: KEY ROMANTIC WRITERS, ARTISTS, AND COMPOSERS) Artists- Caspar David Friedrich: What did he paint? What is it about? What does the character contemplate?
-"The Wanderer Above the Mists" -depicts a lonely but captivating traveler standing on a mountain peak contemplating a mysterious and awesome vista that can be dimly seen through the surrounding mist
(The Spread of Calvinism) What did protestant reformers from France, England, and Scotland hail Calvin's Geneva as?
-"The most perfect school of Christ since the days of the Apostles" -Geneva thus became both the center of Calvin's reformed church and a compelling model for other Protestant leaders
(THE NINETEENTH CENTURY) The ideal middle-class woman was expected to be an "__." Her most important roles were to be __ and __.
-"angel in the house" -a devoted mother and the family's moral guardian
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: INTRODUCTION) Despite these seemingly insurmountable problems, Europe staged a remarkable recovery that is often called an "__".
-"economic miracle"
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES: THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT) During the last three decades of the twentieth century, women activists successfully fought for "__," more generous __, and affordable __. The movement also strove to liberalize __ and legalize __.
-"equal pay for equal work" -maternity leave -day care -divorce laws -abortion
(CONTAINMENT: THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE) Truman justified the aid by declaring that the United States would support "___." This sweeping pledge became known as the ___.
-"free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures" -Truman Doctrine
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830) The bourgeoisie prevailed. With their support, Louis Philippe, Duka of Orleans, became "____." Louis Philippe prided himself on being ___ who supported ___.
-"king of the French." -being a "citizen king" who supported France's business interests
(Anabaptist leaders) Thomas Münzer, what is he known for? When was he executed?
-"left wing" -Anabaptist leader because he advocated the overthrow of the existing political and social order -Münzer was executed in 1525
(WORLD WAR II: THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II) Germany's blitzkrieg or "___" combined __ and __ to overwhelm Poland
-"lightning war" -fast-moving armor and air power
(THE NINETEENTH CENTURY) By the end of the nineteenth century, educated middle-class "__ women" enjoyed __.
-"new" -more independent lifestyles
(FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)) Believed that the "will-to-__" of a few heroic "supermen" could successfully __ the world.
-"power" -reorder
Who was Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)?
-"prince of humanists" -most famous and influential humanist of the Northern Renaissance -devout Catholic committed to reforming the church from within
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: FORMS OF TOTALITARIANISM) Communism: Led by one party, the "dictatorship of the __."
-"proletariat"
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE GREAT TERROR) The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794: Justified by the goal of creating a "___" where all citizens would possess __ and be dedicated to the __.
-"republic of virtue" -high moral standards -public good
(CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)) Concluded that every living plant and animal takes part in a constant "__" in which only the "__" survive
-"struggle for existence" -"fittest"
(EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: THE ORIGIN OF THE EUROPEAN UNION [EU]) As Schuman predicted, the ECSC became "the first step in __." The success of the ECSC led its six members to sign___, creating the __, also known as the __. The EEC encouraged the free movement of products by eliminating __ on all goods
-"the federation of Europe" -the Treaty of Rome -European Economic Community (EEC) -Common Market -tariffs
(JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)) Believed that since "law is the expression of __," the state is based on a __.
-"the general will" -social contract
(Ninety-Five Theses) what is an indulgence? who did Luther see it being sold by?
-1517: sold by Johann Tetzel (German preacher) near Wittenberg -a certificate granted by the pope in return for the payment of a fee to the church -certificate stated that the soul of a dead relative or friend of the purchaser would have his time in purgatory reduced by many years or canceled altogether
(The French Wars of Religion-The Edict of Nantes, 1598) When was the Edict of Nantes issued? What did it proclaim?
-1598 -proclaimed the toleration of Calvinism and recognizing the rights of French Protestants
(TENSIONS IN THE OLD REGIME: ROYAL INEPTITUDE) Louis XVI (reigned 1774-1792) became king when he was just ___ years old. He was a ____ man but a very ____ king. Louis XVI was an excellent ____ and preferred ____ to ruling. His Austrian-born wife _______ correctly described him as a ____ person who was _____.
-20 -good man -poor king -locksmith -hunting -Marie Antoinette -timid -"afraid to command"
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: THE THREE ESTATES) The First Estate: The Catholic Church held about ___% of the land
-20%
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: THE CORPORATE ECONOMY) He organized __ state corporations to run all parts of the Italian __. Each corporation included __(3)__
-22 -economy -employers, employees, and government arbitrators (official to settle a dispute)
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: THE THREE ESTATES) The Second Estate: Nobles owned about ____% of the land
-25%
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: THE POPULATION EXPLOSION) The combined population of Great Britain and Ireland increased on from 10 million in 1750 to ___ million in 1850
-30
(WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE) In 1918, Parliament granted the suffrage to women over the age of __.
-30
(MAJOR EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1799: HAITI) When the French Revolution began, the population of Satu, Domingue included ____ whites, ____ people of color, and ____ slaves.
-30,000 whites, 28,000 people of color, and 465,000 slaves.
(CONSEQUENCES OF THE NEW IMPERIALISM: AN INTERDEPENDENT GLOBAL ECONOMY) Foreign trade increased from just 3 percent of the world's output in 1800 to __ percent by 1913
-33%
(THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1815) Created a loose confederation of __ German states dominated by __.
-39 -Austria
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- THE BALANCE OF POWER) To keep France from renewing its drive for power, the Congress encircled France with strengthened powers: A group of _____ were loosely joined into a _____, dominated by ____
-39 German states -newly created German Confederation -Austria
(TENSIONS IN THE OLD REGIME: PEASANT DISTRESS) Peasants comprised over ___/5 of France's ___ million people
-4/5 -26
(THE RISE AND FALL OF WITCHCRAFT: WITCHCRAFT PERSECUTIONS) Between ____ and ____ people were executed for witchcraft
-40,000 and 60,000
(CONTAINMENT: THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE) On March 12, 1947, President Harry Truman asked Congress for $__ million in economic aid for __ and __.
-400 -Greece and Turkey
(WORLD WAR II: THE HOLOCAUST) The Nazi Holocaust claimed the lives of over __ million Poles Russians, Czechs, and other civilians. Of these, an estimated __ million were European Jews murdered in death camps
-6 -5.7
(THE POPULATION EXPLOSION: Population Statistics) The population of England rose from ___ million in 1750 to more than __ million in 1800
-6 to 10
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE RAILROAD) By 1850, Britain had over ___ miles of railroad track. Each mile of newly laid track required ___ tons of iron
-6,000 -300 tons
(POPULATION TRENDS AND IMMIGRATION: THE BABY BUST) The demographic impact of the baby bust can be vividly seen in Germany. If present trends continue, the German population will shrink from 82 million people in 2001 to just __ million in 2050.
-62
(INTRODUCTION: THE NEW IMPERIALISM) In 1500, the European powers controlled about _ percent of the globe's land. By 1800, they controlled __ percent. A new Age of Imperialism began in 1870 as European powers, plus the United States and Japan, rapidly ___. By 1914, the new imperialist powers controlled __ percent of the globes land.
-7% -35% -acquired vast overseas empires -84%
(THE POPULATION EXPLOSION: Population Statistics) The population of Spain increased from ___ million in 1700 to ___ million in 1800
-7.6 to 10.5
(NAPOLEON AND DOMESTIC REFORM, 1801-1805: A CENTRALIZED BUREAUCRACY) The National Assembly replaced France's traditional provinces with ____. Self-governing assemblies enjoyed ___. Napoleon kept the departments but appointed prefects who ____.
-83 departments -local autonomy -directly supervised local affairs
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: THE THREE ESTATES) The Third Estate: comprised __% of the population
-95%
(The Four Phases of the Thirty Year's War: The Swedish Phase, 1630-1635) Who was Gustavus Adolphus? What did he hope to do?
-A charismatic ruler and brilliant military strategist -led a disciplined, well-equipped army -A sincere champion of Lutheranism, Gustavus hoped to create a federation of Protestant states in Germany under Swedish leadership
(LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY BEFORE 1750) A combination of ________ and ___________ exercised tight control over marriage
-A combination of parental authority and strict laws
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: Battle of Lepanto, 1571) What happened? Where? Result?
-A combined Spanish-Venetian fleet defeated the Turkish navy at Lepanto off the coast of Greece -The victory enhanced Philip's prestige as a champion of Catholicism
(The Impact of the Catholic Reformation on Women: Teresa de Avila) Who was Teresa de Avila? What is she immortalized in? What did she preach?
-A major Spanish leader in the reform movement for monasteries and convents -Immortalized in Bernini's famous sculpture the "Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" -Preached the individuals could use prayer to establish a direct relationship with God
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: The Defeat of Philip: The Netherlands) What did the Duke of Parma do? Who was he?
-A new Spanish viceroy (a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign/supreme ruler) -adopted more skillful tactics -by substituting diplomacy for force, Parma was able to induce the ten southern provinces to reaffirm their loyalty to Spain
(Making Comparisons: The Economic Decline of the Dutch Republic and Spain- Factors Responsible for Economic Decline) The high costs of war: how did this effect Spain's economy? Who did Spain fight with?
-A series of costly wars damaged Spain's economy -Spain fought lengthy wars with both the Dutch Republic and France
(The New Economics: Making Comparisons: The Economic Policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert and Adam Smith) What policy did Smith advocate for in terms of trade and government interference in the economy?
-Advocated a policy of free trade and minimal government interference in the economy
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: THE BERLIN CONFERENCE, 1884-1885) Leopold's actions ignited European interest in __. Soon Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Portugal also ___.
-Africa -claimed parts of the continent
(THE BERLIN CONFERENCE, 1884-1885) Established rules governing the race for __.
-African colonies
(Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu- The Intendant System) How was France politically divided (not in a social way)? What did Richelieu do to this system? What did intendants do?
-At that time, France was divided into thirty-two administrative districts -Richelieu replaced nobles with royal officers called intendants -The intents implemented royal orders
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: CAVOUR AND THE PRACTICE OF REALPOLITIK) The Franco-Piedmont alliance: Cavour understood that ___ was the greatest obstacle to Italian unity
-Austria
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- THE WAR) ___ did not participate in the actual fighting. Russia resented (A's) "____" for the aid ___ had given the Austrians during ___ in 1849
-Austria -"ingratitude" -Nicholas I -the Hungarian uprising
(THE MARCH TO WAR: THE BALKAN POWDER KEG) Serbian nationalism threatened ___. At the same time, it offered Slavic Russia ___.
-Austria -an opportunity to advance its interests in the Balkans
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: HOPE AND FAILURE IN GERMANY) In 1834, all the major German states except ____ formed the Zollverein, an ____. The Zollverein facilitated (to make easier) ___ and set ___.
-Austria -economic union that eliminated internal tariffs -commerce and set a precedent for greater union
(THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1791-1792: FRANCE VERSUS AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA) The Legislative Assembly declared war against ___ and ____ in April 1792, thus beginning _____.
-Austria and Prussia -the War of the First Coalition
(The Wars of Louis XIV: The Treaty of Utrecht, 1713) Austrian gains: What did Austria gain (2)?
-Austria gained the Spanish Netherlands (Belgium), which then became known as the Austrian Netherlands -Austria obtained Naples, Milan, and Sardinia
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna-Elaborate Pomp) The crowned heads of _(3 specific countries)____ along with the ____ assembled in Vienna, Austria, in the fall of 1814
-Austria, Prussia, Russia, and dozens of lesser states along with the ministers of nearly every European government
(THE PEACE OF UTRECHT, 1713) Granted the Spanish Netherlands (now called the __) to the ___ along with __(3)__.
-Austrian Netherlands -Austrian Habsburgs -Milan, Naples, and Sicily
(Three Declining Empires: The Ottoman Empire) Who did Austrian forces successfully repel? Who helped them? What did the mark the beginning of?
-Austrian forces reinforced by Poles and Germans successfully repelled the Turks -This marked the beginning of a steady decline in Ottoman power
(The Napoleonic Empire, 1804-1815: "Europe was at my Feet") Between 1805 and 1807, Napoleon defeated ___(3 countries)___ in a series of brilliant military victories Napoleon accurately boasted, ____. Only Great Britain stood between Napoleon and his dream of ____.
-Austrian, Prussian and Russian forces -"Europe was at my feet." -achieving French hegemony over all of Europe
(THE MARCH TO WAR: THE BALKAN POWDER KEG) Russia and Austria-Hungary were thus on a collision course in the ___. As one Balkan crisis followed another, Europe teetered on the brink of ___.
-Balkans -war
(LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Child Rearing) Why were parents reluctant to become emotionally attached to their children?
-Because of the high mortality rate among infants
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL) On November 9, 1989, a new East German leader opened __. The __ of Germany occurred less the year later. These watershed events marked the end of the __ in Eastern Europe
-Berlin Wall -reunification -Cold War
(THE TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK, 1918) Ended __ participation in World War I
-Bolshevik Russia's
(Making Comparisons: Hobbes and Locke- Thomas Hobbes [1588-1679]) Hobbes-Beliefs on the state of nature (in terms of no civilization)
-In a state of nature, people know neither peace nor security -In a state of nature, life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
(MAJOR EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1799: FRANCE) The French Revolution replaced the ___ with a ___. "The Declaration of the Rights of Man" and of the Citizen became a foundational document for_____. France became the first nation to______.
-Bourbon monarchy -republic -the cause of liberty and human rights -grant universal male suffrage
(THE WAR IN THE WEST: THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN) Germany's unprovoked attack on Belgium outraged ___. On August 4, 1914, __ declared ___.
-Britain -Britain declared war on Germany
(DECOLONIZATION: FRENCH DECOLONIZATION) France attempted to reassert its control over __. However, a resistance movement led by Ho Chi Minh declared __ after defeating French forces at the battle of Dien Bien Phu in __.
-Indochina -Independence -1954
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA: INDOCHINA) Vietnam forms a long curving S on the eastern shore of the __ peninsula. French soldiers gradually conquered __ in the years between 1857 and 1883. Ten years later, France completed the conquest by adding ___ and __ to its Indochina empire
-Indochina -Vietnam -Cambodia (now Kampuchea) -Laos
(GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642)) Condemned by the __ for publicly advocating __.
-Inquisition -Copernicus's heliocentric theory
(The Glorious Revolution: William and Mary): What did the Whigs and Tories do instead of starting a civil war (which did not break out in 1688 as it had in 1642)?
-Instead, Whigs and Tories invited William and Mary to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism
(Jean-Jacques Rousseau [1712-1778]: The General Will) The sovereign power in a state does not lie in a ruler, what does it rely in instead? What is the general will or "public spirit"?
-Instead, it resides in the general will of the community as a whole. -The general will or "public spirit" is defined as any action that is right and good for all
Intendant system vs the Fronde, what were they intended to do? What did the Fronde play a key role in?
-Intendant system: designed to strengthen royal authority -Fronde: intended to weaken the king's power (The Fronde played a key role in prompting Louis XIV to move to Versailles)
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC THREATS) _____ also threatened the National Convention. ___ and ___ rebelled against the tyranny of radical Jacobins
-Internal strife (conflict) -Girondists and royalist Catholics
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA: INDIA) The Sepoy Mutiny marked a turning point in ___. In 1858, administration of India passed from ___ to ___. The British adopted a more tolerant approach towards ___. At the same time, the British launched a massive development program that included building __(3)__.
-Britain's relationship with India -the East India Company -the British crown -Indian religious traditions -beginning irrigation projects, constructing schools, and building an extensive network of railroad lines
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES) Germany's territories in Africa and the Pacific were given as mandates to __(3 countries)__. A mandate was __.
-Britain, France, and Japan -a territory that was administered on behalf of the League of Nations
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA: INDIA) British economic interest in India began in the 1600s when the ___ established ___ at Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. The company quickly took advantage of ___. By 1757, the British East India Company ruled___ with little interference from _____.
-British East India Company -treaty ports -the growing weakness of India's ruling Mughal dynasty -large parts of India -the British government
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA: INDIA) The British East India Company maintained an army led by __ and staffed by ___. Like many Indians, the sepoys resented ___. In 1857, word spread among the sepoys that ___. Soldiers had to bite off the seal to use the cartridges. This outraged Hindus who were ___ and Muslims who were prohibited from _____.
-British officers -sepoys or Indian soldiers -Britain's arrogant disregard for their cultural traditions -their British-made rifle cartridges were sealed with beef and pork fat -not allowed to touch beef -eating pork
(THE MUNICH CONFERENCE, 1938) Discredited the __.
-British policy of appeasement
(WORKING-CLASS PROTEST IN GREAT BRITAIN: EARLY LABOR UNIONS) The Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 prohibited ___ from ___. Under pressure from labor and middle-class reformers, Parliament ____ in 1824
-British workers from organizing to improve their condition -repealed the Combination Acts
(NORTH ATLANTIC PACT, 1949) Forced to move its headquarters from Paris to __ when Charles de Gaulle withdrew French forces from the "__"__.
-Brussels -"American-controlled" NATO
(Luther was a political conservative) Who should christians obey? How should religious reform effect political status?
-Christians owed obedience to established authority -religious reform should not affect the political status quo, except for its impact on the break with papacy
(The Rise of Prussia: The Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg-Prussia) In the early seventeenth century, what did the Hohenzollern family inherit?
-Cleves and some neighboring lands on the Rhine River and the dutchy of Prussia on the Baltic coast to the northeast
(THE HELSINKI ACCORDS, 1975) Marked the high point of __.
-Cold War détente
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER BREZHNEV, 1964-1982: DÉTENTE) The Helsinki Accords marked the high point of __. The accords ratified (made officially valid) ___ established after World War II and committed the signers to recognize and protect ___.
-Cold War détente -the European territorial boundaries -basic human rights
(Sugar and Slavery): who introduced sugar canes (and to who), what was the crop's importance?
-Columbus introduced to Hispaniola -Within a short time, a "white gold" rush began on sugar plantations and spread across the island
(THE TREATY OF ROME, 1957) Created the European Economic Community (EEC), generanly known as the __.
-Common Market
(EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: EXPANSION TO EASTERN EUROPE) Following the collapse of __, virtually all of the Eastern European governments applied for __. These nations viewed membership as a source of ___ and a symbol of __.
-Communism -membership in the EU -economic prosperity -their return to Europe
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER BREZHNEV, 1964-1982: STAGNATION) Now led by Leonid Brezhnev, the __ Party clamped down on Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Andrei Sakharov, and other __.
-Communist -outspoken dissidents
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE GREAT TERROR) The Great Terror, 1934-1938: Created a new ___ Party staffed with members who demonstrated __ to __.
-Communist -total loyalty to Stalin
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: CZECHOSLOVAKIA'S VELVET REVOLUTION) A general strike led by Václav Havel resulted in the collapse of the __.
-Communist government
(THE GREAT DEPRESSION: CAUSES) Several long-term problems negatively affected the U.S. economy (list 3) -Companies ___. -Consumers did not ___. -Farmers ___ driving down ___.
-Companies overproduced consumer goods. -Consumers did not have enough money or credit to purchase goods. -Farmers overproduced agricultural products, driving down prices and incomes
(The New Economics: Key Ideas in "The Wealth of Nations"- Self-interest and the "invisible hand") How are competition and self-interest beneficial? give quote. What is the "invisible hand"?
-Competition and self-interest are SOCIALLY beneficial -"Self- interest drives people to action and the Invisible Hand of competition acts as an automatic regulator so that the market will generate wealth for a nation." -"Invisible hand" is competition
(MAINTAINING THE OLD ORDER: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: THE CONGRESS SYSTEM) The effort to achieve consensus (an agreement) on foreign policy issues was known as the ___. It marks ___.
-Concert of Europe -the first significant experiment in collective security
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE CIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGY, AUGUST 1790) This act, passed by the National Assembly, did the following (3)...
-Confiscated the lands owned by the Roman Catholic Church -Decreed that bishops and priests would be elected by the people and paid by the state -Required the clergy to take a loyalty oath to support the new government
(CONTAINMENT: KEY POINTS) __ became the primary U.S. foreign policy from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991
-Containment
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: THE SITUATION IN 1850) Piedmont leadership: In 1852, Piedmont's King Victor Emmanuel I|| named ___ his prime minister.
-Coun Camillo di Cavour
(The English Civil War [1642-1649]: Oliver Cromwell) Who did he execute in January 1649?
-Cromwell and his supporters executed King Charles I
(The Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell: Foreign Policy) What did Cromwell brutally crush? Who replaced Catholic property owners? What happened to nearly half of Ireland's population, why?
-Cromwell brutally crushed a royalist uprising in Ireland -Protestant landlords replaced Catholic property owners -Nearly half of Ireland's population may have perished from famine and plague
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION) ____ replaced the open-field system
-Crop rotation
(The Restoration: James II [reigned 1685-1688]) Did he inherit the throne? What policies did he adopt? What was he determined to do and how did he attempt to do this?
-Despite opposition from the Whigs, James II inherited the throne -He promptly adopted policies that antagonized both Whigs and Tories -Determined to return England to Catholicism, he appointed Catholics to influential positions of power
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER BREZHNEV, 1964-1982: CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND THE BREZHNEV DOCTRINE) Alarmed by __, Brezhnev called on the other Warsaw Pact countries to invade __ and remove __ from power.
-Dubček's reforms -Czechoslovakia -Dubček
(The Rise of Absolutism in France [1589-1661]: Henry IV) The Duke de Sully and financial reform-Who did Henry IV appoint as his chief minister? What did this person do?
-Duke de Sully -could not make the tax system more just, but he did make it more efficient -His policies reduced the royal debt, built new roads and canals, revived industry and agriculture, and encouraged colonization in the New World
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC THREATS) ___, ___, ___, and ___ joined with Prussia and Austria. In the spring of 1793, First Coalition armies ______.
-England, Spain, Holland, and Sardinia joined with Prussia and Austria -converged on France
(English Society in The Seventeenth Century: Religion) What did Puritans (what are Puritans?) continue to demand?
-English Protestants -continued to demand changes in the Anglican Church
(Key features: New joint-stock companies) who formed joint-stock companies? why?
-English and dutch merchants -to maximize profits and limit risks
(POPULATION TRENDS AND IMMIGRATION: GUEST WORKERS) During the 1960s and 1970s, millions of manual laborers from former British, French, Dutch, and Portuguese colonies entered __ as "__."
-Europe -guest workers
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- CONSEQUENCES) Napoleon III emerged as a leading figure in ____. This new prestige encouraged him to ___.
-European affairs -play a greater role in Italy
(THE TREATY OF ROME, 1957) Marked the beginning of __.
-European economic integration
(THE HELSINKI ACCORDS, 1975) Ratified the ___ established after World War II.
-European territorial boundaries
(The Decline of Spanish Power: The Golden Age of Spain) Who built the foundation of Spanish absolutism?
-Ferdinand and Isabella
(New Monarchs: Spain) Ferdinand (reigned 1479-1516) and Isabella (reigned 1474-1504): importance of their marriage
-Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile (1469) created a dynastic union of the Liberian Peninsula's two most powerful royal houses
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: A NEW MAP OF EUROPE) __ and the three Baltic states-__, __, and __-emerged from the tsarist empire
-Finland -Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
(The Glorious Revolution: William and Mary): What religion did James's first wife practice? What was their eldest daughter raised as? Who did their eldest daughter (Mary) marry?
-First wife: protestant -Eldest daughter, Mary: Protestant -Mary was the wife of: William of Orange, a powerful Dutch leader
(The New Economics: Making Comparisons: The Economic Policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert and Adam Smith) What policies did Colbert follow? What did he promote?
-Followed economic policies designed to give France a favorable balance of trade. -Colbert promoted Caribbean sugar plantations, established slaving stations in Africa, and encouraged colonies in Canada
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE WOMEN'S MARCH TO VERSAILLES, OCTOBER 1789) ______ in Paris sparked yet another popular explosion. On October 5, 1789, a crowd of ______ (what did they do?).
-Food shortages -several thousand hungry, angry, and desperate women marched 12 miles from Paris to Versailles.
(The Wars of Louis XIV: Strategic Goals) What was the most power and populous nation in Europe?
-France
(THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919) Changed the map of Europe by returning Alsace-Lorraine to __ and dissolving Austria-Hungary into the separate states of __(4)__.
-France -Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
(THE MARCH TO WAR: BISMARCK'S NETWORK OF ALLIANCES) In an attempt to isolate __, Bismarck formed a military alliance with ___ in 1879. Three years later, ___ joined these two countries, thus forming ___.
-France -Austria-Hungary -Italy -the Triple Alliance
(CONTAINMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE TREATMENT OF GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR) After the First World War: The Versailles Treaty forced Germany to cede Alsace-Lorraine to __. In addition, the Polish Corridor separated part of __ from the rest of Germany
-France -East Prussia
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH FRANCE, 1870) The war: The Prussians successfully invaded __ and forced ___ to surrender on September 2, 1870
-France -Napoleon II
(THE WAR IN THE WEST : THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN) Germany faced the daunting task of simultaneously fighting __ on its western border and __ along a lengthy eastern front
-France -Russia
(THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE: DEFEAT AND DISCONTENT) Austria suffered humiliating military defeats at the hands of first __ and ___ and then __.
-France and Piedmont -Prussia
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For France) How did it effect France's identity?
-France emerged as the strongest power in Europe
(The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648: Causes of the Thirty Year's War-INTERNATIONAL INTERFERENCE) Why was this a cause?
-France opposed any policy that would create a strong power in Germany. So, although France was a Catholic power, it allied itself with Protestant principles -The Lutheran kings of Denmark and Sweden were prepared to defend Protestant interests in the Holy Roman Empire
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For France) What did France receive portions of?
-France received portions of Alsace and Lorraine
(NAPOLEON'S LEGACY: Impact on France) Napoleon's domestic program created __(3)__
-France's centralized bureaucracy, its unified secondary educational system, and its legal code
(NAPOLEON III (REIGNED 1852-1870): QUEST FOR GLORY) Napoleon believed that the Concert of Europe (see Chapter 23) limited ____.
-France's foreign policy
(The Decline of the Dutch Republic: Costly Wars) How were the Dutch threatened by the French? What happened in 1672? What did the Dutch do?
-France's growing power and territorial ambitions threatened the Dutch -In 1672, the French successfully occupied three of the seven Dutch provinces -The Dutch finally stopped the invasion by breaking their dikes and flooding vast areas of their country
(THE MARCH TO WAR: THE FORMATION OF THE TRIPLE ENTENTE) Germany tested the Anglo-French entente by challenging ___. However, Germany's belligerent actions only served to ___.
-France's plan to dominate Morocco -draw France and Britain closer together
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: STATISTICAL MEASURES OF BRITISH PROSPERITY, 1850) Possessed more railroad lines than __(5)__ combined
-France, Russia, Austria, Belgium, and all the Italian states
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: WAR WITH AUSTRIA, 1859) The combined __ and ___ armies defeated the Austrians. Meanwhile, Italian nationalists ___.
-French -Piedmont -staged revolts across northern Italy
(NAPOLEON AND DOMESTIC REFORM, 1801-1805: THE CONCORDAT OF 1801) The Concordat of 1801 enabled Napoleon to regain the loyalty of ____. Although the government recognized ____ as the "preferred" religion of France, the agreement protected _____.
-French Catholics -Catholicism -freedom of worship for other faiths
(DECOLONIZATION: FRENCH DECOLONIZATION) In Algeria, a bitter war broke out between __ and __. After a bloody struggle, French President Charles de Gaulle accepted __. After more than a century of French rule, Algeria became __ in 1962.
-French and Algerian hationalists -Algerian self-determination -independent
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: THE "SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA") The Germans established colonies in ___ (East) and in the __ and __ on the west coast.
-German East Africa -Cameroons and Tongo
(INTRODUCTION: THE NEW IMPERIALISM) The imperialist powers seized direct control over some areas such as __ and __. In other areas, they established __ where the dependent country had its own __ but was still subject to ___. And finally, the great powers established ___.
-German East Africa and French Indochina -protectorates -government -the authority of the imperial power -spheres of influence over large parts of China
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH AUSTRIA, 1866) Consequences: With Austria excluded from __, Bismarck organized ___ dominated by __.
-German affairs -a North German Confederation -Prussia
(THE NAZI-SOVIET NONAGGRESSION PACT, 1939) Divided eastern Europe into __.
-German and Soviet zones
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: THE SITUATION IN 1860) Prussia's growing strength: Led by Prussia, the Zollverein (see Chapter 23) promoted ___ while demonstrating __.
-German economic growth -the advantages of unity
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH FRANCE, 1870) The war- On January 18, 1871, King William I was proclaimed __ in___ at the ___.
-German emperor -the Hall of Mirrors -Palace of Versailles
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: REASONS WHY THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC FAILED) The Versailles Treaty outraged __ who resented the __ and __. Constant nationalist agitation undermined support for the __.
-German nationalists -war-guilt clause and the loss of territory to Poland -Weimar Republic
(The German Peasant's War, 1525: Causes) what did Luther have to do with the cause of this war?
-German peasants originally supported Luther -They heard his message as one that promised freedom from oppression by the landlords and the clergy
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: THE SITUATION IN 1860) Obstacles to unity: French foreign policy continued to support ___ while opposing ___.
-German rivalries -Germany unity
(Causes of Dutch Economic Prosperity: Calvinism and Commercial Capitalism) Who was Max Weber? What did he publish? What did he argue?
-German sociologist -published his seminal work "The Protestant Ethnic and the Spirit of Capitalism" in 1905 -argued that Protestantism in general and Calvinism in particular promoted hard work, an unpretentious lifestyle, and the accumulation of reinvestment of wealth
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: REASONS WHY THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC FAILED) The Great Depression had a particularly devastating impact on __. Millions of workers lost faith in the __.
-Germany -Weimar Republic
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: HOPE AND FAILURE IN GERMANY) The failure of the German reform movement had fateful consequences for __ and ___.
-Germany and the future of Europe
(Commercial trading posts) Where were the most important Portuguese trading posts?
-Goa on the Indian coast -Malacca on the Malay Peninsula -Macao on the southern coast of China
(ALBERT CAMUS (1913-1960) AND JEAN-PAUL SARTRE (1905-1980)) Believed that __(3)__ are myths, and that humans live in a __ world, __ and __ (how do they live?).
-God, reason, and progress -hostile -alone and isolated
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: POLAND AND SOLIDARITY) The people of Poland were the first to test __'s new policies
-Gorbachev's
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Industrialization: Began in ____ in the late eighteenth century
-Great Britain
(INTRODUCTION: GENERAL OVERVIEW) The Industrial Revolution began in ___ in the ___(decade)___
-Great Britain -1750s
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: THE "SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA") ___ controlled the lion's share of Africa. The British empir stretched from __ in the north to ___ in the south
-Great Britain -Egypt -the Cape of Good Hope
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE) Although nearly 30 countries were represented, ___, ___, and ___ made the major decisions
-Great Britain, France, and the United States
(THE FALL OF NAPOLEON: NAPOLEON'S FINAL BATTLES) Napoleon's enemies quickly took advantage of his weakness. ___(4)___ formed a Grand Alliance that defeated Napoleon at the ____ in October 1813
-Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria -Battle of Nations
(ROMANTICISM: KEY CHARACTERISTICS) The primacy of emotion: A different past: Neoclassical artists looked to ___ for ___.
-Greece and Rome -models of order and clarity
(The Four Phases of the Thirty Year's War: The Swedish Phase, 1630-1635) What did the Swedish victories, led by Gustavus, prevent the Habsburgs from? Who was defeated?
-Gustavus defeated Wallenstein in a series of decisive battles -The Swedish victories prevented the Habsburgs from uniting the German states
(THE EDICT OF NANTES, 1598) Issued by __ of __.
-Henry IV of France
(Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu-The rise of Richelieu) What happened to Henry IV in 1610, who took the title as "second Bourbon monarch"?
-Henry IV was assassinated in 1610, leaving his 9 year old son Louis XIII (reigned 1610-1643) as the second Bourbon Monarch
(Dissolution of the monasteries) What did Henry do with the land seized from English monasteries in 1536? What was the effect of this?
-Henry sold much of the land to nobles and to members of England's increasingly prosperous merchant class -Enriched by the monastic lands, these groups became loyal supporters of the Tudor dynasty
(WORLD WAR II: THE ATOMIC BOMB) President Truman authorized the use of the atomic bomb on cities of __ and __. First and foremost, Truman wanted to avoid a __ of Japan by shocking the Japanese government into __. Modern historians believe that Truman also wanted to convince Stalin to be more __.
-Hiroshima and Nagasaki -bloody invasion -an immediate surrender -cooperative in postwar plans
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: THE MUNICH CONFERENCE) Hitler, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, Mussolini, and French Premier Édouard Daladier held an emergency conference in Munich to negotiate ___.
-Hitler's demand that Czechoslovakia give up the Sudetenland
(JOHN CALVIN (1509-1564)) Influenced followers who were known as __ in France, __ in Scotland, and __ in England and the New England colonies.
-Huguenots -Presbyterians -Puritans
(The Spread of Calvinism) Why did Calvinism spread to France? What were Calvinist followers called?
-Huguenots -The new faith had a particular appeal to French nobles and members of the middle class, many of whom saw themselves as members of the elect
(The Peace of Westphalia, 1648: The Setting) Who met in Westphalia? What did this mark?
-Hundreds of diplomats, representing the German states, France, Sweden, Spain, the Dutch, and the pope met in Westphalia -This marked the first war in modern history ended by a peace conference
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: REVOLUTIONS IN THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE) Revolution quickly spread from Vienna to ___, where Louis Kossuth demanded ___.
-Hungary -self-government
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: INTRODUCTION) __ and __ stalked Europe from Bulgaria to Belgium. Tens of millions of homeless Europeans were classified as "__."
-Hunger and desperation -"displaced persons"
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: STALIN AND GORBACHEV) Stalin: __ and __ millions of Soviet citizens
-Imprisoned and executed
(LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Increased Life Expectancy) Improved ____ and the beginning of the science of ____ reduced death rates. ____ performed the first smallpox vaccination in 1796. What was the greatest medical triumph of the eighteenth century?
-Improved SANITATION -science of IMMUNOLOGY -Edward Jenner -The conquest of smallpox was the greatest medical triumph of the eighteenth century.
(The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648: Causes of the Thirty Year's War-RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS) What role did "defending interests" play in this? Why was this a cause?
-In 1608, the Protestant states formed the Protestant Union to defend their interests -The following year the Catholic states formed the Catholic League to defend their interests -By 1609 two military alliances faced each other within the Holy Roman Empire -each alliance was determined to prevent its rival from making any further advancements
(The Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell: The Commonwealth and the Protectorate) What happened to Oliver's power status after Charles I's execution?
-Oliver now held the reins of power
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN) In 1791, ______ composed a Declaration of the Rights In Women in which she declared, ______. She further insisted that ______.
-Olympe de Gouges -"Woman is born free and lives or woto men in her rights." -"male and female citizens being equal in the eyes of the law, must be equally admitted to all honors, positions, and public employment."
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: THE BERLIN CONFERENCE, 1884-1885) Alarmed by the rising tensions, the German Chancellor ___ convened a conference in Berlin to establish _____. Representatives from _____ and ___ attended the conference. However, the European leaders did not invite __ to attend the conference.
-Otto von Bismarck -rules for dividing Africa -all the major European nations and the United States -a single African ruler
(Causes of Dutch Economic Prosperity: Shipping and Commerce) What role did Dutch ships play in trade?
-Over 2,000 Dutch merchant ships crisscrossed the World's oceans and seas -Their cargoes of spices, silks, cottons, and other prized good comprised over half of Europe's trade
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: ROCOCO) Basic characteristics: Paintings featured....(in terms of colors)
-Paintings featured light-colored pastels
(DECOLONIZATION: BRITISH DECOLONIZATION) Britain surrendered control of __ to the United Nations. Israel then declared __, igniting a war with ___.
-Palestine -its independence -neighboring Arab countries
(THE FALL OF NAPOLEON: NAPOLEON'S FINAL BATTLES) The allied armies entered ___ in March 1814. Napoleon abdicated his throne and was exiled to __, a tiny island 9 miles off the Tuscan coast.
-Paris -Elba
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: REVOLUTIONS IN THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE) Revolutionary fervor quickly spread from ___ to ___. As tensions mounted, Metternich ___.
-Paris -Vienna -resigned and fled to England
(THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1791-1792: THE SECOND FRENCH REVOLUTION) Faced with defeat, recruits rushed to ___ singing ____, a stirring appeal to save ___ from tyranny. The rejuvenated French forces stopped ____, thus saving the ____.
-Paris -the Marseillaise (French National Anthem) -France -the Austro-Prussian army -Revolution
(WORLD WAR II: THE GRAND ALLIANCE) Outraged Americans wanted to first avenge __. However, President Roosevelt recognized that __ posed a greater threat than Japan. If Hitler succeeded in defeating both the Soviet Union and Great Britain, he could ___. Roosevelt and Churchill therefore agreed upon a military strategy to ___.
-Pearl Harbor -Hitler -transform Europe into an unconquerable fortress -defeat Hitler first
(TENSIONS IN THE OLD REGIME: PEASANT DISTRESS) What did peasants lose half of their income to? They paid feudal dues to... (3) In addition, they paid a ___ tax called the taille and performed___ _____ called the corvée. Although they paid most of the taxes, the peasants received ____ services in return
-Peasants lost half their income to taxes. -nobles, tithes to the church, and royal taxes to the king's agents. -land tax -forced labor -few
(THE POPULATION EXPLOSION: FACTORS LIMITING POPULATION GROWTH) List 3 (and one example)
-Periodic crop failures caused widespread famine -Epidemic diseases such as bubonic plague decimated Europe's population -Frequent wars destroyed crops and spread contagious diseases. For example, the Thirty Years' War reduced the population of the German states by at least one-third
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Defeating Sweden) In 1700, what did Peter order his army to do? How long did this war last?
-Peter ordered his army to end Sweden's dominance of the Baltic -The Great Northern War between Sweden and Russia lasted from 1700 to 1721
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Modernizing Russia) What did Peter the Great recognize about Russia compared to the rest of Europe? What was he determined to do?
-Peter recognized that Russia had fallen behind Western Europe -Determined to learn from his rivals, Peter visited Holland and England, where he toured shipyards, examined new military equipment, and observed Western customs
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: CAVOUR AND THE PRACTICE OF REALPOLITIK) Strengthening Piedmont: Cavour modernized ___.
-Piedmont's army
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: THE SITUATION IN 1850) Piedmont leadership: Italian nationalists looked to the kingdom of ___ for leadership. It was the only Italian state ruled by ___.
-Piedmont- Sardinia -an Italian dynasty
(The Enlightenment: Deism) What new religious movement formed? What did it stress?
-Pietism -stressed faith, emotion, and "the religion of the heart."
(WORLD WAR II: THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II) On September 1, 1939, German forces attacked __. Two days later, Great Britain and France declared war on __.
-Poland -Germany
(Three Declining Empires: The Republic of Poland) How did the Polish government work? What issues did this have?
-Poland did have a central legislative body known as a diet -However, action required the unanimous consent of each aristocrat member -Any member could break up or "explode" the diet by objecting to a policy or act -Poland's lack of a centralized power created a power vacuum that left it vulnerable to stronger and more aggressive nations
(The Jesuits: Society of Jesus) Who authorized the society of Jesus? When? What were those who joined called?
-Pope Paul III -1540 -Jesuits
(The Reformation Popes) Who did the new generation of popes begin with?
-Pope Paul III (1534-1549)
(WORLD WAR II: THE ATOMIC BOMB) On July 26, 1945, Truman issued the ___ Declaration calling upon Japan to ___ or suffer "the utter devastation of the ___." The Japanese government ignored the warning as "___."
-Potsdam -surrender unconditionally -"Japanese homeland" -"unworthy of public notice"
(James I [reigned: 1603-1625]: Divine Right of Kings) What was James convinced of in regards to the Presbyterian system of church government
-Presbyterian system of church government would destroy royal control of the church and threaten the monarchy -Reportedly summed up his opposition by declaring, "No bishops, no king."
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: THE "DARK CONTINENT") Inspired by __, fifteenth-century Portuguese sea captains began to explore ___. The Portuguese and other European countries established ___ along the coast. However, they learned very little about the of what they called the "__"
-Prince Henry the Navigator -the west coast of Africa -trading posts -"Dark Continent"
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- SERIOUS DELIBERATIONS) Led by ____, the Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs, the great powers conducted ____ to ____ and attempt to create ____.
-Prince Klemens von Metternich -serious negotiations -redraw the map of Europe -a durable peace
(MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)) _(religion)_ reformer whose criticism of __ helped spark the __.
-Protestant -indulgences -Reformation
Luther and Calvin: Both were __ reformers who challenged __ and relied upon __ as the sole source of religious authority. Unlike Luther, Calvin formulated a systematic theology that stressed __. In addition. while Luther relied on ___, Calvin devised a flexible system of church government that resisted __.
-Protestant -the pope -the Bible -predestination -state churches -control by the state
(Purpose of Baroque Art) How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?
-Protestant reformation was one of the greatest challenges to the Catholic Church since the Roman persecutions of the third century -Led by a series of reform popes, the Church launched a Catholic Counter-Reformation to halt the spread of Protestantism and reenergize the faithful
(Elizabeth I (reigned 1558-1603): religious issues) what did Catholic experience under her rule? What did Protestants experience under Edward VI's (reigned 1547-1553) rule?
-Protestants gained strength under Edward VI -Catholics experienced a renewal under Mary
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH FRANCE, 1870) The causes: Napoleon III declared war on ___ on July 19, 1870
-Prussia
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE GREAT TERROR) The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794: Ordered by the Committee of __ led by __.
-Public Safety -Maximilien de Robespierre
(The New Economics: Adam Smith [1723-1790]) Importance of "The Wealth of Nations", when was it published?
-Published in 1776 -a landmark book that gave birth to classical economic thought
(MAINTAINING THE OLD ORDER: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: THE CONGRESS SYSTEM) England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed a ___ committing them to ___.
-Quadruple Alliance -preserve the conservative order
(THE TECHNOLOGY OF EMPIRE: EFFECTIVE NEW MEDICINES) __ was first isolated in 1820 from the bark of the cinchona tree. Large-scale use of (A) as an effective treatment for malaria began after ___. It soon played a significant role in __.
-Quinine (type of anti-parasite chemical to treat malaria) -1850 -enabling Europeans to colonize western and central Africa
(NAPOLEON III (REIGNED 1852-1870): ECONOMIC PROGRESS): Napoleon IIl understood the importance of modern industrialization. His economic policies included the following achievements:
-Railroad mileage increased by more than fivefold -Moderate free-trade policies doubled exports -Industrial production doubled, enriching the middle class.
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: CAVOUR AND THE PRACTICE OF REALPOLITIK) Realpolitik: Cavour's successful combination of power politics and secret diplomacy is called ___, "__(meaning)__."
-Realpolitik -"the politics of reality"
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: MAKING COMPARISONS: CAVOUR AND BISMARCK) Similarities: Both Cavour and Bismarck were shrewd masters of ___. For example, Cavour participated in the Crimean War in order to ___ in the drive for ___. Bismarck used the Ems Dispatch to help provoke ___.
-Realpolitik -gain allied support for Piedmont-Sardinia's leadership -Italian unification -a war with France
(The New Economics: Key Ideas in "The Wealth of Nations"- Free Markets) What should be abolished, why?
-Regulations such as tariffs -because they hinder free trade
(Charles I [reigned: 1625-1649] and Parliament: Religious Policies) What was the single most explosive issue in England?
-Religion
(THE RISE AND FALL OF WITCHCRAFT: REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF EUROPEAN WITCH HUNTS) ______ finally came to an end, thus restoring social stability
-Religious wars
(THE RISE AND FALL OF WITCHCRAFT: REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF EUROPEAN WITCH HUNTS) What caused great social and economic stress? Why were older, widowed women scapegoats?
-Religious wars and economic uncertainty -they usually lacked power and thus became convenient scapegoats.
(MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE (1533-1592)) French __ who developed the __ as a literary genre
-Renaissance writer -essay
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: KEY POINTS) ___ stifled reform in Russia
-Repressive policies
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR) ___ resistance finally collapsed in 1939. Franco then established an __ regim that remained in power until ___. It is important to note that __ was officially neutral during World War II.
-Republican -authoritarian -his death in 1975 -Spain
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: HITLER AND THE VERSAILLES TREATY) In March 1936, Hitler ordered the German army to march into the demilitarized zone of the __.
-Rhineland
(Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu- International Affairs) What power did Richelieu support during the Thirty Years' War? What did he do to make France the leading European power?
-Richelieu supported the Protestant powers during the Thirty Years' War -His skillful diplomacy and well-timed interventions helped defeat the Habsburgs and make France the leading European power
(THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1791-1792: FACTIONS IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY) Conservatives who favored a constitutional monarchy made up the ____ (name seating section).
-Right
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: HOPE AND FAILURE IN GERMANY) ___ broke out in Berlin in 1848. Frederick William IV (reigned 1840-1861) responded by ___, including ___.
-Riots -issuing a series of reforms, including calling a Prussian assembly to draft a new constitution.
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE REIGN OF TERROR) Led by _____, the Committee of Public Safety exercised _____ as it carried out a ______
-Robespierre -dictatorial power -Reign of Terror
(The Restoration: Charles II [reigned 1660-1685]-The Question of the Succession): What religion did Charles's second wife and his brother, the Duke of York, pursue?
-Roman Catholic
(Luther's Key Beliefs) How was the Catholic church organized? What did Luther think of this?
-Roman Catholic Church was a hierarchical organization led by the Pope -Luther insisted that because all Christians are spiritually equal, the church consists of the entire community of the Christian faithful
(WORLD WAR II: THE GRAND ALLIANCE) The Big Three referred to __(3 people)__
-Roosevelt, Churchill, and the Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin
(Jean-Jacques Rousseau [1712-1778]: Natural Education) What did Rousseau argue in regards to schooling systems?
-Rousseau argued that a "natural education" should replace the rigid schooling typical of his time
(James I [reigned: 1603-1625]: Divine Right of Kings) What did James believe about the relationship between royalty and God?
-Royal authority came directly from God
(Jean-Jacques Rousseau [1712-1778]: The General Will) How are rulers viewed? What happens if they fail to carry out people's will?
-Rulers are servants of the community -If they fail to carry out the people's will, they should be removed.
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: REASONS WHY THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC FAILED) __ during the early 1920s destroyed middle-class savings, thus eroding ___.
-Runaway inflation -confidence in the government
(THE MARCH TO WAR: BISMARCK'S NETWORK OF ALLIANCES) In 1887, Bismarck took yet another ally away from France by signing a treaty with __.
-Russia
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- CONSEQUENCES) The Crimean War left Austria isolated from its two traditional allies, ___ and ___. This exposed ___ to ___.
-Russia -Prussia -a now vulnerable Austria -Italian and German nationalism
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- THE WAR) The Crimean War lined up most of the European powers against ___. France, Britain, Turkey, and a contingent of 18,000 men from Piedmont-Sardinia captured the strongly defended _____ at ___.
-Russia -Russian fortress -Sevastopol
(Russia before Peter the Great: The Romanov Dynasty) What happened to Russia after the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584?
-Russia experienced a period of weakness and disorder known as the Time of Troubles
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- THE WAR) The war was named after the Crimean peninsula, part of the ____ Empire that juts out into the ___ Sea
-Russian -Black
(THE FALL OF NAPOLEON: THE RUSSIAN DEBACLE) Napoleon reached Moscow on September 14, 1812. The next day, fires probably set by ___, destroyed almost ___ of the city.
-Russian troops -three-fourths
(WORLD WAR II: HITLER'S EMPIRE IN EUROPE, 1940-1942) In the spring of 1940, Hitler unleashed a second blitzkrieg that overwhelmed __(3 countries)__. Only __ remained unconquered.
-Scandinavia, Belgium, and France -Great Britain
(NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)) Helped launch the __ by challenging the widespread belief in the __ theory that the earth is __.
-Scientific Revolution -geocentric -the center of the universe
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: A NEW MAP OF EUROPE) The __ dominated Yugoslavia.
-Serbs
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- THE WAR) The major action of the Crimean War was a year-long siege of ____ on the ___.
-Sevastopol -Crimean Peninsula
(POST-WORLD WAR II FEMINISM) Led by __, European feminists called attention to __ that women faced. (A) also emphasized the need for women to __.
-Simone de Beauvoir -social problems -control their own lives
(The Restoration: Charles II [reigned 1660-1685]-The Question of the Succession) Who was next in line to the throne after Charles, why?
-Since Charles had no legitimate children, his brother James was next in line to the throne
(Anglicanism: Henry VIII (reigned: 1509-1547): the problem of succession) what did Henry ask of Pope Clement VII? Why?
-Since he was only the second king of the Tudor dynasty, he was determined to have a male heir -His wife, Catherine of Aragon, failed to give birth to a son -Henry asked Pope Clement VII to annual the marriage
(THE MARCH TO WAR: THE BALKAN POWDER KEG) Austria felt threatened by the growth of __ within ___ and across ___. In 1908, the Austrians enraged the Serbs by ___.
-Slavic (Serbs) nationalism -its borders and across the Balkans -annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina
(Enlightenment Views of the Role of Women: The Inclusive View) What did philosophes think of female relations to political equality? What did they want to maintain?
-Some philosophes supported granting women a degree of political equality. -They pointed out the contradiction between advocating freedom from arbitrary governments while at the same time maintaining unrestrained control over women
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: STALIN AND GORBACHEV) Stalin: Imposed __ control over Eastern Europe
-Soviet
(CONTAINMENT: THE WARSAW PACT) The alliance linked the __ with seven Eastern European countries: Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania, The Cold War thus divided Europe into ___.
-Soviet Union -two rival blocs
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: "SPUTNIK") "Sputnik" quickly became a symbol of ___. Sputnik's success played a key role in contributing to the __ between the Soviet Union and the United States.
-Soviet technological prowess (skill) -space race
(Making Comparisons: The Economic Decline of the Dutch Republic and Spain- Greatness and Prosperity) In the sixteenth century what happened to Spain? What was this period of?
-Spain conquered and then developed a world colonial empire -The sixteenth century was a period of Spanish greatness and prosperity
(The Decline of Spanish Power: Political Decline) How did Spain's next rulers effect its decline? What about their lifestyles (along with the lifestyles of aristocrats)?
-Spain suffered from a series of weak and inept rulers who pursued misguided and ineffective policies -Spanish rulers and aristocrats continued to lead extravagant lifestyles they could no longer afford
(Making Comparisons: The Economic Decline of the Dutch Republic and Spain- Factors Responsible for Economic Decline)-Small populations- What happened to Spain's population? What did this result in?
-Spain's population shrank from approximately 7.5 million in 1550 to 5.5 million in 1660 -A declining population reduced the domestic demand for Spanish goods
(The Decline of Spanish Power: Economic Decline) What were the main things that declined in Spain (economy) (4)?
-Spanish industry -commerce -agriculture -population
(The Decline of Spanish Power: The Golden Age of Spain) What began to steadily decline during the seventeenth century?
-Spanish power and prestige
(THE FALL OF NAPOLEON: NAPOLEON'S FINAL BATTLES) Napoleon abdicated a second time and was shipped to ___, a remote island in the South Atlantic. Once the master of Europe, Napoleon now lived in lonely exile writing his memoirs. He died in 1821
-St. Helena
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: KHRUSHCHEV'S SECRET SPEECH) In 1956, Khrushchev boldly attacked __ in a "secret speech" delivered at the __ Congress in Moscow.
-Stalin -Twentieth Communist Party
(WORLD WAR II: HITLER'S EMPIRE IN EUROPE, 1940-1942) Frustrated by his defeat in the Battle of Britain, Hitler broke his pact with __ and, like Napoleon 150 years before, unleashed ___. By October 1941, German armies surrounded __ and ___ Moscow.
-Stalin -a massive invasion of Russia -Leningrad -besieged (captured/forced to surrender)
(The New Economics: Making Comparisons: The Economic Policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert and Adam Smith) How did Colbert financially support French industry?
-Subsidized (financially supported) French industry by granting monopolies and enforcing high tariffs
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION) ____ had large amounts of wealth accumulated from ___.
-Successful British merchants -global trade
(THE MUNICH CONFERENCE, 1938) Ceded the __ to Adolf Hitler
-Sudetenland
(Sugar and Slavery): explain the growing importance of sugar (give example)
-Sugar quickly became the most valuable cash crop grown in the British Empire -EX: by 1700, the English West Indies produced 25,000 tons of sugar, worth four times the value of Chesapeake tobacco
(The Glorious Revolution: William and Mary): How did William and Mary respond to the Whigs and Tories invitation to overthrow James II?
-Supported by an army of 25,000 men, William invaded England -He marched to London greeted by cheering crowds -Faced with united opposition, James II fled to France
(Russia before Peter the Great: Isolation) How was Russia isolated in terms of geography? What country made this worse?
-Sweden prevented Russia from reaching the Baltic Sea while the Ottoman Empire prevented Russia from reaching the Baltic Sea.
(The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648: Causes of the Thirty Year's War-POLITICAL DIVISIONS) Why was this a cause?
-The Austrian Habsburgs wanted to reverse the Protestant gains while building a stronger monarchy -The German principalities and independent cities were jealous of their rights and resisted any attempt at centralization
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- THE BALANCE OF POWER) To keep France from renewing its drive for power, the Congress encircled France with strengthened powers: _____ was united with _____ to form ____.
-The Austrian Netherlands -the Dutch Republic -a single kingdom of the Netherlands
(Consequences of the Columbian Exchange, FOR AFRICA): what caused the increase in demand for a labor force?
-The Spanish quickly discovered that coffee and sugar flourished in New World soils and climates -These highly prized crops produced great profits but required a large labor force
(The Jesuits: Society of Jesus) What did Ignatius write? What was this piece about?
-The Spiritual Exercises -detailing a system of discipline meditation, prayer, and study
(The Restoration: Charles II [reigned 1660-1685]-Tories and Whigs): Who did the Tories feel a strong loyalty to? What did they support>
-The Tories felt a strong loyalty to the monarchy and supported James's right to the throne
(Louis XIV, the Sun King: The Versailles Palace): Louis XIV understood the power of art as propaganda and the value of visual imagery for cultivating public image, what did he do with this knowledge?
-The Versailles Palace was designed to be a visible symbol of Louis XIV's absolute power and greatness
(The Restoration: Charles II [reigned 1660-1685]-Tories and Whigs): What two groups did the debate over Jame's succession divide the parliament into?
-The Whigs and The Tories
(The French Wars of Religion-The Politiques) What paved the way for the accession of Henry of Navarre, and who was Henry?
-The death of Catherine de' Medici followed by the assasination of the powerful Catholic Duke of Guise and King Henry III -Henry was a leading politique who became Henry IV in 1589
(The Enlightenment: Key Ideas- Progress) What would make progress inevitable?
-The discovery of laws of economics and government would improve society and make progress inevitable
(Jean-Jacques Rousseau [1712-1778]: The General Will) Contrast Thomas Hobbes and John Locke with Jean-Jacques Rousseau (in regards to social contracts)
-Thomas Hobbes and John Locke (see Chapter 11): argued that individuals entered a social contract with their rulers. -Rousseau argued that individuals entered into a social contract with one another. This created a community, or organized civil society.
(The Spanish Conquests): How did the king of Spain govern his American empire?
-Through a Council of the Indies in Spain and through viceroys in Mexico City and Lima, Peru
(JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630)) Began his career as an assistant to the Danish astronomer __.
-Tycho Brahe
(Enlightenment Views of the Role of Women: The Domestic View) Why should women not have intellectual jobs?
-Women should concentrate their natural talents on the domestic sphere where their roles as wives and mothers had preeminent importance
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: ROCOCO) Leading artists and works: François Boucher, "Cupid a Captive" depicts...
-a "captive" Cupid bound with flowers enjoying the company of a group of charming captors
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: "SPUTNIK") In 1957, a beaming Khrushchev proudly announced that the Soviet Union had successfully launched __ named Sputnik into __.
-a 184-pound satellite -orbit around the Earth
(The Glorious Revolution: The Bill of Rights, 1689): In 1689, what did Parliament require William and Mary to accept?
-a Bill of Rights
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: THE FASCIST STATE) Mussolini quickly consolidated his power and organized __.
-a Fascist state
(NATIONAL RESISTANCE IN SPAIN: THE "SPANISH ULCER") The guerrillas and a British expeditionary force pinned down ___. Faced with mounting losses, Napoleon referred to the conflict as his ___. The Peninsular War damaged ___ and inspired ____
-a French army of about 300,000 men -"Spanish Ulcer" -the aura of French invincibility -other nationalists to view the Spanish as unwanted invaders rather than as liberators
(MAJOR EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1799: HAITI) Haiti was _____. The island's ____ made it the most profitable French colony in the world
-a French colony called Saint-Domingue (later named Haiti) -lucrative sugar plantations
(Denis Diderot [1713-1784] and the "Encyclopedia": Purpose) Who was Diderot?
-a French philosophe who became the chief editor of the "Encyclopedia"
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: OTTO VON BISMARCK, MASTER OF REALPOLITIK) In 1862, William I chose as his prime minister a ___ and ___ named ___.
-a Junker and staunch conservative -Otto von Bismarck
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CRYSTAL PALACE AND THE ARC DE TRIOMPHE) The Arc de Triomphe in Paris- Combined ___.
-a Neoclassical arch with romantic relief sculptures
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE): The Congress of Vienna: Created __ that lasted for over __ years
-a balance of power -50
(Restoring the Old Order: EVALUATION) It created ___ that lasted until ____.
-a balance of power -the unification of Germany in 1871
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- CONSEQUENCES) The English nurse Florence Nightingale organized ____ to ___. She played an important role in ___.
-a battlefield nursing service -care for the British sick and wounded -professionalizing nursing for women
(The French Wars of Religion-The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 1572) What did The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre ignite?
-a bloody civil war between Catholics and Huguenots that continued for 15 years
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA: CHINA) The Treaty of Nanking marked the beginning of ___. Between 1870 and 1914, Western nations carved China into ___. Britain, France, Germany. and Japan controlled ____, ____, ____, and ____ in their respective spheres
-a century of Chinese humiliation -spheres of influence -trade, tariffs, harbor duties, and railroad rights in their respective spheres
(EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: PROBLEMS) Despite its impressive record of success, the EU faces formidable problems. For example, can a union of 28 sovereign countries develop __ and __?
-a common identity and political cohesion?
(The Wars of Louis XIV: The War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1713) What did the War of the Spanish Succession prove to be? What did it lead to (in France)?
-a costly struggle that left France battered and weakened -The war's huge debts played a key role in worsening financial and social tensions that would later erupt in the French Revolution
(THE FALL OF NAPOLEON: THE RUSSIAN DEBACLE) The Russian campaign proved to be ___. Instead of directly attacking the Grand Army, the Russian generals ___. As they withdrew, the Russians ____.
-a debacle (a sudden failure) -retreated toward Moscow -carried out a scorched- earth policy of burning homes, destroying crops, and slaughtering livestock.
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: REASONS WHY THE DEMOCRACIES FAILED TO ACT) The horrific loss of life in World War I created ___.
-a deep desire for peace
(CONTAINMENT: THE NATO ALLIANCE) Ten Western European nations joined with the United States and Canada to form ___ alliance called the __. NATO coordinated __ among the nations of Western Europe
-a defensive military -North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) -defense preparations
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE): The Paris Peace Conference: Witnessed the birth of __ with the elimination of monarchies in __(3)__
-a democratic order -Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
(NAPOLEON AND DOMESTIC REFORM, 1801-1805: A CENTRALIZED BUREAUCRACY) Napoleon charted a privately owned national bank to provide ___ and a source of ___.
-a depository for government funds -credit for French businessmen
(Consequences: Rise of capitalism): what are capitalists motivated by?
-a desire to earn profits
(INTRODUCTION: THE REALISTS AND SOCIAL REALITIES) Like the Realpolitik political leaders, Realist authors and artists applied ___.
-a detached eye to objectively describe social realities
(WORLD WAR II: THE ATOMIC BOMB) President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. Two weeks later, President Truman learned that the United States had developed __.
-a fearsome new weapon, the atomic bomb
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: The Defeat of Philip: Consequences of Philip's defeats) Now independent, what did age did the Dutch begin?
-a golden age of commercial prosperity and artistic creativity
(The Enlightenment: The Philosophes) what were the philosophes? What did they form?
-a ground of thinkers and writers who espoused (supported) enlightened ideas -Taken together, they formed a grand "republic of letters" -NOT abstract philosophers
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: ROCOCO) Leading artists and works: Antoine Watteau, "Pilgrimage to Cythera" depicts...
-a group of amorous couples who have spent a day at a magical island dedicated to Venus
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: THE POPULATION EXPLOSION) This dramatic increase in population created ___ that stimulated ___.
-a growing market -production
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH FRANCE, 1870) The consequences: Bismarck imposed ___. He forced France to ___ and cede ___ and ___.
-a harsh settlement -pay a huge indemnity -Alsace -most of Lorraine German empire
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: PERSISTENT PROBLEMS) The newly unified Kingdom of Italy faced a number of persistent problems: The new government was burdened by ___.
-a heavy debt
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE FOURTEEN POINTS) President Woodrow Wilson became the spokesman for ___ and ____.
-a just and lasting peace
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: REVOLUTIONS IN THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE) Austria was a huge dynastic state in which a dominant German speaking nation ruled ___ and __.
-a large number of subject nationalities AND ethnic groups
(THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA, 1648) Recognized Calvinism as ___.
-a legally permissible (allowed) faith
(CONTAINMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE TREATMENT OF GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR) After the First World War: Unaware that their army had been defeated, the German people expected __.
-a lenient postwar settlement
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: DEFEAT IN ITALY) Led by Giuseppe Mazzini, the "Young Italy" movement sought to establish ____.
-a liberal republic embracing all Italy
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: THE SITUATION IN 1860) Obstacles to unity: The German Confederation remained __ dominated by ___.
-a loose grouping of 39 states dominated by Austria
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: EASTERN EUROPE) The protests in Hungary quickly escalated into __ when Hungary's liberal Communist leader, Imre Nagy, promised __ and called for the removal of __.
-a major crisis -free elections -Soviet troops
(RUSSIA: REACTION AND REFORM- ALEXANDER'S DEATH) Alexander Il's death triggered ____, thus ending hopes for __.
-a major suppression of civil liberties -peaceful reforms in Russia
(THE RE-EMERGENCE OF RUSSIA: BORIS YELTSIN, 1991-1999) Yeltsin was committed to adopting new policies that would place Russia on a firm course to __ and __.
-a market economy and a pluralistic political system
(CONTAINMENT: THE MARSHALL PLAN) The Truman administration recognized that the shattered European economy required ___. The Marshall Plan was a program of __ aid designed to promote the recovery of __ while alse preventing the spread of __.
-a massive infusion of economic assistance -economic -war-torn Europe -Soviet influence
The Battle of Austerlitz solidified Napoleon's reputation as ____
-a military genius
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH FRANCE, 1870) The causes: Bismarck adroitly (cleverly) exploited ___. By skillfully ___, Bismarck inflamed relations between France and Prussia
-a minor dispute between France and Prussia over the search for a new Spanish monarch -editing the Ems Dispatch
(THE POPULATION EXPLOSION: FACTORS PROMOTING POPULATION GROWTH) The agricultural revolution produced...
-a more abundant food supply
(Characteristics of the New Monarchs) New Monarchs: what did they create in terms of government?
-a more centralized administrative bureaucracy that relied upon educated and loyal middle-class officials
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: HOPE AND FAILURE IN GERMANY) A growing number of German nationalists hoped for ___.
-a more liberal German state
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: THE MUNICH CONFERENCE) Hitler's campaign of German expansion focused next on __ called the __. This heavily fortified strategic region contained _ million German-speaking people.
-a mountainous region of western Czechoslovakia -Sudetenland -3
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Nationalism: Insisted that a person's greatest loyalty should be to ____.
-a nation-state
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE "NATION IN ARMS") The levée en masse created ______. This marked the first example of....
-a national military based upon mass participation -the complete mobilization of a country for war
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: FORMS OF TOTALITARIANISM) Fascism: Condemned (declared unfit for use) democracy, arguing that rival parties undermine ___.
-a national unity
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH FRANCE, 1870) The consequences: The unification of Germany created ___. As the German empire rapidly industrialized, it became ___ and a formidable rival to ___. As a new great power, Germany played a key role in ____ from 1871 to 1945.
-a new European balance of power -the strongest state on the continent of Europe -Great Britain -every major international crisis
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For Diplomacy) what did the Peace of Westphalia establish in terms of European power?
-a new European balance of power that included fragmented German states, strengthened French power, and Dutch independence
(THE FALL OF NAPOLEON: NAPOLEON'S FINAL BATTLES) In March 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba and formed ___. Led by Great Britain and Prussia, the Grand Alliance ____ in June 1815..
-a new army -defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815
(The Wars of Louis XIV: The Treaty of Utrecht, 1713) What did this create?
-a new balance of power that preserved peace for the next 30 years
(The Commercial Revolution: New nation-centered economic system) what began to replace the old town-and-guild framework as commercial activity increased?
-a new nation-centered economic system
(GREAT BRITAIN: PROSPERITY AND REFORM: THE REFORM BILL OF 1867) Led by Benjamin Disraeli, the Conservatives (formerly the Tories) supported ___.
-a new reform bill
(INTRODUCTION: HISTORIC IMPACT) The Industrial Revolution led to the formation of ____ (socially).
-a new self- conscious social class, the working class, or proletariat
(CONTAINMENT: THE BERLIN AIRLIFT) The Allies failed to agree on __.
-a peace treaty with Germany
(THE RISE OF NAPOLEON: NAPOLEON IN CONTROL) In 1802, Napoleon ordered ____ to approve ____. France's male electorat gave Napoleon ___% of their votes. Two years later, voters once again registered their near unanimous approval when _____.
-a plebiscite, or popular vote -his position as Consul for Life -99.9% -Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE GREAT TERROR) The Great Terror, 1934-1938: Justified by claiming the existence of ___ masterminded by __ along with __ to ___.
-a plot -Trotsky -Fascist enemies -overthrow Stalin
(MAINTAINING THE OLD ORDER: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: The Decembrist Revolt in Russia) Nicholas I turned Russia into ___. The tsar was a ruthless ___ who forbade __, monitored ___, and censored __.
-a police state -autocrat -forbade representative assemblies -monitored university curricula -censored all dissenting viewpoints
(THE MARCH TO WAR: THE BALKAN POWDER KEG) As the power of the Ottoman Empire receded, the Balkan Peninsula became __.
-a powder keg (dangerous situation) of competing interests
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE INVENTIONS) In 1785, Edmund Cartwright invented ___that used ____ to ____.
-a power loom -water power to dramatically speed up weaving.
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: JOSEPH STALIN VERSUS LEON TROTSKY) Lenin's death in 1924 created __ between __ and __.
-a power struggle -Trotsky and Stalin
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: MAKING COMPARISONS: CAVOUR AND BISMARCK) Differences: Cavour recognized that Piedmont-Sardinia did not possess ___. He compensated for this weakness by ____. In contrast, Bismarck had access to ___.
-a powerful military -skillfully manipulating France to use its military for his ends -Prussia's powerful military machine
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: THE TENNIS COURT OATH, JUNE 1789) Abbé Sieyès, _____(who was this)_____, became _______. In a bold pamphlet, he asked _____(quote)_____? Sieyès' pointed questions and forceful answers emboldened _____ and energized ______.
-a previously unknown clergyman -the Third Estate's leading spokesman -"What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. What does it want to be? Something." -members of the Third Estate -energized the push for reform at the Estates General
(Lutheranism) what was Luther's early life dominated by?
-a private struggle to find the key to personal salvation
(INTRODUCTION: HISTORIC IMPACT) The Industrial Revolution caused ____ that dominated life in the ___ century.
-a process of modernization that dominated life in the nineteenth century.
(Louis XIV, the Sun King: Bishop Bossuet and the Divine Right of Kings): Who was Bishop Bossuet?
-a prominent French churchman -a renowned orator -the principal theorist of the seventeenth-century doctrine of absolutism
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE RAILROAD) English entrepreneurs wanted ___ to connect ____. _____opened in 1830
-a railroad line to connect the port of Liverpool with the inland city of Manchester, the heart of the spinning and weaving industry -The Liverpool-Manchester Railway
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: CAVOUR AND THE PRACTICE OF REALPOLITIK) Realpolitik: Cavour was ___ guided by ____. He believed that ___ and __ were more useful than ___ and ___.
-a realist guided by the dictates of political power -shrewd diplomacy and well-chosen alliances -grand proclamations and romantic rebellions
(The Peace of Augsburg, 1555) what major event happened between Catholics and Protestants between 1546 and 1555? Who was each side led by?
-a religious civil war between Catholics led by Charles V and and Protestants led by German princes tore Germany apart *Catholic King of France supported the Protestant nobles (this is an example of the long-standing French policy of maintaining a divided Germany).
(CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)) Challenged the idea of special creation by proposing ___.
-a revolutionary theory of biological evolution
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: STALIN AND GORBACHEV) Stalin: Created a ___ state.
-a rigid totalitarian state
(MOTIVES FOR THE NEW IMPERIALISM: ECONOMIC GAINS) Economic rivalry quickly fueled ___ in Africa and Asia. By 1900, __ and __ from the Congo, __ and __ from South Africa, and ___ and ___ from French Indochina provided lucrative raw materials for European __.
-a rush for colonies -ivory and rubber -diamonds and gold -rubber and rice -economic growth
(The New Economics: Key Ideas in "The Wealth of Nations"- Free Markets) In a free market, what will the economic laws of supply and demand create?
-a self-regulating economic system
(THE MARCH TO WAR: THE OUTBREAK OF WAR) The assassination set in motion ___. In August 1914, millions of soldiers marched off to battle, convinced the war would be over in ___.
-a sequence of events that plunged Europe into war -a few weeks
(Three Declining Empires: The Ottoman Empire) In the middle of the seventeenth century, what did a series of ambitious rulers do? What happened in regards to Vienna in 1683?
-a series of ambitious rulers revitalized (re-birthed) the Ottoman Empire -in 1683, a powerful Turkish army once again besieged (surrounded/forced Vienna to surrender) Vienna
(The Habsburgs: The Revival of Habsburg Power): What did Habsburg power suffer from?
-a series of setbacks following the devastation of the Thirty Years' War and the extinction of the Habsburg line in Spain
(Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)) what had the Portuguese established by Prince Henry's death?
-a series of trading posts along the West African coast -These posts did a thriving business in gold and slaves
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE INVENTIONS, TT) these inventions marked ___. The mechanization of the spinning and weaving process in the textile industry ____ in the Industrial Revolution
-a shift from human and animal power to mechanical power. -ushered (guided)
(WORLD WAR II: THE HOLOCAUST) The following factors contributed to the Holocaust: -Jews were ___. -Hitler's propaganda convinced Germans that Jews __. -Hitler's secret police successfully ___. -The Nazis successfully secured __ in occupied territories.
-a small and vulnerable minority -Jews were a- inferior race that should be eliminated -stifled dissent -collaborators (people who work with a project)
(The Four Phases of the Thirty Year's War: The Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625) What was this phase?
-a small but flourishing kingdom in which Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists lived peaceably together under earlier Habsburg promises of toleration
(The Rise of Prussia: The Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg-Prussia) What was Bradenburg?
-a small state located between the Oder and Elbe rivers with its center in Berlin
(CONTAINMENT: KEY POINTS) The Soviet Union soon dominated ___ in much of Eastern Europe. Soviet-backed communist parties pushed aside __ until they exercised __. Winston Churchill warned America that "__ has descended across the continent."
-a sphere of influence -opposition groups -unchallenged authority -"an iron curtain"
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE INVENTIONS) In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented ___ called ___ that combined ___ to produce ___ that was __ than earlier ___.
-a spinning machine -the mule -the best features of the spinning jenny and the water frame -thread -stronger, finer, and more uniform -spinning machines
(THE WAR IN THE WEST: STALEMATE) Trench warfare produced ___ that lasted about __ years and claimed ___.
-a stalemate -four (4) -unprecedented casualties
(MOTIVES FOR THE NEW IMPERIALISM: GEOPOLITICAL ADVANTAGES) The great powers understood the importance of ___ to protect vital sea routes connecting ___.
-a strong navy -a home country with its overseas colonies.
(Key Issues: The Role of the House of Commons) What did members demand?
-a stronger voice in political affairs
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: THE TENNIS COURT OATH, JUNE 1789) This dispute represented more than _______. It marked a struggle for __________ between _________.
-a struggle over procedure -power between those who wanted to preserve their privileges and those who wanted a more equal and open society.
(THE RISE AND FALL OF WITCHCRAFT: REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF EUROPEAN WITCH HUNTS) Protestants emphasized the concept of _______, thus making the Devil seem ______
-a supreme God -less threatening
(Mercantilism) what system did the rulers of new nation-states adopt?
-a system of economic principles and policies called mercantilism
(WORLD WAR II: THE GRAND ALLIANCE) The Big Three held their second and final meeting at Yalta in February 1945. Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to ___. In return Stalin agreed to __ three months after the Nazis surrendered. Stalin also agreed Poland should have a __ government based on __ elections
-a temporary division of Germany -join the war against Japan -representative -free
(POPULATION TRENDS AND IMMIGRATION: LEGAL AND ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION) At the end of 2015 ,__ was exacerbating tensions as Europe struggled to cope with __ since World War II.
-a tidal wave of refugees from Syria -the largest refugee crisis
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: GORBACHEV'S REFORMS) "Glasnost": Soviet leaders from Vladimir Lenin to Brezhnev created __ that controlled __ and restricted __.
-a totalitarian state -the mass media -human rights
(THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE: CONTINUED SLAVIC DISCONTENT) The Slavic regions called for, but failed to receive, ___.
-a triple monarchy
(THE DIRECTORY, 1795-1799: BOURGEOISIE MISRULE) The government consisted of _____ and an ____ of five men known as the ____.
-a two-house legislature -executive body -Directory
(NAPOLEON AND DOMESTIC REFORM, 1801-1805: THE NAPOLEONIC CODE) Napoleon's legal experts replaced centuries of confusing and outdated feudal laws with ______.
-a uniform legal code that is still the basis of French law
(THE MARCH TO WAR: GERMANY AND THE NEW BALANCE OF POWER) European leaders from Cardinal Richelieu (see Chapter 12) to Prince Klemens von Metternich (see Chapter 20) had feared __. Their fears now became a reality. As Germany's power surged, its leaders demanded ___ and "___".
-a united Germany -respect and a new "place in the sun."
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES: WOMEN AND THE GREEN MOVEMENT) As more and more women became social activists, they broadened their efforts to include ___.
-a variety of new issues
(WORLD WAR II: JAPAN'S EMPIRE IN ASIA, 1941-1942) But reversing the Japanese advance would take time. By May 1942, Japanese forces conquered __ they called ___.
-a vast Pacific empire -the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
(MOTIVES FOR THE NEW IMPERIALISM: NATIONALISM) Colonial expansion offered all citizens ___. Mass-circulation newspapers thrilled their readers with stories describing ___.
-a vicarious share in national glory -how intrepid explorers and dedicated missionaries overcame hardship and danger
(LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLAND: CONSEQUENCES) The British people saw that reform was possible without ___.
-a violent revolution
(WORLD WAR II: THE WAR IN EUROPE, 1942-1945) Hitler now faced the German nightmare of __. The once invincible German empire steadily shrank as the __ invaded from the east and the __ invaded from the west. Trapped in a vise, Hitler ___ and Germany __.
-a war on two fronts -Soviets -Allies -committed suicide -surrendered
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE INVENTIONS) In 1769, Richard Arkwright invented.... that...
-a water frame that used water power from fast-moving streams to drive spinning machines
(The Napoleonic Empire, 1804-1815: THE REORGANIZATION OF GERMANY) Napoleon unwittingly sparked ___ that fueled ___. People who at first welcomed the French as liberators now felt ____. Napoleon thus inadvertently accelerated the cause of ____.
-a wave of German nationalism -resistance to his rule -they were being exploited by foreign invaders -German unification
What is "The Praise of Folly" by Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)?
-a witty satire that poked fun at greedy merchants, pompous priests, and quarrelsome scholars -Erasmus saved his most stinging barbs for the immorality and hypocrisy of church leaders, including Pope Julius II
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Liberalism: Believed that individual rights are best protected by ____ that creates ____ with ____
-a written constitution -a limited government -carefullly defined powers
(THE MARCH TO WAR: THE FORMATION OF THE TRIPLE ENTENTE) Alarmed by Germany's growing naval power, Britain ___. In 1904, Britain concluded a ___ with France collectively called ___. With French support, the British concluded ___ with Russia, thus forming ___.
-abandoned its policy of "splendid isolation." -series of agreements -the Entente Cordiale -a similar agreement -the Triple Entente
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: Philip's Empire) Importance of Emperor Charles V
-abdicated his many thrones in 1556 -left his territories in Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary to his brother Ferdinand -Charles left his son Philip a vast empire that included Spain, Milan, Naples, the Netherlands, and the over seas empire in the Americas
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE END OF WORLD WAR I) Realizing that defeat was imminent, William II __ and Germany became __. Two days later, on November 11, 1918, World War I __.
-abdicated his throne -a republic -came to an end
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: REFORMS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY) The National Assembly DID NOT (abolish, give)
-abolish private property -give women the right to vote
(The Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell: The Commonwealth and the Protectorate) What did the Commonwealth (1649-1653) abolish? Who exercised political power?
-abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords -Oliver Cromwell and a one-house Parliament exercised political power
(Luther was a religious revolutionary) What else did Luther attempt to do besides reforming the Roman Catholic Church?
-abolishing monasteries -reducing the number of sacraments -encouraging priests to marry -repudiating the pope's authority to interpret the bible
(THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)) Argued that monarchs have __ and __ political authority.
-absolute and unlimited
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: THE FASCIST STATE) Mussolini's propaganda encouraged Italians to ___ without question. Slogans such as "____" covered billboards across Italy
-accept his leadership -"Mussolini Is Always Right"
(The Portuguese Trading-Post Empire) (Key explorers) Pedro Cabral
-accidentally discovered Brazil in 1500 while sailing to India -Returned to Portugal with 300,000 pounds of spice
(The Napoleonic Empire, 1804-1815: "Europe was at my Feet") Great Britain persuaded Austria, Prussia, and Russia that they must ____ to ____ and ____.
-act together -restore the balance of power AND resist the spread of French influence
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: THE RISE OF BENITO MUSSOLINI) Growing numbers of Italians demanded __ and waited impatiently for __.
-action -a strong leader
(THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA, 1648) Granted Sweden ___, confirming its status as __.
-additional territory -a major power
(The Peace of Westphalia, 1648: The provisions) What additional territory did Sweden receive?
-additional territory around the Baltic Sea
(LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLAND: THE REFORM BILL OF 1832) Under the Reform Bill of 1832, only about one in five ___ could vote. __, ___, and ___ were all disenfranchised (group stripped of their power)
-adult males -Workers, women, and the poor
(THE TECHNOLOGY OF EMPIRE: POWERFUL NEW WEAPONS) The imperialist powers equipped their armies with an arsenal of ___ that included __ and __.
-advanced weapons -repeating rifles -Maxim machine guns
(The Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell: Domestic Policy): What did the Levellers advocate for?
-advocated a more egalitarian society with nearly universal manhood suffrage and a written constitution guaranteeing equal rights to all
(THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: ENGLISH AGRICULTURE) Agricultural innovators: Charles "Turnip" Townshend, what did he advocate for?
-advocated continuous crop rotation using turnips, wheat, barley, and clover
(POPULATION TRENDS AND IMMIGRATION: THE BABY BUST) If it continues, the baby bust will produce serious long-term consequences. As Europe's population declines, it will also __. As a result, __ costs will sharply rise. In addition, a shrinking labor force will have to support __.
-age -health care -rising social security taxes
(Calvinism: John Calvin's Key Beliefs) What did Calvin and Luther disagree on?
-agreed on many fundamental points of theology -disagreed on the emphasis placed upon predestination and the relationship between church and civil authorities -Luther: church should be subordinated (less than) to the state -Calvin: the elect have a duty to Christianize the state
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: THE FASCIST STATE) Mussolini outlawed ___ except __.
-all political parties -the Fascists
(LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLAND: THE REPEAL OF THE CORN LAWS) Wealthy landowners stubbornly resisted ___. However, the Irish potato famine dramatically strengthened ___.
-all reform proposals -support for cheaper imported grains
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE GREAT TERROR) The Great Terror, 1934-1938: Ended when ___.
-all supposed rivals to Stalin had been eliminated
(The Impact of Protestant Reformation on Women: Women and Work) What did Luther teach about vocations (and def)? What did the view do?
-all vocations (a strong feeling of suitability for a particular career or occupation) have equal merit in God's eyes -This view gave greater dignity to wives performing routine domestic tasks
(THE POPULATION EXPLOSION: FACTORS PROMOTING POPULATION GROWTH) Powerful monarchs suppressed civil wars, thereby...
-allowing population to increase
(The Rise of Prussia: Frederick William, the Great Elector [reigned: 1640-1688]) What advantaged did the Hohenzollern possessions have?
-although scattered and weak, they were the second-largest block of territory in the Holy Roman Empire -Only the Habsburgs could claim more land
(The Spanish Conquests): What had Spain possessed by the end of the sixteenth century?
-an American empire twenty times its own size
(The Four Phases of the Thirty Year's War: The Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625) How did Ferdinand II effect The Bohemian phase? Who was Ferdinand II?
-an Austrian Habsburg and a zealous Catholic who undermined religious toleration by closing the Protestant churches
(RUSSIA: REACTION AND REFORM- ALEXANDER'S REFORMS) The emancipation of the serfs, 1861: In 1861, Alexander II issued ___ (doing what). ii. Although (A), the (A) still did not ___.
-an Emancipation Edict freeing the serfs -own the land
(Political and Religious Characteristics: Political Independence) Unlike the other continental nations, the Dutch were not governed by __ ______ ______. What were they governed by instead?
-an absolute ruler -political power passed into the hands of an oligarchy of wealthy merchants -strong assemblies in each province enabled elected delegates to give the people a voice in their local governments
(THE WAR IN THE WEST : THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN) In order to prevent a two-front war, General Alfred von Schlieffen drew up a master plan calling for ___. The Schlieffen Plan gambled that ___.
-an all-out attack against France -France could be knocked out of the war before Russia had a chance to fully mobilize its forces
(Anabaptist leaders) What did Luther's concept of "priesthood of all believers" promote? Give an example.
-an assertive spirit among Anabaptist women -EX: Elizabeth Dirks advocated gender equality, especially in the realm of church roles and the interpretation of the Holy Scripture
(RUSSIA: REACTION AND REFORM- TSARIST RUSSIA IN THE 1850s) Tsar Alexander II was ___ whose __ was ___.
-an autocrat whose will was law.
(Consequences: Rise of capitalism): what is capitalism?
-an economic system in which capital, or wealth, is invested to produce more capital
(THE WAR IN THE WEST: STALEMATE) Both sides now constructed ___ stretching more than 600 miles from the English Channel to the Swiss border
-an elaborate system of trenches
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE) The fall of the Bastille marked _______ against ______. It also pushed Paris to ________.
-an important symbolic act -against royal despotism -the forefront of the ongoing revolution
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- THE BALANCE OF POWER) To keep France from renewing its drive for power, the Congress encircled France with strengthened powers: The Congress recognized Switzerland as ______.
-an independent and neutral nation
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES) Poland once again became ___. The new Poland received ___ called the Polish Corridor. This strip cut off __ from the rest of Germany and gave __ access to the sea
-an independent nation -a large strip of German land -East Prussia -Poland
(MAJOR EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1799: HAITI) The successful slave uprising led to the founding of ______ that was both ____ and ruled by ___ and ____.
-an independent state -free from slavery -non-whites and former captives
(THE KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT, 1928) Outlawed war as __.
-an instrument of national policy
(EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: THE MAASTRICHT TREATY AND THE EUROPEAN UNION) The EU vindicated Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman's vision of ___ that permitted __(4)__. On January 1, 2002, twelve of the EU member nations adopted __. By 2009, 16 EU countries comprised a new "__."
-an integrated European economy -the free movement of goods, labor, capital, and services -the euro as a common currency -"euro-zone"
(REALISM IN LITERATURE AND ART: LEADING REALIST AUTHORS) Gustave Flaubert, "Madame Bovary": described the story of ___.
-an unfaithful wife of a French country doctor who lived beyond her means to escape the boredom of provincial life
(THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)) Feared the dangers of __ more than the dangers of __.
-anarchy -tyranny
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: THE MUNICH CONFERENCE) In 1938, Hitler successfully ___ into Germany
-annexed (added/gained control of) Austria
(The Peace of Westphalia, 1648: The provisions) What did the French annex?
-annexed portions of Alsace and Lorraine
(WORLD WAR II: THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II) In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union stunned the world by __. In addition, they secretly agreed to __.
-announcing a 10-year nonaggression pact -divide Eastern Europe
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: THE MUNICH CONFERENCE) Chamberlain believed he could preserve the peace by __.
-appeasing Hitler and giving in to his demands
(The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648: The Holy Roman Empire in 1600) What did the Holy Roman Empire consist of?
-approximately 300 small principalities, duchies, and independent cities
(Louis XIV, the Sun King: Bishop Bossuet and the Divine Right of Kings): What did Bossuet argue (read this whole card)?
-argued that all power comes from God -The kings inherited his position from the authority of God -Royal power was absolute -Subjects must obey their sovereign as the direct representative of God on earth
(The English Civil War [1642-1649]: The Cavaliers) What were the Cavaliers?
-aristocrats, nobles, and church officials who remained loyal to the king
(REALISM IN LITERATURE AND ART: LEADING REALIST AUTHORS) Henrik Ibsen, "A Doll's House": __(what effect did it have on society)__ , why?
-aroused great controversy -because of its critical attitude toward nineteenth-century marriage norms
(LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: PATTERNS OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY AFTER 1750) As income rose, ________ declined
-arranged marriages
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE GREAT TERROR) The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794: Ended when the Convention reasserted its authority by ___.
-arresting and executing Robespierre
(Geneva, "City of Saints") What did Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland, ask of Calvin in 1541?
-asked Calvin to transform their city into a model Christian community
(THE MARCH TO WAR: THE OUTBREAK OF WAR) On June 28, 1914, a 19-year-old Slav nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, ___.
-assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: THE MUNICH CONFERENCE) The Munich Conference marked a turning point in European history. Filled with confidence, Hitler now made plans to ___.
-attack Poland
(Causes of Dutch Economic Prosperity: The East and West Indies companies) What did these companies attempt to exploit? What was the result?
-attempted to exploit the New World's rich array of resources -Dutch traders extracted fortunes in mahogany and sugar from the coasts of Brazil and Guiana and from the Caribbean islands -In addition, they founded New Amsterdam on the tip of Manhattan Island as a center for the lucrative trade in beaver and otter furs
(The Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell: Domestic Policy): What did the Puritans attempt to impose?
-attempted to impose a strict moral code that censored the press, prohibited sports, and closed theaters
(Charles I [reigned: 1625-1649] and Parliament: Religious Policies) With Charles's encouragement, what did William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, attempt to transform? What did he attempt to impose?
-attempted to transform the Church of England into a Catholic Church without a pope -foolishly attempted to impose the English prayer book on the Scottish Presbyterian Church
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE) Germany and Austria-Hungary were not allowed to ___.
-attend the conference
(Luther's Key Beliefs) What were the Catholic Church's thoughts on the Bible?
-authority rests in both the Bible and the traditional teachings of the church
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: KEY POINTS) Peaceful reforms enabled England to ____.
-avoid violent revolts
(THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1815) Created a __ that lasted until ___ in 1871
-balance of power -the unification of Germany
(A competitive State System): What did the new diplomacy encourage?
-balance-of-power politics -unrestrained by religious or legal limitations, sovereign rulers strove for power and wealth -When one nation posed a threat to neighboring states, they responded by forming a coalition to preserve the balance of power
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION) Great Britain had a stable, well-developed ___ system that funded ____.
-banking -industrial development
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: CALLING THE ESTATES GENERAL) By the spring of 1789, the imminent threat of _____ confronted Louis XVI with a grave crisis. His finance ministers hoped to avoid (A) by _______. However, the nobles refused to _____ unless the king ______, which had not met since ____. Louis reluctantly _____ on ______
-bankruptcy -taxing the nobles -pay taxes unless the king called a meeting of the Estates General, which had not met since 1614 -summoned representatives of the three estates to meet at Versailles -May 5, 1789
(MOTIVES FOR THE NEW IMPERIALISM: GEOPOLITICAL ADVANTAGES) The great steamships required __ where they could ___. For example, Singapore served as __ for __. The British imperialist Lord Curzon understood the geopolitical importance of Singapore and other strategic bases when he described them as "pieces __."
-bases -take on coal and other needed supplies -a strategic base for British ships -"on a chessboard upon which is being played out in a game for the domination of the world"
(JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)) Viewed humans as __ beings who learn from __.
-basically rational -experience
(THE WAR IN THE WEST: THE HOME FRONT) Total War: When it became clear that the war would not ___, governments ___ in order to wage total war
-be over quickly -mobilized all human and industrial resources
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Building St. Petersburg) What did St. Petersburg quickly become a symbol of?
-became a symbol of Peter the Great's new and more powerful Russia
(The Restoration: Charles II [reigned 1660-1685]-Tories and Whigs): What did the Tories and Whigs become the first of?
-became the first political parties in the English-speaking world
(The Rise of Prussia: The Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg-Prussia) Who was the Hohenzollern family?
-became the hereditary rulers of Brandenburg in 1417
(The Four Phases of the Thirty Year's War: The Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625) What did the Thirty Year's war begin as?
-began as a religious civil war in Bohemia between the Catholic league led by Emperor Ferdinand II and the Protestant Union led by Frederick V
(The Rise of Absolutism in France [1589-1661]: Henry IV) The nobility of the robe- What did Henry IV and Sully begin the process of? What were "robe nobles"?
-began the process of raising revenue by selling government offices that conferred nobility -known as robe nobles, these new nobles were members of the increasingly prosperous bourgeoisie.
(Christopher Columbus 1451-1506): important discovery? importance of voyages?
-believed he had reached Asia, but really discovered Caribbean islands that were part of the New World -voyages helped to people Spain into the forefront of European exploration, conquest, and settlement
What is Jan Vermeer known for? What does his work show? What effects does he use?
-best known paintings show interior rooms with one or two figures quietly absorbed in reading, writing, or playing music -His images of composed serenity sparkle with reflected light that pours through an inconspicuous window
(CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)) British _(occupation)_ who wrote __.
-biologist -"The Origin of Species"
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE): The Paris Peace Conference: Created a legacy of __ between both the victors and the defeated, which led to __ in just __ years.
-bitterness -a second world war -20
Northern renaissance key artists: Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543): importance? known for? importance of his art?
-blended the Northern Renaissance's love of precise realism with the Italian Renaissance's love of balanced proportion and perspective -best known for his realistic portraits of Henry VIII and Thomas More -Henry VIII portraits are an excellent example of how portraits were used to visually express the rising power of the new monarchs
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: REVOLUTION IN FRANCE) Following a bloody confrontation between ___ and ___, French voters overwhelmingly elected Louis Napoleon as ___. The nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis promised to restore ___.
-bloody confrontation between workers and the capitalist-backed government -president of the Second French Republic -order at home and glory abroad
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: REASONS WHY ADOLF HITLER ROSE TO POWER) The weakness of the Weimar Republic helped prepare the public for a __ leader who would restore __.
-bold -German pride
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE STEAM ENGINE) Steam power played a key role in ____.
-boosting iron production
(LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLAND: THE REFORM BILL OF 1832) Many ___ were sparsely populated, and a few had no people at all. Meanwhile, new industrial cities such as Manchester had no ____.
-boroughs (electoral districts) -representatives
(Charles I [reigned: 1625-1649] and Parliament: Like Father, Like Son) What did Charles I and his father have in common (3)?
-both firm believers in the divine right of kings -always in need of money -opposed the Puritans and supported the Anglican Church
(Comparing Isabella of Spain and Elizabeth I of England) what goal did they have? were their religious policies similar?
-both shared a goal of ruling over a united country -no, they followed dramatically different religious policies to achieve their goal
(Making Comparisons: The Economic Decline of the Dutch Republic and Spain- Factors Responsible for Economic Decline)- Economic competition- Who wanted Spain's new world possessions?
-both the French and the English
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: CZECHOSLOVAKIA'S VELVET REVOLUTION) The fall of the Berlin Wall inspired reformers in Czechoslovakia to __.
-break away from the Soviet Union
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- CONSEQUENCES) Napoleon III achieved his objective of ____. The coalition between these two conservative powers had blocked France's ambitions for ____.
-breaking the alliance between Russia and Austria -greater influence since 1815
(The Spread of Calvinism) What did John Knox do in the late 1550s? What was the result of this?
-brought Calvinism to Scotland -Within a decade, the Presbyterian Church founded by Knox and his followers became the basis for Scotland's established religion
(THE GREAT DEPRESSION: CAUSES) Governments cut ___ and reduced __, helping to accelerate ___.
-budgets -spending -the downward economic spiral
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE RAILROAD) Steam power enabled inventors to ___.
-build railroad locomotives
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: CAVOUR AND THE PRACTICE OF REALPOLITIK) Strengthening Piedmont: Cavour launched an ambitious economic program that included __ and __.
-building railroads and expanding commerce
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Building St. Petersburg) When did Peter build St. Petersburg? What was this place named after?
-built in 1703 -Named after his patron saint, St. Petersburg would be "a great window for Russia to look out at Europe."
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Industrialization: Strengthened the size and significance of (list 3)
-business leaders, merchants, and the middle class
(REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE DIGITAL WORLD) By 2010, about one-third of the world's population was using the internet to __(3)__. __(3 social medias)__ became integral parts of daily life in the new digital world.
-buy goods, learn news, and connect with friends -Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube
(The Wars of Louis XIV: The Balance of Power) No European country was a match for France, so what did these countries do? What is this strategy called, what does it do?
-by joining together, weaker countries could equal or even exceed French power. -The defensive strategy is known as a balance of power -In such a balance, no country could dominate others
(NAPOLEON AND DOMESTIC REFORM, 1801-1805: LIBERTY OR DESPOTISM?) His critics pointed out that these gains (mentioned on card 20)____. The more power Napoleon accumulated, ___. Napoleon severely limited ____. He enacted laws designed to ___. Give example...
-came with a steep price -the more he wanted -political expression -censor plays, books, and newspapers -For example, before the coup, Paris had 73 newspapers. By 1811, the city just had four newspapers, all following the official government line
(The Enlightenment: Key Ideas- Nature and natural laws) How could these natural laws be discovered?
-can be discovered by human reason
(WOMEN IN THE SOVIET UNION) Marxists argued that both __ and __ exploited women
-capitalism and middle-class husbands
What does Frans Hals' portraits capture/portray? What sets his work apart?
-captures each person's characteristic expression -Few artists have depicted smiles and laughter so convincingly -His works form a portrait gallery of men and women who exuberant spirit turned the Dutch Republic into the most prosperous country in Europe
(The Ability to use New Technology) what new technologies helped explorers? Why?
-caravel: had square sails for running before the wind and triangular sails for tackling into the wind -magnetic compass and the astrolabe: enabled mariners to determine their location at sea
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: THE GREAT EXHIBITION, 1851) The exhibition was held to ___.
-celebrate Britain's undisputed economic and technological dominance
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CRYSTAL PALACE AND THE ARC DE TRIOMPHE) The Crystal Palace- Commissioned to ____.
-celebrate British leadership in the industrial age.
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CRYSTAL PALACE AND THE ARC DE TRIOMPHE) The Arc de Triomphe in Paris- Commissioned to _____.
-celebrate French victories during the Revolution and the Age of Napoleon.
(THE MAASTRICHT TREATY, 1991) Created a __ for the European Union
-central bank
(The Enlightenment: Voltaire [1694-1778]-"Crush the Infamous Thing") What did Voltaire champion the most? How did he end most of his letters? What effect did this have?
-championed religious tolerance -often ended his letters with the passionate demand to "ecrasez l'infamy" ("crush the infamous thing") -reminded his readers to continue to battle against the enemies of reason-bigotry, ignorance, and religious fanaticism
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Nationalism: Stirred powerful forces for ____
-change
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL) Inspired by the events in Poland, the people of East Germany demanded __.
-change in their government
(THE FRENCH REVOLUTION) Women led the march to Versailles to demand __ and to force the royal family to __.
-cheap bread -move to Paris
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE WOMEN'S MARCH TO VERSAILLES, OCTOBER 1789) The poissardes, or Parisian market women demanded ______.
-cheap bread and insisted that the royal family move to Paris
(MOTIVES FOR THE NEW IMPERIALISM: A CIVILIZING MISSION) It was a short mental step from a belief in racial superiority to a belief that Europeans were engaged in a "___" to ___, ___, ___, ___ to the people in their colonies.
-civilizing mission -bring medicines, laws, Christianity, and other blessings of Western civilization
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: NEOCLASSICAL ART) Basic characteristics: Key figures were depicted as...
-classical heroes
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: NEOCLASSICAL ART) Leading artists and works: Jean-Antoine Houdon, "Voltaire Seated" - dressed the revered writer in ______ to emphasize...
-classical robes -his wisdom and republican virtues.
(THE COUNCIL OF TRENT, 1545-1563) Forbade __ marriage
-clerical (clergy) (religious)
(Dissolution of the monasteries) What did the acts passed in the beginning of 1536 by Parliament do?
-closing all English monasteries and seizing their lands
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH FRANCE, 1870) The consequences: The loss of rich deposits of __ and __ was a severe blow to France's economy. The loss of these provinces was an even greater blow to ___.
-coal -iron ore -French national pride
(THE TECHNOLOGY OF EMPIRE: EFFICIENT NEW FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION) Iron steamships fueled by __ replaced ____. The new steamships could ___. As a result, Europeans used __ to ___.
-coal -smaller wind-powered wooden sailing vessels -carry large cargoes of people and goods -sea lanes TO connect their colonies with the home country
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: GEOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGES) Britain had abundant supplies of __ and __. (A) replaced ___ as a key source of energy, while (B) was used to _____.
-coal and iron ore -wood -manufacture tools and construct buildings
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: REVOLUTION IN FRANCE) Unable to withstand public pressure, Louis Philippe's government ___ in February 1848
-collapsed
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: STALIN'S LAST YEARS) After a brief period of "__ leadership," Nikita Khrushchev emerged as __.
-collective -the Soviet Union's unrivaled leader
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: MUSSOLINI AND ETHIOPIA) The invasion represented a crucial test of the League of Nations' system of __.
-collective security
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: THE FIVE-YEAR PLANS) Stalin's campaign to __ was less successful. Conservative Russian peasants opposed surrendering __ and joining a ___. Stalin denounced resisting peasants as "kulaks" and ordered party officials to "___." Kulaks and other peasants were __, __, and deported to __. In response, many Kulaks ___.
-collectivize agriculture -their land -collective farm -"liquidate them as a class" -executed -starved -forced-labor camps -wrote poignant petitions describing their increasingly desperate plight (examples of these may be on the AP test)
(Consequences of the Columbian Exchange, FOR EUROPE): effect of wealth generated by the New World colonies
-colonies facilitated Western Europe's historic shift from a stagnant feudal economy to a new and more energetic commercial capitalist economy
(DECOLONIZATION: CAUSES OF DECOLONIZATION AFTER WORLD WAR II) Decolonization refers to the process by which __.
-colonies gained their independence from the imperial powers after World War II
(Mercantilism) What did the mercantilist theory say? why?
-colonists should export raw materials and import finished goods -this would create a favorable balance of trade and the resulting growth of national reserves of gold and silver
(New Monarchs: France) Charles VII (reigned 1422-1461) importance in army
-combined calvary and archers to form Europe's first permanent royal army -Charles VII completed 60 successful castle sieges in just one year
(The New Economics: Adam Smith [1723-1790]) Like Newton, what did Smith combine, based on what?
-combined the thought of his predecessors into a single system based upon the study and application of natural laws
(THE RISE OF NAPOLEON: CONQUERING HERO) In 1796, Napoleon received _____. His combination of ____ and ____ enabled the French to _____. Napoleon triumphantly returned to France as a ____.
-command of the French forces in northern Italy -decisive actions -tactical genius -win a series of stunning victories -conquering hero
(The Decline of the Dutch Republic: Costly Wars) What did the Dutch enjoy in their golden age?
-commercial prosperity and artistic excellence (which was way better than that of the rest of Europe during the time)
(Characteristics of Absolutism in Western Europe: Key Differences Between Absolute Monarchs and Twentieth-Century Dictators) What did absolute monarchs commission to create visual symbols of their power? How does this differ to twentieth century government art forms?
-commissioned arts to create visual symbols of their power -they did not create propaganda campaigns comparable to those utilized by twentieth-century dictators
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: ROCOCO) Leading artists and works: Jean-Honoré Fragonard, "The Swing" commissioned by... to depict...
-commissioned by a baron -to depict his mistress on a swing with himself as an amorous observer
(REALISM IN LITERATURE AND ART: KEY CHARACTERISTICS) Focused on ___, everyday activities and experiences that would have been previously unworthy of artistic attention. Realist artists often portrayed __ and __ to __ (what did Baudelaire call this).
-common people -peasants and urban workers to depict what Baudelaire called the "heroism of modern life"
(THE TECHNOLOGY OF EMPIRE: EFFICIENT NEW FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION) Insulated underwater cables revolutionized __. In to 1850, steam-powered mailboats required __ to __ months for a round-trip voyage from London to Bombay, India. Just 20 years later, companies in London and Bombay could exchange telegrams within __.
-communication -2 (two) to 3 (three) -hours
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: POSTWAR ITALY): Italy's upper and middle classes feared that the economic crisis and growing labor unrest might lead to a ___, as had just happened in ___.
-communist revolt -Russia
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: GEOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGES) Britain was geographically ___. No place in Britain was more than 70 miles from ___ or more than 30 miles from a ___. As a result, Britain formed a ____.
-compact -the sea -navigable river -national market
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: GORBACHEV'S REFORMS) "Perestroika": Glasnost gave Soviet citizens an opportunity to __.
-complain publicly about their economic problems
(The German Peasant's War, 1525) what caused this war?
-complaints that nobles had seized village common lands and imposed exorbitant rents soon escalated to open attacks on monasteries, castles, and prosperous farms
(WOMEN IN THE SOVIET UNION) The Bolsheviks proclaimed __ for women
-complete equality of rights
(Anabaptist beliefs) what did anabaptists/rebaptizers advocate for?
-complete separation of church and state
(New Monarchs: Spain) Ferdinand (reigned 1479-1516) and Isabella (reigned 1474-1504): how did they complete the "Reconquista" (and what is that)?
-completed the "Reconquista" by conquering Granada and incorporating it into the Spanish kingdom -Reconquista: a centuries-long series of battles by Christian states to expel the Muslims
(New Monarchs: France) Charles VII (reigned 1422-1461) importance in war
-concluded the Hundred Year's War by expelling the English from France
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE CIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGY, AUGUST 1790) It is important to note that Pope Pius VI ____ the act and that over half of the clergy refused to ______. Alienated Catholics proved to be ______
-condemned (declared unfit for use) -take the oath of allegiance -persistent opponents of the French Revolution
(EDMUND BURKE (1729-1797)) English __ leader who wrote __.
-conservative -"Reflections on the Revolution in France"
(TENSIONS IN THE OLD REGIME: ARISTOCRATIC PRIVILEGE) The nobles refused to __________. They were determined to maintain and even increase their ______ and ____.
-consider making sacrifices of any kind -political power and economic privileges
(LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLAND: THE CHARTIST MOVEMENT) Despite widespread public support, Parliament adamantly refused to ___. It is important to note that most of the Chartist reforms would be ___.
-consider the Chartists' proposals -ultimately adopted
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Liberalism: Admired the British system of _____.
-constitutional monarchy
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: COLD WAR CONFRONTATIONS) The Berlin Wall: On August 13, 1961, the East Germans, with Khrushchev's support, began ___.
-construction of a concrete wall along the border between East and West Berlin
(CONTAINMENT: KEY POINTS) Truman adopted containment as a foreign policy designed to __.
-contain or block Soviet expansion
(NORTH ATLANTIC PACT, 1949) Implemented Harry Truman's policy of __.
-containing the Soviet Union
(CONTAINMENT: THE MARSHALL PLAN) The Marshall Plan was an integral part of Truman's policy of __.
-containment
(CONTAINMENT: THE BERLIN AIRLIFT) The Berlin Airlift marked a crucial and successful test of __.
-containment (policy of preventing the expansion of a hostile country or influence)
(WORLD WAR II) Postwar reconstruction required women to __.
-continue working
(Louis XIV, the Sun King: "I am the State"): What one of Richelieu's policies did Louis XIV continue? How did he do this?
-continued Richelieu's policy of reducing the political power of the French nobility -excluded nobles from key positions and instead appointed men from bourgeoisie and recently ennobled families
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: THE TENNIS COURT OATH, JUNE 1789) Faced with _______, the Third Estate ____ by declaring ______. Locked out of their official meeting place, the Third Estate deputies ______ where they took an oath _______.
-continued royal resistance -defied the king -itself the National Assembly of France -gathered in an indoor tennis court -"never to separate, and to meet wherever circumstances might require, until a constitution should be firmly established."
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: The Defeat of Philip: The Netherlands) How long did the war for control of the Netherlands last? What happened under the terms of truce?
-continued until 1609 -7 northern and now heavily Calvinist provinces gained their independence and were known as Dutch -The 10 Catholic southern province were known as the Spanish Netherlands
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION) Gorbachev's reforms released forces he proved unable to __. The collapse of the __ in Eastern Europe inspired __ within the Soviet Union
-control -Communist regimes -ethnic groups
(THE NINETEENTH CENTURY) Nineteenth-century women's rights advocates worked for the right of women to __.
-control their own property
(GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642)) Italian scientist who contributed to the scientific method by conducting ___.
-controlled experiments
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION) Gorbachev's policy of glasnost loosened __, enabling ethnic __ to spread across __.
-controls -protests -the Soviet Union
(THE REFORMATION) The Protestant Reformation reduced access to __, thus changing the role of sixteenth-century women
-convents (a Christian community such as a school)
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: THE CORPORATE ECONOMY) Mussolini believed that capitalists and workers must be forced to ___ for ___.
-cooperate for the good of the state
(NORTH ATLANTIC PACT, 1949) Established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to __.
-coordinate the defense of its members
(THE DIRECTORY, 1795-1799: BOURGEOISIE MISRULE) Dominated by rich bourgeoisie, the Directory proved to be _______.
-corrupt and unpopular
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE INCENTIVE) The global demand for ____ was enormous.
-cotton cloth
(Luther's Key Beliefs) what did the Catholic Church teach about achieving salvation? What did Luther insist about achieving salvation
-could be achieved by both faith and good works -faith was the only path to salvation
(The Wars of Louis XIV: The Balance of Power) What did Louis XIV's powerful army and ambitious plans threaten to do?
-create a "universal monarchy" in which other nations would be subordinated (under) to France's political will
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE GREAT TERROR) The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794: Failed to ___.
-create supporters for Robespierre
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: REFORMS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY) The National Assembly (created, divided, established, abolished, abolished)...
-created a constitutional monarchy -divided France into 83 departments governed by elected officials -established the metric system of measurement -abolished internal tariffs -abolished guilds
(Key features: new industries) importance of the printing press
-created a national and even international market for books
(New Monarchs: England) Henry VII (reigned 1485-1509) importance in court
-created a special court known as the Star Chamber as a political weapon to try prominent nobles -Court sessions were held in secret with no right of appeal, no juries, and no witnesses
(Characteristics of the New Monarchs) New Monarchs: how did they help function the military?
-created professional armies that were paid from the royal treasury
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: POLAND AND SOLIDARITY) Pope John Paul II provided ___ for the Solidarity labor movement in __.
-crucial support -Poland
(WORLD WAR II: JAPAN'S EMPIRE IN ASIA, 1941-1942) The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor stunned the American people. An angry and now united nation entered World War II determined to ___.
-crush Japan and Germany
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE) Robespierre and his supporters launched a _____ designed to _____. Their campaign to ______ affected all aspects of French life. For example (list 2)...
-cultural revolution -create a "Republic of Virtue" -"republicanize everything" -the figure of Liberty appeared on coins, bills, and letterheads. -Decks of cards no longer had kings, queens, and jacks. Instead, they had cards called liberties, equalities, and fraternities.
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: JOSEPH STALIN VERSUS LEON TROTSKY) Stalin proved to be __ and __. He successfully expelled __ from the Communist Party. By 1927, Stalin stood alone as the Soviet Union's ___.
-cunning and ruthless -Trotsky -undisputed leader
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE) The elimination of Sunday was part of a campaign of ____ that included both ___ and ____churches. What did Zealous Jacobins do?
-de-Christianization -Catholic and Protestant churches -dismantled church bells and beheaded medieval statues of kings on the façade of Notre Dame cathedral
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: DE-STALINIZATION) Boris Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivggo" illustrated the limits of ___. The novel celebrated ___ and challenged ___. Although it was published in the West, Soviet censors __ Pasternak and refused to allow him to receive __.
-de-Stalinization -the human spirit -the principles of communism -denounced -the Nobel Prize for Literature
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI) After a contentious debate, the National Convention passed a resolution condemning Louis XVI to ____. The resolution passed by ___ vote
-death -one
(Consequences of the Columbian Exchange, FOR THE NEW WORLD): effect of diseases
-decimated indigenous populations -approx. 90% of the indigenous people of the Americas perished between 1492 and 1600
(New Monarchs: England) Henry VIII (reigned 1509-1547) relation to the church
-declared the king in the supreme head of the Church of England, thus breaking England's ties with the Catholic Church
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH AUSTRIA, 1866) The Seven Weeks' War: In 1866, Bismarck provoked Austria into ___.
-declaring war on Prussia
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES: CHANGING PATTERNS OF MARRIAGE AND CHILDBEARING) These traditional trends did not last. Birthrates, and thus the size of families, began to __ by the middle of the 1960s
-decline
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For protestants and Catholics) What did the Thirty Years' War mark the decline of?
-decline of papal political influence -European powers ignored the papal representative at the Westphalia negotiations -The pope never signed the treaties known together as the Peace of Westphalia
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Defeating Sweden) What did the defeat contribute to Sweden's decline as? At the same time, what did Russia become more dominant in?
-declined Sweden's position as a major European power -Russia now became the dominant power on the Baltic Sea and a force in European politics
(DECOLONIZATION: FRENCH DECOLONIZATION) Unlike Great Britain, France resisted __.
-decolonization
(DECOLONIZATION: BRITISH DECOLONIZATION) Britain continued the process of __ in Sub-Saharan Africa. Beginning with Ghana in 1957, British Sub-Saharan colonies achieved ___ with little or no __.
-decolonization -independence -violence
(The Council of Trent) What it reform in regards to the church?
-decreed that indulgences should no longer be sold in exchange for financial contributions -forbade simony, the sale of church offices -instructed Bishops to live in the dioceses they served
(THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919) Refused to allow either __ or __ to participate in peace conference negotiations
-defeated Germany or Communist Russia
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Defeating Sweden) After suffering initial defeats at the hands of Sweden's king ____ _____, Peter ultimately won the war, thus gaining control over (location)
-defeated Sweden's King Charles XII -Peter gained control over warm water outlets on the Baltic shore
(Jean-Jacques Rousseau [1712-1778]: Rousseau and the Enlightenment) Like other philosophes, what was Rousseau committed to defending and changing?
-defending individual freedom and changing the existing social order.
(The New Economics: Key Ideas in "The Wealth of Nations"- The Role of Government) What should governments limit their role to (3)?
-defending the state against foreign invasion -protecting property -enforcing contracts
(The Reformation Popes) What did the new generation of popes, beginning with Pope Paul III, commit themselves to? (7 goals)
-defining and clarifying Church doctrine and practices -containing the protestant challenge -reforming church practices -enforcing moral strict standards -reaffirming papal authority -reinvigorating the religious experience -creating new religious orders
(INTRODUCTION: THE NEW POST-COLD WAR ERA) Historians agree that we are now living in a new historic era. However, it is too soon to give the era a __. It is important to remember that most periods are given labels in __. For example, the Interwar Period (described in Chapters 28 and 29) got its name only after World War II bracketed World War I.
-definitive name -hindsight
(ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727)) Mechanistic view of the universe strongly influenced __.
-deism
(THE GREAT DEPRESSION: IMPACT ON EUROPE) Created opportunities for __ and ___ to exploit people's fears
-demagogues (political leaders who try to win support irrationally) and dictators
(GREAT BRITAIN: PROSPERITY AND REFORM: THE REFORM BILL OF 1867) Britain's rapidly growing working class continued to ___.
-demand electoral reform
(The Rise of Prussia: Frederick William, the Great Elector [reigned: 1640-1688]) What did Frederick William demand and receive (in regards to loyalty)?
-demanded and received the loyalty of the Junkers, the German landowners -In exchange, the Junkers received full power over the serfs who labored their estates
(The Search for Spice and Profits) What happened to European demands for Asian spices and luxury items after the fourteenth century? Who controlled trade routes to the East?
-demands exceeded the supply (not enough goods) -Muslims and Venetians controlled trade routes to the east
(MAINTAINING THE OLD ORDER: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: REVOLT AND REPRESSION) Uprisings in Spain and Italy: The repressive policies of the restored Spanish Bourbon King Ferdinand VII provoked ___. Acting with the consent of the other great powers, the French forces ___, enabling Ferdinand to ___.
-demands for a more representative government -intervened - regain absolute power
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES) The east bank of the Rhine River was to be ___, and the ___ were to have the right to occupy the Rhineland for __ years
-demilitarized -Allies -15
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER BREZHNEV, 1964-1982: CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND THE BREZHNEV DOCTRINE) In Czechoslovakia, a new communist leader. Alexander Dubček, initiated a program of __ saying he wanted to create "___."
-democratic reforms -"socialism with a human face"
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: POLAND AND SOLIDARITY) Led by Lech Walesa, Polish workers formed a ___ called Solidarity
-democratic trade union
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: GORBACHEV'S REFORMS) "Demokratizatsiya": In 1989, Gorbachev unveiled a third new policy called "demokratizatsiya", or __. The plan called for __.
-democratization -the election of a new legislature, the 2,250-member Congress of People's Deputies.
(Causes of Dutch Economic Prosperity: Calvinism and Commercial Capitalism) What did the Dutch demonstrate in relation to Protestantism and commercial capitalism? What did they avoid (in relation to everyday things such as clothes)
-demonstrated the close affinity between Protestantism and the development of commercial capitalism -Avoided ostentation and chose to live frugal lives that included wearing dark clothes and living in substantial but simply furnished homes
(The Decline of Spanish Power: Economic Decline) What did the expulsion of Jews and conversion of Muslims, known and Moriscos, deprive Spain of?
-deprived Spain of prosperous merchants and skilled workers
(The French Wars of Religion-The Huguenots) How did Calvinist ideas effect France?
-despite royal opposition, Calvinist ideas gained a strong foothold in France -By 1560s, 1/10th of France's 18 million people had become Calvinists, also known as Huguenots
(TENSIONS IN THE OLD REGIME: PEASANT DISTRESS) Overburdened peasants lived at the edge of _____. What led to sharp increases in the price of bread? The rising cost of bread was a major cause of _____
-destitution (extreme poverty) -Grain shortages -discontent (dissatisfaction)
(WORLD WAR II: THE WAR IN EUROPE, 1942-1945) In the spring of 1942, German forces hoped to __ the city of Stalingrad and then capture ___ in the nearby Caucasus. After months of desperate fighting, the decimated German forces __. Up and down an 1,800-mile front, Soviet tanks and artillery forced Hitler's armies to __.
-destroy -Soviet oil fields -surrendered -retreat
(WORKING-CLASS PROTEST IN GREAT BRITAIN: THE LUDDITES) Workers gradually came to realize that ____. Instead, they had to form ___ to fight for __ and ___.
-destroying machines would not improve their lives -labor unions to fight for higher wages and better working conditions.
(THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG, 1555) Gave each German prince the right to ___, either __ or __.
-determine the religion of his state -Roman Catholic or Lutheran
(Louis XIV, the Sun King: The Versailles Palace): As an absolute monarch, what did Louis XIV do (3)? How was his description of himself as the "Sun King" accurate?
-determined foreign policy -commanded the army -supported the arts -In France, all aspects of political life and culture revolved around Louis XIV
(The Rise of Prussia: Frederick William I [reigned 1713-1740]) What was Frederick William determined to build? How did he effect the army?
-determined to build a powerful army -during his reign, the Prussian military doubled to over 80,000 men -Although Prussia had Europe's thirteenth-largest population, it boasted the continent's third- or fourth- largest army
(Charles VI and the Pragmatic Sanction) What was Charles VI determined to do? What did he do to ensure this goal?
-determined to ensure a safe succession for his daughter, Maria Theresa -drew up a document called the Pragmatic Sanction -It stated that the territories of the Habsburg empire were indivisible and that Maria Theresa would inherit the throne and all Habsburg lands.
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For the German States) effect on German economy and population, why?
-devastated the German economy and decimated its population -As many as one-third of the German-speaking people died from disease, famine, and combat
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: VLADIMIR LENIN AND THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION) Lenin's key ideas: Lenin argued that Russia's relatively small working class could not ___. Instead, leadership would have to come from ___.
-develop a revolutionary class consciousness -a highly disciplined group of professional revolutionaries
(Making Comparisons: The Economic Decline of the Dutch Republic and Spain- Greatness and Prosperity) What did the Dutch Republic develop in the seventeenth century? What was the seventeenth century a period of?
-developed a colonial empire, becoming a center of international finance -The seventeenth century was a period of Dutch greatness and prosperity
(MAJOR EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1799: THE UNITED STATES) America's founders hoped that the new republic would avoid _____. However, Alexander Hamilton's financial program stimulated the formation of _____.
-developing permanent political parties -two political factions-Hamilton's Federalists and Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans
(Anglicanism: Henry VIII (reigned: 1509-1547)) what was Henry VIII's religion? What did he write regarding Luther?
-devout Catholic who detested Luther -wrote a pamphlet calling Luther "a great limb of the Devil" -Impressed by Henry's loyalty, the pope gave him a special title, "Defender of the Faith"
(Comparing Isabella of Spain and Elizabeth I of England) how did Isabella rule in terms of religion? what were the outcomes of her actions? at what price?
-devout Roman Catholic -decreed that in a Christian state, there could be only "one king, one law, one faith." -revived the Inquisition, conquered Muslim-controlled Grenada, and forced Jews and Muslims to become Christians or leave Spain -her actions created religious unity, but at the price of harming Spain's economy
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER BREZHNEV, 1964-1982: STAGNATION) Conservative leaders believed that Khrushchev's program of de- Stalinization posed a threat to the Communist Party's __ powers and special __. Khrushchev's foreign policy __(3)__ contributed to his removal from power in 1964
-dictatorial powers -privileges -miscalculations, failure to reform the collective farms, and attacks on the privileges of the party elite
(THE POPULATION EXPLOSION: FACTORS PROMOTING POPULATION GROWTH) Although still in its embryonic stage, medical care... (give example)
-did begin to improve -EX: Edward Jenner's inoculation reduced deaths caused by smallpox
(Characteristics of Absolutism in Western Europe: Key Differences Between Absolute Monarchs and Twentieth-Century Dictators) What did absolute monarchs not attempt to do in terms of programs (give comparison example)?
-did not attempt to mobilize mass support for their programs -EX: absolute monarchs did not have any programs comparable to the Hitler Youth in Nazi Germany
(The Impact of Protestant Reformation on Women: Women and Social Status) In what ways did the Protestant Reformation NOT change the view of a woman in society?
-did not challenge women's subordinate position in society -EX: women could not conduct legal transactions on their own
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: MUSSOLINI AND ETHIOPIA) Although the League condemned Italy, its members __ (to Mussolini's invasion fo Ethiopia). The British and French hoped that appeasing Mussolini would __
-did nothing -maintain the peace
(Elizabeth I (reigned 1558-1603): religious issues) what country problems did she inherit?
-difficult religious problems -since Henry VIII's break with Rome in 1534, royal religious policy had changed direction several times
(REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE DIGITAL WORLD) During the late 1990s, ongoing advances in computer and electronics ushered in a __ centered around __ and __.
-digital revolution -the internet and mobile phones
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE FOURTEEN POINTS) Wilson's Fourteen Points included a call for the following: -Open __ -Freedom of __ -Reduction of ___ -Return of Alsace-Lorraine to ___ -A __ and ___ Poland with access to ___ -___ for oppressed minority groups -Creation of a "general association of nations" to preserve ___.
-diplomacy -the seas -national armaments (military weapons) -France -free, independent, the sea -National self-determination -the peace and security of its members
(The Search for Spice and Profits) What did the new monarchs in Spain and Portugal want?
-direct access to the lucrative Asian markets
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: THE THREE ESTATES) The First Estate: The French clergy paid no _____. Instead, they gave the government a "free gift" of about ____% of their income.
-direct taxes -2%
(CONTAINMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE TREATMENT OF GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR) After the Second World War: The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union agreed to __ Germany and ___.
-disarm -divide it into four occupation zones
(ROMANTICISM: KEY CHARACTERISTICS) The primacy of emotion: Heroic individuals: Enlightened thinkers and artists depicted ___ who relied on ___.
-disciplined heroes -reason and exhibited self-restraint
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830: REVOLUTION IN BELGIUM) The July Revolution in France helped spark ___ in Belgium
-discontent
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES) The Allies created a League of Nations to __ and __ without __.
-discuss and settle disputes without resorting to war
(THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919) Created the League of Nations to __ without __.
-discuss and settle disputes without resorting to war
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- THE WAR) The war claimed over 500,000 lives, most caused by ___ and ___.
-disease and inadequate medical care
(Causes of Dutch Economic Prosperity: The East and West Indies companies) Importance of the Dutch East Indies Company and what did it displace?
-displaced the Portuguese and gained control of the lucrative East Indian spice trade -became the forerunner of modern corporations
(The Napoleonic Empire, 1804-1815: THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM) Napoleon hoped that the Continental System would damage Great Britain by ____. But these goals did not materialize. Great Britain responded by ____. At the same time, smugglers ____.
-disrupting its export-driven economy and causing labor unrest -dramatically increasing its trade with Latin America -smugglers successfully evaded Napoleon's agents by importing finished goods and New World sugar and tobacco
(Denis Diderot [1713-1784] and the "Encyclopedia": Importance) What was the importance of the "Encyclopedia"?
-disseminated enlightened thinking across Europe and North America
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: A NEW MAP OF EUROPE) Austria-Hungary was __ and the Habsburg monarchy __. __ and __ became separate states. In addition, territories from Austria-Hungary were given to the ___ of __ and __.
-dissolved -eliminated -Austria and Hungary -newly created states -Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
(New Monarchs: England) Henry VIII (reigned 1509-1547) relation to monasteries
-dissolved monasteries and confiscated their land and wealth
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: HOPE AND FAILURE IN GERMANY) The hopes of German reformers were soon crushed. Supported by the army, Frederick William ____. He then rejected ___ declaring that he would refuse to "____."
-dissolved the Prussian assembly -the Frankfurt assembly's plan for a constitutional monarchy -"pick up a crown from the gutter."
(Jean-Jacques Rousseau [1712-1778]: Rousseau and the Enlightenment) What did Rousseau distrust? What did he trust? What was the result of this, what did he foreshadow?
-distrusted reason and science -trusted emotions and spontaneous feeling more than cold logic -result: Rousseau foreshadowed the romantic reaction to the Enlightenment.
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR) Spain was a deeply __ country. Between 1931 and 1936 a democratically elected government tried to cope with __. Led by General Francisco Franco, army leaders supported by the __ and __ favored a __-style government.
-divided -the Great Depression -clergy and aristocracy -fascist
(THE BERLIN CONFERENCE, 1884-1885) Established rules for __. A European state could no longer ___. It first had to __.
-dividing Africa amongst the European powers -simply declare a region of Africa its colony -exercise effective control over the territory
(The Elizabethan settlement) What did the church of England institute even though it was protestant in tone?
-dogmas that were deliberately broad and often ambiguous
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: NEOCLASSICAL ART) Leading artists and works: Thomas Jefferson, "Monticello" - uses a ______ to create a....
-dome and symmetrical portico -new republican architecture.
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: REASONS WHY THE DEMOCRACIES FAILED TO ACT) The Great Depression forced the United States, Great Britain, and France to focus on __.
-domestic (inside a particular country) issues
(THE RE-EMERGENCE OF RUSSIA: VLADIMIR PUTIN, 2000-PRESENT) Putin vowed to reassert a strong image in __ and __ affairs. He began by forcefully suppressing the __ in Chechnya. Putin then reestablished __.
-domestic and international -independence movement -Russian control over the strategic Crimean Peninsula
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE "NATION IN ARMS") While the Terror crushed ____, Robespierre turned to the danger posed by ______. In 1793, the Committee Public Safety proclaimed a "levée en masse" decreeing _____.
-domestic dissent -the First Coalition -compulsony military service for all able-bodied men aged 18 to 25
(LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: PATTERNS OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY AFTER 1750) Young peasant women increasingly left home to work as ______ ______
-domestic servants
(THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY) Young peasant women increasingly left home to work as __.
-domestic servants.
(THE PEACE OF UTRECHT, 1713) Ended Louis XIV's efforts to ___.
-dominate Europe
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- The Causes) Tsar Nicholas I saw an opportunity to ___ and secure ___ through ____
-dominate Turkey -entrance into the Mediterranean THROUGH the Turkish Straits
(Key Issues: The Role of the House of Commons) What was the House of Commons dominated by?
-dominated by the gentry, merchants, and lawyers
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: HOPE AND FAILURE IN GERMANY) Meanwhile, another assembly met in Frankfurt to ____.
-draft a constitution for all Germany
(Characteristics of Baroque Art) What effects did it use? What did it portray? What did buildings feature?
-dramatic use of light and dark called tenebrism -subject matter focused on dramatic moments and intense emotion -portrayal of everyday people who are not idealized -baroque buildings featuring grandiose scale and ornate decorations
(Factors responsible for the rise of the New Monarchs) What role did military weapons play (include example invention)?
-dramatically increased the power of the New Monarchs -EX: cannonballs propelled by gunpowder enabled royal armies to breach the once impregnable stone walls of feudal castles -soldiers equipped with new-muzzle loaded firearms could fire volleys that decimated the ranks of armored knights
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: CAVOUR AND THE PRACTICE OF REALPOLITIK) The Franco-Piedmont alliance: Cavour formed an alliance with Napoleon III to ___.
-drive Austria out of northern Italy
(The Decline of Spanish Power: The Golden Age of Spain) When did Spanish power reach its zenith (most powerful point)?
-during the reign of Philip II (reigned: 1556-1598)
(Calvinism: John Calvin's Key Beliefs) What is the duty of the "elect"
-duty to rule society so as to glorify God -The ideal government should therefore be a theocracy in which church leaders dominate civil authorities
(POST-WORLD WAR II FEMINISM) During the postwar period, European women married __ and gave birth to __ children
-earlier -fewer
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES: CHANGING PATTERNS OF MARRIAGE AND CHILDBEARING) As birth rates declined, European women began to marry at an __ age. The combination of __ and __ meant that a new generation of young married women began to ___.
-early -early marriage and small family size -enter the workforce
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM) Revived in __(3 places)__.
-eastern Europe, Spain, and Portugal
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: POSTWAR ITALY): Italy faced a severe __ crisis that included soaring __, rising __, and a massive __.
-economic -inflation -unemployment -national debt
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: THE FIVE-YEAR PLANS) In 1928, Stalin launched the first of a series of five-year plans designed to transform the Soviet Union's __ and __, The plans had the following goals: -End ___. -Create a __ command economy in which the government makes all __ decisions. -Promote the rapid development of ___. -Collectivize __.
-economic and social structure -the New Economic Policy -socialist, economic -heavy industries -agriculture
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: ECONOMIC INTEGRATION) The European Coal and Steel Community: Jean Monnet, a French economic planner, convinced French Premier Robert Schuman that ___ would be the key to __ between France and West Germany
-economic cooperation -future prosperity
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: STABLE AND SUPPORTIVE GOVERNMENT) Political stability encouraged ___ and ___.
-economic growth and innovation
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Liberalism: Advocated ____ and opposed ______ (both in terms of economy)
-economic individualism -government intervention in the economy
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: ECONOMIC INTEGRATION) The European Economic Community (Common Market): The EEC rapidly emerged as the driving force behind __ in Western Europe
-economic integration
(EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: THE ORIGIN OF THE EUROPEAN UNION [EU]) The EEC proved to be a huge success. During the 1950s and 1960s, all six member nations experienced __. The EEC's success prompted Great Britain, Denmark, and Ireland to __ in __(year)__.
-economic miracles -join the organization in 1973
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA: INDOCHINA) French colonists quickly exploited the region's ___. Huge plantations used cheap peasant labor to produce ___(2 ex)__. By the early 1900s, Indochina produced all of France's ___ and much of its __.
-economic resources -valuable crops of rice and rubber -raw rubber -imported rice
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: GORBACHEV'S REFORMS) "Perestroika": In 1986, Gorbachev launched a program called perestroika, or __, to revitalize the Soviet economy by removing __ and providing __.
-economic restructuring -bureaucratic control over businesses -incentives for greater productivity
(ADAM SMITH (1723-1790)) Scottish __ who wrote __.
-economist -"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"
(POPULATION TRENDS AND IMMIGRATION: GUEST WORKERS) Europe's booming postwar __ and declining birth rate produced a severe __ shortage
-economy -labor
(THE ENLIGHTENMENT) Support for superstition and witchcraft declined as __.
-educated Europeans turned to rational explanations for natural events
(JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)) Emphasized the __ of the whole person for __.
-education -citizenship
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: TOTALITARIANISM) Used ___ to mold loyal citizens and demonize ___ and ___.
-education -scapegoats and enemies
(TENSIONS IN THE OLD REGIME: BOURGEOISE DISCONTENT) Discontented members of the French bourgeoise wanted a more _____ government, a larger voice in ________, and a more open society
-efficient -political affairs -open
(THE POPULATION EXPLOSION: FACTORS PROMOTING POPULATION GROWTH) Eighteenth-century wars were fought by professional armies with specific geographic and economic objectives. As a result...
-eighteenth-century wars were less destructive than the seventeenth-century religious wars
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: THE ECONOMIC MIRACLE) The booming West German economy soon dominated the European __(4)__ industries. Between 1950 and 1980, West Germany's gross national product (GNP), or _(what is this)_, grew from $48 billion to an astounding $__ billion
-electrical, automobile, chemical, and steel -the total value of goods and services produced -828
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- Elaborate Pomp) The Austrians entertained their guests with __(4)__
-elegant balls, lavish dinners, festive fireworks, and concerts by Beethoven
(NAPOLEON AND DOMESTIC REFORM, 1801-1805: A CENTRALIZED BUREAUCRACY) Napoleon created ___. National curriculum standards became the hallmark of ____.
-elite secondary schools or lycées -a rigidly centralized academic system
(JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630)) Proved that planetary orbits are __ rather than circular.
-elliptical
(THE MARCH TO WAR: WILLIAM II'S AGGRESSIVE POLICIES) William II then challenged Britain's long-standing naval supremacy by__ that ___.
-embarking on an expensive program of naval expansion that poisoned relations between the two countries
(The Habsburgs: The Revival of Habsburg Power): What did the Habsburg empire embrace in regards to ethnic groups?
-embraced a large number of ethnic groups who were unified only by their Catholic faith and their loyalty to the Habsburg dynasty
(Three Declining Empires: The Holy Roman Empire) Led by the Habsburgs and the Hohenzollerns, what did Austria and Prussia gradually emerge as?
-emerged as the leading German states
(NAPOLEON III (REIGNED 1852-1870): ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SECOND EMPIRE) Just four years later, Louis Napoleon proclaimed France an __ and declared himself ___. A vast majority of the French people ___.
-empire -Emperor Napoleon III -endorsed (declared the support of) these proclamations
(Consequences of the Columbian Exchange, FOR THE NEW WORLD): what was the effect of the sudden collapse of the entire New World communities?
-enabled European colonists to more easily gain control over Native American lands
Northern renaissance art: oil paint importance
-enabled artists to paint reality precisely as it appeared -their works are renowned for meticulous details of everyday objects
(New Monarchs: France) Louis XI (reigned 1461-1483) importance in economy
-encouraged economic growth by promoting new industries such as silk weaving
(New Monarchs: England) Henry VII (reigned 1485-1509) how did he improve industry?
-encouraged the wool industry and expanded the English merchant marine
(EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: THE ORIGIN OF THE EUROPEAN UNION [EU]) In the years immediately following World War II, Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman (see Chapter 30) proposed using economic cooperation as a way to __. They believed that economic cooperation would build a __.
-end the destructive rivalry between France and Germany -web of interdependence that would make another war unthinkable
(The Peace of Augsburg, 1555) The Peace of Augsburg importance
-ended the civil war -Settlement gave each German prince the right to determine the religion of his state, either Roman Catholic or Lutheran -Peace of Augsburg did not provide for the recognition of Calvinists and other religious minorities
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: THE TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK) Lenin realized that the survival of the Bolshevik regime depended upon ___.
-ending the war with Germany
Impact of the printing press: authority of monarchs
-enhanced royal authority by enabling monarchs to print laws and spread propaganda
(New Monarchs: Spain) The Liberian peninsula in the mid-fifteenth century: culture
-enjoyed a rich cultural diversity -included prominent Jewish and Muslim communities
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: OTTO VON BISMARCK, MASTER OF REALPOLITIK) Bismarck __ and ___ the Prussian army so that he could ___.
-enlarged -reequipped -take advantage of opportunities for further territorial expansion
(THE GREAT DEPRESSION: CAUSES) The American stock market crash caused ___ and triggered ___.
-enormous financial losses -a global financial crisis
(WORLD WAR II) During World War II, the commitment to total war caused millions of women to __.
-enter the workforce
(NAPOLEON AND DOMESTIC REFORM, 1801-1805: THE NAPOLEONIC CODE) The new code guaranteed many achievements of the French Revolution, including (4)
-equality before the law, freedom of religion, the abolition of privilege, and the protection of property rights
(Making Comparisons: The Economic Decline of the Dutch Republic and Spain- Factors Responsible for Economic Decline)- Economic competition- What did the enormous costs of fighting France for 40 years erode (of the Dutch Republic)? What else did the Dutch Republic face?
-eroded the Dutch Republic's competitive age -In addition, the Dutch faced increasing economic competition from England
(MOTIVES FOR THE NEW IMPERIALISM: ECONOMIC GAINS) As the Second Industrial Revolution gathered momentum, European industrialists looked to overseas colonies as sources of ___ and as __.
-essential raw materials -new markets for finished goods.
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: THE WELFARE STATE) The term "welfare state" refers to the policy of post-World War II nations to __ in areas of __(4)__.
-establish safety nets for their citizens -health care, disability insurance, unemployment insurance, and retirement pensions
(New Monarchs: France) Charles VII (reigned 1422-1461) importance in government
-established a royal council, using middle-class merchants as his officials -Charles VII chose his advisors so wisely that he won the nickname "Charles the Well-Served"
(The Golden Age of Dutch Art: Dutch Masters) Who was Rembrandt van Rijn? What is his most famous painting? Who is portrayed in this painting? What is happening? What effects does this painting include?
-established himself as Amsterdam's foremost portraitist -most famous painting: "The Night Watch" -the members of the Amsterdam Civic Guard assembling for Marie de' Medici's state visit -Captain Banning Cocq proudly gestures to his lieutenant, indicating that it is time for the company to march out -A golden natural light illuminates the lieutenant's lemon-yellow costume and the red sash across Captain Cocq's chest
(NAPOLEON AND DOMESTIC REFORM, 1801-1805: THE NAPOLEONIC CODE) Revolutionary legislation had emancipated women and children by ___. Napoleon undid most of this progress by _____. Women and children were once again legally dependent on ___. For example...
-establishing their civil liberties -restoring the father's absolute authority in the family -their husband or father -women could not buy or sell property or begin a business without the consent of their husbands. Any income she earned would pass to his descendants, not hers
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: CZECHOSLOVAKIA'S VELVET REVOLUTION) However, __ differences between the Czechs and the Slovaks prevented the creation of __. In 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia peacefully __.
-ethnic -a stable unified state -split into two different countries
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: THE "DARK CONTINENT") By the mid-1800s, Africa contained more than 700 different ___, each with its own __ and __. The people in this vast region could neither __ nor __ the irrevocable changes that the ___ and __ would inflict on their lives.
-ethnic groups -language and customs -foresee nor prevent -Second Industrial Revolution and imperialist rivalries
(Lutheranism) St. Paul's Letter to the Romans importance
-examined by Luther -Luther read Paul's admonition that "the just shall be saved by faith" -helped Luther understand that salvation was a gift freely given by God
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN) French laws ______ contradicted the soaring ideals announced in the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"
-excluding women from voting and holding office
(ALBERT CAMUS (1913-1960) AND JEAN-PAUL SARTRE (1905-1980)) French __ philosophers and writers
-existentialist (the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will)
(Colbert and Mercantilism): How did Colbert expand manufacturing? How did he protect French products?
-expanded manufacturing by abolishing domestic tariffs that inhibited trade -protected French products by placing high tariffs on goods coming into the country
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- The Causes) Austria felt threatened by Russia's ___.
-expansion into the Balkans
(New Monarchs: Spain) Ferdinand (reigned 1479-1516) and Isabella (reigned 1474-1504): What did Isabella and Ferdinand's edict in 1492 do?
-expelled all practicing Jews from Spain -Ten years later, they demanded that all Muslims adopt Christianity or leave Spain
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: KING LEOPOLD II AND THE CONGO) King Leopold II of Belgium began the process of ___. Reports of central Africa's "___" fired Leopold's imagination. Motivated by insatiable greed, Leopold was determined to __"___".
-exploiting the African interior -"unspeakable riches" -devour "the magnificent cake of Africa."
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: FORMS OF TOTALITARIANISM) Communism: Condemned capitalism, arguing that it __.
-exploits workers
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: REVOLUTION IN FRANCE) Affluent bourgeoisie dominated France during the reign of Louis Philippe (reigned 1830-1848). A leading minister rejected demands for ____ by proclaiming, "__."
-extending the franchise to the working class -"Enrich yourself and you will have the vote."
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: CALLING THE ESTATES GENERAL) Both Louis XV and Louis XVI enjoyed ______ lifestyles that created ______
-extravagant -a massive public debt
(INTRODUCTION: HISTORIC IMPACT) The Industrial Revolution concentrated ___ and ___ in industrial centers. This promoted a process of ___ that led to _____. Between 1800 and 1850, the number of European cities with a population of more than 100,000 inhabitants rose from 22 to ___.
-factories -workers -urbanization -the growth of urban centers across Europe -47
(WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE) During World War I, millions of women replaced men in __(3)__.
-factories, offices, and shops
(MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)) Advocated salvation by __, the authority of the __, and a __ of all believers.
-faith -Bible -priesthood (position of a priest)
(INTRODUCTION: HISTORIC IMPACT) The Industrial Revolution and urbanization had a dramatic effect upon _____, including the role of ___ and ___.
-families, including the role of women and childhood experiences
(The Impact of Protestant Reformation on Women: Women and the Home) how did protestants view family?
-family was the center of human life
(THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: INNOVATIONS IN THE LOW COUNTRIES) Reasons for Low Country leadership in farming: The Low Countries contained a growing urban population that created demand for...
-farm products
(The English Civil War [1642-1649]: The Roundheads) What did the Roundheads favor in regards to monarchy and church?
-favored a Parliamentary monarchy and a Presbyterian church governed by elected "presbyters," or elders
(Key Issues: Organization of the Anglican Church) What did the Puritans favor in terms of Church organization? What did this arrangement allow?
-favored a Presbyterian form of church organization -allowed church members a much greater voice in running the church and expressing dissenting views
(The English Civil War [1642-1649]: The Cavaliers) What did Cavaliers favor in regards to monarchy and the Anglican Church?
-favored a strong monarchy and an Anglican Church governed by bishops appointed by the crown
(The impact of the Protestant Reformation on the Arts) Martin Luther, what did he believe about MUSIC's role in religion?
-favored incorporating music into church services -ex: he composed a number of hymns including "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"
(Key Issues: Organization of the Anglican Church) What did the Stuarts favor in terms of church organization? Explain the organization.
-favored the established Episcopal form of church organization -In this hierarchical arrangement, the king, Archbishop of Canterbury, and bishops determined doctrine and practice
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: GORBACHEV'S REFORMS) When Gorbachev took power, the Soviet Union was still the world's most __. But Gorbacho recognized that "___." Blaming poor living conditions on the country's __ and __, he launched __.
-feared totalitarian dictatorship -"something was wrong" -rigid political system -stagnant economy -an unprecedented program of reforms
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: REASONS WHY ADOLF HITLER ROSE TO POWER) Hitler offered the German people an ideology that exploited their __. The Nazi program included the following key points: -__: German national honor would be avenged by regaining __ taken by the __ Treaty. -___: the Germans were a (A) who needed __ in __ and __. -___: Jews were an __ responsible for many of Germany's __. (part 1)
-fears -Nationalism: the lands, Versailles -Master race: land, eastern Europe and Russia. -Anti-Semitism: inferior race, problems
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION) The revolution in agriculture made it possible for fewer farmers to ____.
-feed more people
(The Napoleonic Empire, 1804-1815: THE REORGANIZATION OF GERMANY) Posing as a champion of the Revolution, Napoleon abolished __ and granted peasants ____.
-feudalism -freedom from manorial duties
(WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE) Although the women's suffrage movement commanded wide attention, it achieved __ successes. In 1900, __ in Europe allowed women the right to vote.
-few -no country
(THE MARCH TO WAR: THE FORMATION OF THE TRIPLE ENTENTE) France immediately offered Russia ___ and ___. The two nations signed ___ in 1894.
-financial investments and diplomatic friendship -a Franco-Russian Alliance
(New Monarchs: France) Francis I (reigned 1515-1547) what is he known for?
-first French king to be called "Your Majesty"
Northern renaissance key artists: Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) importance? What is he best known for (non-specific)?
-first Northern Renaissance artists to fully absorb the innovations of the Italian Renaissance -best known for his woodcuts and self-portraits
(The Fronde) What did increasing violence and instability force the young king, Louis XIV to do? How did this effect Louis XIV?
-flee Paris -Louis remembered this humiliation and vowed to control the nobility
(CONTAINMENT: THE MARSHALL PLAN) World War II devastated large parts of Europe. Desperate Europeans faced acute shortages of __(3)__. In both 1946 and 1947, __ and __ production in all European countries fell below pre-war levels. Economic weakness threatened ___, making Europe vulnerable to __ influence.
-food, fuel, and industrial raw materials -agricultural and industrial -political instability -Soviet
(CONTAINMENT: THE BERLIN AIRLIFT) President Truman ordered a massive airlift of __(3)__ to the beleaguered (captured) citizens of __.
-food, fuel, and other supplies -West Berlin
(Charles VI and the Pragmatic Sanction) What did England and other foreign powers force Charles to do? What did he die believing?
-forced Charles to make a number of concessions before agreeing to the Pragmatic Sanction -died believing he had guaranteed peace and integrity of his realm
(Consequences of the Columbian Exchange, FOR AFRICA): What was the effect of the servers drop in the New World population on Africa?
-forced the Spanish to look to Africa for a source of labor -Between sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, European slave traders forcibly transported over 10 million Africans to the Americas -The African slave trade marked the largest involuntary migration of people in human history
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE GREAT TERROR) The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794: Intended to save the Revolution from __ and __.
-foreign and domestic enemies
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE REIGN OF TERROR) Faced with ______ and the threat of _____, the National Convention established the Committee of Public Safety to ______.
-foreign invaders and the threat of domestic rebellion -defend France and safeguard the Revolution
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: CIVIL WAR) Led by Leon Trotsky, the Bolsheviks responded by ___.
-forming a highly disciplined Red Army
(Making Comparisons: Hobbes and Locke- John Locke [1632-1704]) Locke- Locke's "law of nature": what theory did Locke formulate? what did he argue about basic human rights and how does this relate to his theory?
-formulated the theory of "natural rights" -argued that people are born with basic rights to "life, liberty, and property" -these rights are derived from what Locke called the "law of nature," which existed before the creation of government
(The Decline of the Dutch Republic: Costly Wars) What toll did Dutch and English wars have on the Dutch golden age? When did these fights occur?
-fought a series of naval conflicts between 1652-1674 -Although the Dutch won many battles, they could not fully recover from the crippling costs of these conflicts
(Political and Religious Characteristics: Political Independence) What happened to the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands during the late sixteenth century? (Peace of Westphalia role)
-fought for and won their independence from Spain -Peace of Westphalia formally recognized the Dutch Republic's independence
(The Spread of Calvinism) What else did Calvinists find?
-founded Puritan churches in England and later New England
(THE RE-EMERGENCE OF RUSSIA: BORIS YELTSIN, 1991-1999) Advised by Western economists, Yeltsin implemented economic "shock therapy" designed to __ and __.
-free prices and privatize industry
(ADAM SMITH (1723-1790)) Advocated __ and "the __."
-free trade -"Invisible Hand of competition"
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Liberalism: Supported civil liberties, including ____ and __ and guarantees for freedom of ___, the ___, ___, and __.
-freedom from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment and guarantees for freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and religion.
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN, AUGUST 1789) The Declaration provided for...(4)
-freedom of religion -freedom from arbitrary arrest -freedom of speech and the press -the right to petition the government
(ROMANTICISM: THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT) Inspired a desire for freedom of ___(3)___.
-freedom of thought, feeling, and action
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: OTTO VON BISMARCK, MASTER OF REALPOLITIK) Disavowing liberalism as ___, Bismarck firmly declared, "The great questions of our day cannot be solved by ___-that was the great error of 1848 and 1849-but by ___."
-frivolous and misguided -speeches and majority votes -blood and iron
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: NEOCLASSICAL ART) Leading artists and works: Jacques-Louis David, "Oath of the Horatii" - uses an event from ______ to extol (praise)....
-from Roman history -the republican virtues of honor and self-sacrifice
(Characteristics of Medieval Kings) How did Medieval kings receive most of their income?
-from their own estates and from grants of Money from their vassals
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Liberalism: Opposed ____
-full democracy
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: CHARLES DE GAULLE'S (1890-1970) INDEPENDENT POLICIES) De Gaulle's key foreign policy decisions included: -Granting Algeria __. -Withdrawing __ from NATO. -Developing France's own __. -Opposing Great Britain's entry into __.
-full independence -French military forces -nuclear weapons -the EEC
(WORKING-CLASS PROTEST IN GREAT BRITAIN: EARLY LABOR UNIONS) In 1875, British trade unions won ___, including ___.
-full legal status, including the right to strike
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- CONSEQUENCES) By entering the war on the side of France and Britain, Piedmont- Sardinia hoped to ____.
-gain allies in its drive for Italian unification
(Factors responsible for the rise of the New Monarchs) What role did the development of a centralized administration play?
-gave the new monarchs greater control over commerce and trade
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES: THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT) The accomplishments of the women's movement inspired other groups including __(3)__ to organize and call for an end to __ and __.
-gay men, lesbian women, and people with physical disabilities -legal discrimination and social harassment
(THE RE-EMERGENCE OF RUSSIA: BORIS YELTSIN, 1991-1999) Despite Gorbachev's program of "perestroika", ___ still dominated the Russian economy
-giant, highly centralized state monopolies
(INTRODUCTION: THE OLD IMPERIALISM) The Old Imperialists created the world's first ___. Centered in the Atlantic Ocean, the network featured the exchange of __(3)__.
-global maritime trading network -enslaved Africans, Caribbean sugar, and Chesapeake tobacco
(THE GREAT DEPRESSION: CAUSES) The financial crisis led to sharp declines in __ and __.
-global trade and manufacturing
(REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE DIGITAL WORLD) The Age of Discovery in the sixteenth century witnessed the beginning of the historic process of __. __ is dramatically accelerating this process. Today labor, capital, ideas, services, and goods are all interconnected into complex and fast-moving __ and __ webs
-globalization -The digital revolution -social and economic
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: KEY POINTS) Although temporarily frustrated, the basic liberal principle of ___ continued to gain influence as the ___ class grew in __(3)__
-government by consent -middle -size, wealth, and influence
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE PAST) Conservatism: Maintained that all change should be ___.
-gradual
(EDMUND BURKE (1729-1797)) Favored ____ (in terms of change).
-gradual and orderly change
(The Rise of Absolutism in France [1589-1661]: Henry IV) The Edict of Nantes (1598): What did this grant? What did this establish Henry IV as?
-granted religious toleration to the French Huguenots -established Henry IV as a politique who placed political expediency above religious principles
(ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727)) Viewed the universe as a vast machine governed by the universal laws of __ and __.
-gravity and inertia
(CONSEQUENCES OF THE NEW IMPERIALISM: DIPLOMATIC TENSIONS) Imperialism sharpened ___ and solidified ___.
-great power rivalries -international alliance systems
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: STALIN AND GORBACHEV) Gorbachev: Raised expectations in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe for ___.
-greater freedom
(DECOLONIZATION: BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS) President Woodrow Wilson's support for the principle of national self-determination inspired demands for __. In addition, India and other nations expected more __ in exchange for __. The Great Powers failed to ___.
-greater independence -political sovereignty (power) -their support in World War I -meet these expectations
(THE WAR IN THE WEST: THE HOME FRONT) The Role of Women: In the decade prior to World War I, British women led by Emmeline Pankhurst waged an aggressive campaign for __ and ___. During the war, Pankhurst called a halt to ___, urging women to ___.
-greater political and social rights -militant suffrage activities -focus on contributing to the war effort
Why is Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) important to the Northern Renaissance?
-greatest scholar of his age -edited the works of the Church Fathers and produced Greek and Latin editions of the New Testament
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: INTRODUCTION) When World War II ended, Europe faced a __ future. "What is Europe now?" Winston Churchill asked. "It is __(3)__."
-grim -"a rubble heap, a charnel house, a breeding ground for pestilence and hate"
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE REIGN OF TERROR) The ____ quickly became the supreme symbol of the Terror. In the name of creating a Republic of Virtue, Robespierre executed (3 and one specific person)
-guillotine -the queen, his chief rivals, and thousands of "dangerous" class enemies including Olympe de Gouges
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: REASONS WHY THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC FAILED) Many Germans refused to believe that their army __. They believed instead that the German army had been ___ associated with the __
-had been defeated in battle -betrayed by socialist and liberal politicians -new Weimar Republic
(The Enlightenment: Key Ideas- Happiness) What did philosophes have little interest in?
-had little interest in the medieval belief that people should accept misery in this world to find salvation in the hereafter
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848) Causes- Working-class radicals and middle-class liberals were convinced that the repressive Metternich system ____.
-had outlived its usefulness
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA: CHINA) The weak Chinese government desperately tried to __. In 1839, the controversy escalated into an armed conflict known as ___. Outdated Chinese ships proved to be no match for _____. In 1842, the two sides signed the ___. The (A) awarded the British __ and the right to___.
-halt the opium trade -the Opium War -modern British gunboats -Treaty of Nanking -the strategic island of Hong Kong and the right to trade at Canton and four other ports
(The Enlightenment: Key Ideas- Happiness) What did philosophes believe about a human's relationship to happiness?
-happiness in this world was an inalienable human right
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: The Defeat of Philip: England) What happened to Philip's Spanish Armada?
-harassed by fast English ships, the powerful but slow moving Spanish Armada never reached England -Only 67 of the Armada's original 130 ships returned to Spain
(Charles I [reigned: 1625-1649] and Parliament: Petition of Right [1628]) Why did Charles I agree to the Petition of Right?
-he got grants of money in return
(The French Wars of Religion-The Catholics) What did Francis I think of papacy? What was the effect of this?
-he recognized the supremacy of the papacy over a universal council -In return, French rulers gained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots.
(Luther's Key Beliefs) What did Luther think about the Catholic Church's teachings that there were seven sacraments? Why?
-he rejected it -argued that Christ established just two sacraments: baptism and the Eucharist or Holy Communion
(The Act of Supremacy, 1534) How did Henry react to papal supremacy? What did Parliament approve on 1539? What did this do?
-he rejected papal supremacy and remained a devout Catholic -1539: Parliament approved the Six Articles defining the doctrine of the English church -With the sole exception of papal supremacy, the Six Articles reaffirmed Catholic teachings while rejecting Protestant beliefs
(New Monarchs: England) Henry VII (reigned 1485-1509) how did he use his court to gain power?
-he used justices of peace to extend royal authority into the local shires
(Ninety-Five Theses) What did Luther think of Tetzel's aggressive marketing tactics?
-he was appalled -Luther believed that salvation could not be sold by the Pope; it was a free gift given by God
(The German Peasant's War, 1525: Luther's response) What did Luther think and do about the bloody revolution?
-he was horrified by the prospect of a bloody revolution -Luther urged the German nobility to crush the rebels
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: The Defeat of Philip: England) How did Philip react to Queen Elizabeth's actions?
-he was outraged -assembled a huge fleet known as the Spanish Armada to invade England -Philip hoped to depose Elizabeth and return England to Catholicism
(NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)) Offered a new __ universe in which the earth and the other planets revolve around the __.
-heliocentric -sun
(The Search for Spice and Profits) How did the crusades help the search for spices and profits?
-helped stimulate growing demand for Indian pepper, Chinese ginger, and Malukan cloves and nutmeg
(ROMANTICISM: KEY CHARACTERISTICS) The primacy of emotion: Heroic individuals: Romantic artists celebrated ___ who acted __ and overcame ___ place on them by __(3)__. For example, the British poet Lord Byron became a Romantic hero when he ___.
-heroic rebels -spontaneously -the constraints -governments, religions, and societal conventions -rushed off to fight and die in the Greek war for independence from the Turks
What were some factors responsible for Spain's economic decline?
-high costs of war -economic competition -small populations
(Key Examples of Italian Baroque Art) Gian Lorenzo Bernini, the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, what event does this art highlight? what emotions are shown?
-highlights the moment when an angel pierces Saint Teresa's heart with a flaming golden arrow -Pain and pleasure merged as she felt as if God were "caressing her soul"
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: ROCOCO) Basic characteristics: Architecture featured...
-highly decorated interior ceilings
What important concept did Rousseau stress? where is this shown?
-his concept of the general will and his views of education as presented in the novel "Emile"
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: STALIN'S LAST YEARS) Stalin's long reign of terror came to an abrupt end with ___. Stalin's legacy included __, victory in __, expansion into ___, and the transformation of the Soviet Union into a ___. However, these achievements came with a heavy human price that included __(3)__.
-his death in 1953 -industrialization -World War II -Eastern Europe -nuclear superpower -mass killings, the creation of a vast prison system known as the Gulag, and the building of a rigid totalitarian state
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830) Charles X's reactionary policies infuriated both ____ and ____.
-his liberal and working-class opponents
(Anglicanism: Henry VIII (reigned: 1509-1547): the problem of succession) What ended up happening to Henry's loyalty to the pope?
-his political needs out powered his loyalty to the pope
What does Peter the Great's success include (3)? What did the Russian economy rely on?
-his program of modernization -construction of St. Petersburg -victory over Sweden in the Great Northern War -However, Russia's economy continued to rest on the exploitation of serfs
(The Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell: The Death of Cromwell): When did his rule end? When did he die? How did his son act?
-his rule ended when he died in 1658 -His son, Richard, did not command the same respect as his father
(MAINTAINING THE OLD ORDER: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: THE CONGRESS SYSTEM) The great powers also agreed to ___ to ___.
-hold periodic meetings or congresses to prevent crises from escalating into wider wars
(RUSSIA: REACTION AND REFORM- ALEXANDER'S DEATH) The more changes Alexander II introduced, the more ___. When it became apparent that the tsar continued to ___, disillusioned intellectuals began to ___.
-hopes he aroused -maintain a tight grip on power -refer to themselves as "nihilists" or believers in nothing
(Russia before Peter the Great: The Romanov Dynasty) How did Michael Romanov come to power? How long did the Romanov Dynasty rule Russia?
-hoping to restore order, an assembly of nobles elected Michael Romanov to be the next tsar -The Romanov Dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917
(The desire to spread Christianity) How did the crusades leave the relationship between Christians and Muslims?
-hostile
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: STALIN AND GORBACHEV) Stalin: Forced peasant farmers to work on ___.
-huge state-run and state- owned farms called collectives
(ROMANTICISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: ENLIGHTENED AND ROMANTIC VIEWS OF RELIGION) The Enlightenment embraced a mechanical view of ___ and ___. Enlightened thinkers rejected __ and instead relied on __ to understand ___. The Enlightenment favored the deist view that ___ (in terms of God).
-human nature -the physical world -faith -a rational, scientific approach -the relationship between human beings and the natural world -a distant God created the natural world and, like a "divine watchmaker," stepped back from his creation and humanity's daily concerns.
(THE HELSINKI ACCORDS, 1975) Established "Helsinki watch committees" to monitor ___ in the _(#)_ nations that signed the __.
-human rights -35 -Helsinki Accords
(DESIDERIUS ERASMUS (1466-1536)) Northern __ who wrote ___.
-humanist -"In Praise of Folly"
(RUSSIA: REACTION AND REFORM- ALEXANDER'S DEATH) On March 13, 1881, a member of the People's Will ____. What happened after?
-hurled a bomb at Alexander's carriage as he rode through Saint Petersburg -The gravely wounded tsar died later that day
(DECOLONIZATION: BRITISH DECOLONIZATION) In 1947, Britain negotiated an end to __ in India. The settlement divided the subcontinent into a predominately __ and a predominantly __.
-imperial rule -Hindu India -Muslim Pakistan
(INTRODUCTION: THE OLD IMPERIALISM) European powers practiced an early form of __ between 1500 and 1800. During this period, Portugal, the Dutch Republic, and England built __ along the coasts of Africa, and Indonesia. For example, Portuguese traders established ___. The Portuguese prized Benin's rich supply of __(3)__ In return, the rulers of Benin prized Portugal's rich supply of __(3)__.
-imperialism -trading-post empires -a mutually lucrative trade with the West African kingdom of Benin -pepper, ivory, and gold -coral beads, brass bracelets, and horses
(LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLAND: THE REPEAL OF THE CORN LAWS) The Corn Laws placed a high tariff on ___,___, and ___. The tariff benefited ___ by providing them with ___.
-imported corn, wheat, and other grains -large landowners -a protected market for their crops
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- THE BALANCE OF POWER) At the same time, the victorious powers did not want to ___ that would ____ and ___ France.
-impose a punitive treaty that would humiliate and antagonize France
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI) The National Convention then had to decide Louis XVI's fate. Girondists favored _____ while the Jacobins demanded _______.
-imprisonment -that he be executed as a tyrant and a traitor
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Modernizing Russia) What did Peter change/improve (5)? how? What did he force men to do with their beards in an attempt to bring western cultural to Russia?
-improved military organization AND technology -improved Russian agriculture by introducing the potato -strengthened the Russian economy by importing skilled workers -liberated Russian women by allowed them to appear in public without veils -in a famous and much resented act, Peter forced nobles to shave off their traditional long beards
(Making Comparisons: The Economic Decline of the Dutch Republic and Spain- Factors Responsible for Economic Decline)- THE HIGH COSTS OF WAR: Who attacked the Dutch Republic? Who occupied a substantial part of the country? What did this force the Dutch to do? Who played a key role in helping defeat France in the War of the Spanish Succession?
-in 1670, both France and England attacked the Dutch Republic -The French army occupied a substantial part of the country, forcing the Dutch to open their dikes to save Amsterdam -Led by William III, the Dutch played a key role in helping defeat France in the War of the Spanish Succession
(New Monarchs: Spain) Ferdinand (reigned 1479-1516) and Isabella (reigned 1474-1504): What did Isabella decrees in regard to unification and religion?
-in a Christian state, there could be only "one king, one law, one faith" -She and Ferdinand established the Inquisition to enforce religious conformity
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: THE SITUATION IN 1850) Repeated failures: The Carbonari (see Chapter 23) had failed to ___.
-incite a successful revolution
(The English Civil War [1642-1649]: The Roundheads) What made up The Roundheads?
-included Puritans, townspeople, middle-class businessman, and people from Presbyterian-dominated London
(LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: PATTERNS OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY AFTER 1750) The growth of the cottage industry increased ____ and helped ____ become ______
-income -helped young people become financially independent
(POST-WORLD WAR II FEMINISM) Employment rates for married women dramatically __.
-increased
(Making Comparisons: The Economic Decline of the Dutch Republic and Spain- Factors Responsible for Economic Decline)-Small populations- What happened to the Dutch population? What was the problem with this population?
-increased from 1.5 million in 1600 to just under 2 million in 1700 -this population was too small to maintain and defend a global commercial empire
(LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Increased Life Expectancy) During the eighteenth century, the life spans of Europeans increased from ____ to ____ years
-increased from 25 to 35 years.
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN) French women did gain ____(2)__. However, male revolutionaries reacted _____ to the idea of female political participation. As a result, _____.
-increased rights to inherit property and to divorce -disdainfully -women did not gain the right to vote or to hold office.
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Evaluating Peter the Great) What did Peter the Great's policies increase the disparities between? What did serfs do about their mistreatment?
-increased the disparities between the nobles and the peasants -Millions of exploited serfs formed an estranged class that did not share in Russian society
(Louis XIV, the Sun King: "I am the State"): What did Louis do to the power of the intendants? What did he regularly intend? What did he refuse to do?
-increased the power of his intendants -refused to appoint a chief minster -regularly attended meetings of his four great councils
(INTRODUCTION: THE NEW IMPERIALISM) Led by Great Britain and France, the imperialist powers exercised __(2)__ over Africa and Asia. No longer content to simply trade with other peoples, European now aimed to ___. For example, a British force of 1,200 well-armed soldiers toppled ___, burned __, and seized ___.
-increasing economic and political control -directly rule and exploit extensive regions the globe -the ruler of Benin -his palace -2,500 works of bronze and ivory art
(NAPOLEON III (REIGNED 1852-1870): REBUILDING PARIS) The rebuilding project accomplished several objectives:
-It transformed Paris into a symbol of France's prosperity and greatness. -It made it much harder for rioters to blockade streets.
(Consequences: Decline of early commercial centers): What did Italian states have control over? Who were they led by? Who broke this monopoly? How?
-Led by Venice -controlled the lucrative trade with India -The Portuguese broke this monopoly by pioneering a new sea route to Asia
(THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1791-1792: FACTIONS IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY) Radicals who distrusted the king and wanted the Revolution to continue sat to the ____. (name seating section).
-Left
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: JOSEPH STALIN VERSUS LEON TROTSKY) As a charismatic leader since 1905, Trotsky was second only to __ in fame. Trotsky believed that Russia should support __ revolutions around the world
-Lenin -communist
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: VLADIMIR LENIN AND THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION) __ slogan of "Peace, Land, and Bread" captured ___ and enabled the Bolsheviks to ___.
-Lenin's -the popular imagination -win widespread popular support
(THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1791-1792: FRANCE VERSUS AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA) Who issued the Declaration of Pillnitz (August 1791)? What did it declare?
-Leopold II of Austria and Frederick William Il of Prussia -declared that the restoration of absolutism in France was of "common interest to all sovereigns of Europe."
(Making Comparisons: Hobbes and Locke- John Locke [1632-1704]) Locke- Influence: what did Locke argue in regards to a constitutional monarchy? How did Thomas Jefferson work with Locke's ideas?
-Locke presented a cogent and compelling argument explaining the general principles underlying England's long struggle for a constitutional monarchy -Inalienable rights, limited government, and the right of revolution became self-evident truths that Thomas Jefferson used to justify the American revolution
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: THE SITUATION IN 1850) Continued obstacles: Austria continued to control __ and __ while also dominating ___.
-Lombardy and Venetia -other small Italian states
(THE EDICT OF NANTES, 1598) Revoked by ___ in 1685
-Louis XIV
(Louis XIV, the Sun King: "I am the State"): Who was the most powerful monarch of French history? How was he different from English monarchs? What was his view on the nation? What was his catchphrase?
-Louis XIV -Unlike English monarchs, Louis did not share his power with a parliament -In Louis's view, he and the nation were the same -boasted, "L'etat, c'est moi," meaning "I am the state"
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: ROCOCO) Basic characteristics: The Rococo style reached its peak of popularity during reign of....
-Louis XV (1715-1774)
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE REIGN OF TERROR) The execution of ______ did not solve the National Convention's problems. _____ still threatened France's borders. The Jacobins also had thousands of enemies within France itself- (list 3 groups)
-Louis XVI -Foreign armies -peasants horrified by the beheading of the king, priests who refused to accept government controls, and rival leaders who stirred up rebellion outside of Paris
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMACY) As the younger brother of ____, Louis XVIII returned as _____ of ____.
-Louis XVI -the legitimate Bourbon ruler of France
(The Wars of Louis XIV: The War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1713) When Philip of Anjou inherited Charles II's throne to Spain, what did the nations of Europe fear? What did these nations form, who was a part of it (4)?
-Louis could now created a universal monarchy that would upset the balance of power -Led by England, they formed a Grand Alliance that included Holland, Austria, Brandenburg, and the Italian duchy of Savoy
(The Wars of Louis XIV: The Treaty of Utrecht, 1713) French gains: who was allowed to remain king of Spain? What were the conditions? What was France allowed to retain?
-Louis's grandson, Philip V, was allowed to remain king of Spain as long as the thrones of Spain and France were not united -France was allowed to retain all of Alsace
(THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: INNOVATIONS IN THE LOW COUNTRIES) Reasons for Low Country leadership in farming: What non-specific countries were the most densely populated region in Europe, why did this interest Dutch farmers?
-Low Countries -Dutch farmers were forced to seek maximum yields from their lands
(The Council of Trent) What did it reject regarding Luther? what did it reaffirm?
-Luther's doctrine of justification by faith -reaffirmed that salvation is achieved by both faith and good works -Luther's contention that there were just two sacraments -reaffirmed that there were seven sacraments
(Henry VIII vs Martin Luther) how did they support the nobility?
-Luther: supported nobility by encouraging them to suppress the rebellious peasants -Henry: supported the nobility by allowing them to purchase monastic lands
(The Spread of Lutheranism) what became the predominant religion in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden?
-Lutheranism
(The Spread of Lutheranism) What became the dominant religion in northern and eastern Germany? What places remained Roman Catholic?
-Lutheranism became the dominant religion in northern and eastern Germany -most of southern Germany, Austria, and the Rhineland remained Roman Catholic
(EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: THE MAASTRICHT TREATY AND THE EUROPEAN UNION) In 1991, leaders of the EEC countries met in the Dutch city of Maastricht. They adopted the __ Treaty, changing the name of the EEC to the __. The treaty committed the member nations to adopt __, __, a single European __, and ___.
-Maastricht -European Union (EU) -common production standards -uniform tax rates -currency -a common EU citizenship
(THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE: DEFEAT AND DISCONTENT) The ___ were the largest and most restive national group
-Magyars
(THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE: CONTINUED SLAVIC DISCONTENT) The dual monarchy satisfied the __, but failed to ___.
-Magyars -solve the empire's nationality problem
(THE TECHNOLOGY OF EMPIRE: EFFECTIVE NEW MEDICINES) ___ is a disease caused by a parasite transmitted by the bites of infected mosquitos. Its life-threatening fever posed a formidable obstacle to ___ attempting to ___.
-Malaria -European travelers -explore mosquito infested jungles and swamps in Africa and Asia.
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna-TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENTS) Britain gained valuable territories for its overseas empire, including ___, ___, ___, and ___.
-Malta, the Cape of Good Hope, Trinidad, and Tobago
(THE PRAGMATIC SANCTION, 1713) Guaranteed the succession of Habsburg emperor Charles VI's eldest daughter, ___, to the __.
-Maria Theresa -throne
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: THE ECONOMIC MIRACLE) Sparked by __ and revitalized by __, Europe entered a period of ___
-Marshall Plan aid -economic integration -rapid economic growth
What shattered Desiderius Erasmus' (1466-1536) dream of reforming the Church?
-Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses to the front door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER BREZHNEV, 1964-1982: RENEWED COLD WAR TENSIONS AND CONTINUING DOMESTIC PROBLEMS) In late 1979 Brezhnev ordered Soviet forces into Afghanistan to save an increasingly unpopular __. The invasion ended __ and reignited __. The Reagan administration responded with __ that forced the Soviet regime to __, thus exacerbating their ___.
-Marxist regime -détente -the Cold War -a vast American military buildup -increase military spending -economic problems
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN) ln 1792, _____ published "A Vindication of the Rights of Women". She argued that _____. This is created by....
-Mary Wollstonecraft -women are not naturally inferior to men -The appearance of inferiority is created by a lack of education.
Who visited Italy during the Northern Renaissance? Why?
-Merchants from the Low Countries, as well as France, Germany, and England visited Italy -To learn about the advances of the Italian Renaissance
(WORLD WAR II: THE WAR IN ASIA, 1942-1945) The United States successfully halted the Japanese advance with a decisive victory in the Battle of __ in June __.
-Midway -1942
(Louis XIV, the Sun King: Bishop Bossuet and the Divine Right of Kings): While royal power was absolute, it was not arbitrary (what does this mean?)
-Monarchs had to obey God's laws and were responsible to God for their conduct
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE PAST) List Traditional institutions of power (4)
-Monarchy -Aristocracy -Church -Patriarchal family
(Baron de Montesquieu [1689-1755]-"The Spirit of the Laws") Who was Montesquieu? What did he want to limit?
-Montesquieu was a French nobleman and attorney who wanted to limit the abuses of royal absolutism.
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: THE "SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA") The French empire included __, ___, ___, along with ___.
-Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia along with a vast expanse of the Sahara Desert.
(Enlightenment Views of the Role of Women: The Inclusive View) What did most leading philosophes believe in regards to women and principles of liberty and equality?
-Most leading philosophes believed that the principles of liberty and equality should be extended to women
(The Enlightenment: The Philosophes) What did they dedicate themselves to?
-NOT abstract philosophers -Instead, they dedicated themselves to exposing social problems and proposing reforms based upon implementing natural laws
(INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF NATIONALISM) ___ dominated European politics between 1848 and 1870
-Nationalism
(CONTAINMENT: KEY POINTS) Once the unifying threat of ___ disappeared, the United States and the Soviet Union began to quarrel over ___. For example, President Truman demanded that Stalin permit __ throughout Eastern Europe. The Soviet dictator adamantly refused, declaring, "A __ in any of these East European countries would be __, and that we cannot allow."
-Nazi Germany -long-standing political and ideological disputes -free elections -freely a elected government -anti-Soviet
(The Wars of Louis XIV: The Balance of Power) Louis repeatedly sent French armies into the _______ in an attempt to extend his boundaries to the Rhine River, but what kept happening?
-Netherlands -Each time, a coalition formed by the Dutch Republic thwarted him
(THE PEACE OF UTRECHT, 1713) Granted England a number of territories including __(3)__.
-Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Gibraltar
(ROMANTICISM: KEY ROMANTIC WRITERS, ARTISTS, AND COMPOSERS) Composers (music writers)- Ludwig van Beethoven, what did he create? What does it incorporate? Into what?
-Ninth Symphony -incorporates Schiller's "Ode to Joy" into a soaring presentation of human emotions
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Exploiting the Serfs) In central Europe, what were serfs bound to? Did this apply to Russian serfs? What did this enable nobles to do?
-No, Russian serfs could be sold apart from the land -This enabled nobles to force serfs to work in mines and factories
(WORLD WAR II: THE WAR IN EUROPE, 1942-1945) Meanwhile, the United States and Great Britain liberated __ and successfully invaded __.
-North Africa -Italy
Christian Humanists: What were they? What did they study? What did they seek?
-Northern Humanists were often called Christian Humanists -Like Italian counterparts, they closely studied classical sources -They sought to give humanism a specifically Christian context
Northern renaissance art: difference?
-Northern Renaissance artists were the first to use and perfect oil painting
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna-TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENTS) Sweden retained ___.
-Norway
(Ninety-Five Theses) Initial effect of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses being nailed to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg (and when)
-October 31, 1517 -aided by the printing press, Luther's defiant challenge was soon disseminated across Europe -Within a short time, he became the most famous and controversial person in Europe
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE GREAT TERROR) The Great Terror, 1934-1938: Purged __ and __ who __.
-Old Bolsheviks -other supposed political rivals who threatened Stalin's power
(THE REFORMATION) __ were most often accused of practicing witchcraft
-Older, widowed women
(REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: BIG SCIENCE) The space race between __ and __ provided a dramatic illustration of __. In 1957, the Soviet Union stunned the United States by using long-range rockets to launch the first __, "Sputnik", into orbit around the Earth. Four years later, the Soviet Union achieved another space milestone by successfully placing a __ into orbit. Galvanized by these Soviet firsts, the United States organized the Apollo Project to __ by __.
-the United States and the Soviet Union -a Big Science project -satellite -cosmonaut (Russian astronaut) -overtake the Russians by placing a man on the moon
(CONTAINMENT: THE BERLIN AIRLIFT) In 1945, the Allies divided Germany into four occupation zones, one each for __, __, __, and __. The city of Berlin lay 110 miles inside the Soviet occupation zone. Like Germany, it was __.
-the United States, Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union -divided into four occupation zones
(CONTAINMENT: THE WARSAW PACT) The Soviet Union responded to NATO by forming __.
-the Warsaw Pact
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: REASONS WHY ADOLF HITLER ROSE TO POWER) Hitler concluded that he would not attempt to overthrow __ by __ means. Instead, he would use the __ to legally gain __.
-the Weimar Republic -revolutionary -electoral process -power
(CONTAINMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE TREATMENT OF GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR) After the Second World War: Marshall Plan aid helped revitalize __. West Germany soon boasted __ that contrasted with the __ in Soviet-dominated East Germany
-the West German economy -a strong industrial base -lagging economy
(Luther's Key Beliefs) What did Luther insist the Catholic church's teachings be based on?
-the Word of God as revealed in the Bible
(THE POPULATION EXPLOSION: FACTORS PROMOTING POPULATION GROWTH) Commercial capitalism led to increased prosperity and thus...
-the ability to afford more children
(JOHN CALVIN (1509-1564)) Believed in ___ of God, the __ of humanity, and the doctrine of __.
-the absolute omnipotence (the quality of having unlimited or very great power) -weakness -predestination
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- THE BALANCE OF POWER) To keep France from renewing its drive for power, the Congress encircled France with strengthened powers: The Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy was strengthened by _____.
-the addition of Piedmont and Savoy
(RUSSIA: REACTION AND REFORM- ALEXANDER'S DEATH) Alexander Il's reforms only partially succeeded in developing __(3)__ that strengthened ___.
-the administrative, economic, and civic institutions -nation-states elsewhere in Europe
(NATIONAL RESISTANCE IN SPAIN: THE BEGINNING OF SPANISH RESISTANCE) Francisco de Goya depicted ___ in his epic painting "The Third of May 1808". Goya's memorable image dramatically juxtaposed an ___.
-the atrocities in Madrid -anonymous French firing squad with the haunting faces of their victims
(WORLD WAR II: THE WAR IN EUROPE, 1942-1945) On June 6, 1944, American, British, and Canadian forces under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower forced their way onto ___.
-the beaches of Normandy, France
(A competitive State System): What did the emergence of powerful monarchs in France, England, and Spain mark?
-the beginning of Europe's competitive state system
(CONSEQUENCES OF THE NEW IMPERIALISM: AN INTERDEPENDENT GLOBAL ECONOMY) The new imperialism created ___ with London as ___.
-the beginning of an interdependent global economy -its financial center.
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: THE TENNIS COURT OATH, JUNE 1789) The Tennis Court Oath marked ________. In effect, the Third Estate deputies proclaimed _______ and ______.
-the beginning of the French Revolution -an end to absolute monarchy -the beginning of representative government.
(The Enlightenment: Voltaire [1694-1778]-Prince of the Philosophes) Who was Voltaire?
-the best known and most influential philosophe -prolific writer who popularized Newton's scientific discoveries, criticized France's rigid government, and denounced religious bigotry
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: THE SITUATION IN 1850) Continued obstacles: Pope Pius IX opposed ___.
-the cause of Italian nationalism
(WORLD WAR II: JAPAN'S EMPIRE IN ASIA, 1941-1942) The dramatic events in Europe overshadowed ___. In July 1941, Japanese forces __. President Roosevelt retaliated by __.
-the changes occurring in Asia -overran French Indochina -ordering a total embargo (restriction) of all trade with Japan
(The Wars of Louis XIV: The War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1713) What threatened the balance of power in 1700? What was in his will?
-the childless king of Spain, Charles II, died -In his will, the dying king bequeathed the Spanish throne to its huge overseas empire to Louis's 17-year-old grandson, Philip of Anjou
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: NEOCLASSICAL ART) Basic characteristics: Works portrayed _______
-the classical virtues of self-sacrifice and devotion to the state
(ROMANTICISM: ROMANTICISM AND NATIONALISM) German authors placed special emphasis on ___. ___ and ___ bound together the "Volk" or living "national community." For example, ___ published _____ that ____.
-the common historic -Cultural and linguistic ties -the Grimm brothers published a large collection of fairy tales they believed expressed the authentic spirt of German culture
(GREAT BRITAIN: PROSPERITY AND REFORM: THE "WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD") British shipyards led the world in ___.
-the construction of iron ships
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA: INDIA) India soon emerged as ___. The Industrial Revolution had turned Britain into the world's __ and India became a __. India's railroads enabled farmers to ship __(4)__ to coastal ports where steamships transported these products to _______. In return, India absorbed ___-fifth of Britain's total exports. This lucrative economic relationship prompted Prime Minister Disraeli to describe India as "___."
-the cornerstone of the British empire -workshop -major supplier of raw materials for that workshop -cotton, rice, jute, and tea -Great Britain -one-fifth -"the brightest jewel in Her Majesty's Crown"
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE INVENTIONS) In 1793, Eli Whitney invented ___, making it possible to ____.
-the cotton gin -efficiently remove seeds from the cotton fiber
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA: CHINA) Although the United States did not take part in carving up China, American officials became ____. On September 6, 1899, Secretary of State John Hay dispatched a series of diplomatic notes asking the governments of these nations to ___. The European powers and Japan ___ Hay's Open Door notes. Hay nonetheless announced that ___.
-increasingly alarmed that the European powers and Japan would restrict American trading opportunities in their spheres of influence -respect the rights of other nations within their spheres of influence -neither accepted nor rejected -all the powers had agreed and that their consent was therefore "final and definitive."
(THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE: The Dual Monarchy) Austria and Hungary became ___ and __ states under a common Habsburg ruler. The two states still had a __ and ___. The new empire was known as ___.
-independent and equal -united army and a common foreign policy -Austria-Hungary
(The Golden Age of Dutch Art: Key Characteristics) What did Dutch artists focus on painting?
-individual and group portraits, landscapes, and genre scenes of everyday life
Factors that encouraged European Overseas Exploration
-individualism -curiosity -search for spices and profits -desire to cultivate cash crops -spread Christianity -ability to use new technology
(REALISM IN LITERATURE AND ART: KEY CHARACTERISTICS) Criticized __ and __.
-the cruelty of industrial life and the greed and insensitivity of the wealthy
(Sugar and Slavery): what was slavery associated with in history?
-the cultivation of sugar
(THE PRAGMATIC SANCTION, 1713) Guaranteed the __ of the Habsburg lands
-indivisibility
(FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)) Formalized the empirical method into a general theory of __ known as empiricism
-inductive reasoning
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR) During the war, a squadron of German planes bombed___, killing ___ of men, women and children. Pablo Picasso painted "Guernica" to ___.
-the defenseless village of Guernica -hundreds -protest this atrocity
(LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Increased Life Expectancy) What did new foods, such as the potato, combined with better farming techniques improve?
-the diet of the poor
(THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE: DEFEAT AND DISCONTENT) The empire's biggest problem was ___.
-the discontent of the many nationalities living under Habsburg rule
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH AUSTRIA, 1866) Consequences: Austria agreed to ___.
-the dissolution (closing down) of the German Confederation
(Key Examples of Italian Baroque Art) Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, The Calling of Saint Mathew: what event does this highlight?
-the dramatic moment when Christ suddenly points a beam of light on Mathew. Overwhelmed by Christ's presence, Mathew gives up his job as a tax collector and dedicates his life to Christ's service.
(Key Examples of Italian Baroque Art) Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Holofernes: what event does this highlight?
-the dramatic moment when Judith cuts off Holofernes' head, thus preventing the Assyrian general from destroying the land of Judah.
(Luther and the Role of Christian Women) what was a key factor in changing the role of sixteenth century women?
-the elimination of monasteries and convents
(Three Declining Empires: The Holy Roman Empire) How did the political system work?
-the empire had an elected emperor who had no imperial army, revenues, or centralized authority
(Luther was a religious revolutionary) What did Luther's belief that everyone should read the Bible lead to?
-the encouragement of education -growth of literacy
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: THE ENLIGHTENMENT) Founded in London in 1660, the Royal Society became a world- famous organization for _____.
-the exchange of ideas and practical inventions
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM) Committed to ___.
-the existing social order
(CONTAINMENT: THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE) The immediate goal of the Truman Doctrine was to block ___ into ___.
-the expansion of Soviet influence into Greece and Turkey
(THE MARCH TO WAR: GERMANY AND THE NEW BALANCE OF POWER) Germany's __(3)__ all dramatically increased. In 1900, Germany produced more __ than Great Britain and France combined. Germany's population increased from 41 million in 1871 to __ million in 1910. In contrast, France had just __ million people in 1910
-industrial capacity, population, and military power -steel -64 -40
(INTRODUCTION: GENERAL OVERVIEW) The Napoleonic Wars delayed ___ in ___.
-industrial growth -Western Europe
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: THE FIVE-YEAR PLANS) . Stalin's commitment to a program of massive, large-scale __ produced results. By 1940, the Soviet Union was a major __ power, trailing only the __ and __.
-industrialism -industrial -United States and Germany
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: VLADIMIR LENIN AND THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION) Lenin's key ideas: Lenin denounced ___. He eschewed (avoided) reform, arguing that capitalism could only be destroyed by ___.
-the extreme economic inequalities under the tsarist regime -class conflict
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: THE END OF ROMANOV RULE) Nicholas II proved to be an ___ ruler. As an all-powerful autocrat (ruler who has absolute power), he was oblivious to "___" and to the pressing need to ___. Instead, Russian ___ mounted and shortages of __ worsened. Nicholas moved his headquarters to the front in a futile attempt to ___.
-inept (clumsy) -"public opinion" -withdraw from World War I -battlefield losses -food -rally his troops
(Anabaptist beliefs) what did anabaptists/rebaptizers oppose?
-infant baptism, insisting that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture
(THE DIRECTORY, 1795-1799: THE FALL OF THE DIRECTORY) Public discontent mounted as the Directory failed to deal with... (3)
-inflation, food shortages, and corruption
(Characteristics of Absolutism in Western Europe: Key Differences Between Absolute Monarchs and Twentieth-Century Dictators) What did absolute monarchs lack in comparison to twentieth century dictators such as Stalin and Hitler?
-the financial and technological resources
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: CALLING THE ESTATES GENERAL) The cost of fighting the Seven Years' War and financing the American War for Independence dramatically worsened _______
-the financial crisis
(Jean-Jacques Rousseau [1712-1778]: The General Will) What did Rousseau's concept of the general will and the sovereignty of the people influence in countries as a whole? What else did it play an important role in (in terms of twentieth-century dictators)?
-influenced leaders of both the French and American revolutions. -twentieth-century dictators justified their rule by claiming to embody their nation's general will.
(The Commercial Revolution: price revolution) what contributed to the price revolution
-influx of gold and silver from the New World and the rising demands created by the growth of population contributed to the price revolution
(The Napoleonic Empire, 1804-1815: "Europe was at my Feet") Napoleon's ____ and the ___ of England made war inevitable.
-insatiable ambition -continuing enmity (feeling of being actively oppressed)
(The Enlightenment: Key Ideas- Liberty) What did the philosophes believe about intellectual freedom? What would happen without this?
-intellectual freedom was a natural right -Without freedom of expression, there could be no progress
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- CONSEQUENCES) The Crimean War marked____ since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 (see Chapter 20)
-the first great power conflict
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION) The Committee of Public Safety successfully crushed _____ and defeated ______. Despite these victories, Robespierre continued to ____
-internal dissent (different opinions) -the First Coalition. -pursue his fanatical dream of creating a Republic of Virtue
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: KEY POINTS) The revolutions of 1848 failed because of ___(3)___.
-internal divisions, a lack of popular support outside the cities, and the continued strength of conservative forces
(LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLAND: CONSEQUENCES) England experienced much less ____ than the other countries in Europe
-internal unrest
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE) The Congress of Vienna: Established a framework for future ___ based on __ among ___.
-international relations -periodic meetings, or congresses, among the great powers
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER BREZHNEV, 1964-1982: CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND THE BREZHNEV DOCTRINE) Brezhnev justified the invasion by claiming that the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to __. This declaration became known as the __ Doctrine
-intervene in the domestic affairs of other Communist countries -Brezhnev
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830: REVOLUTION IN BELGIUM) Both Great Britain and France opposed ___. In 1830, the great powers recognized Belgium as ___.
-intervention -a neutral state
(The Commercial Revolution: growth of populations) importance of new foods
-introduction of new foods played a key role in supporting population growth
(THE PRAGMATIC SANCTION, 1713) Violated when Frederick the Great of Prussia ___ in __(year)__.
-invaded Silesia in 1740
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: MUSSOLINI AND ETHIOPIA) In October 1935, Mussolini ordered a massive __ of Ethiopia
-invasion
(THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: ENGLISH AGRICULTURE) Agricultural innovators: Jethro Tull invented...(that allowed for)
-invented a seed drill that allowed for sowing crops in a straight row -fewer seeds were wasted
Johannes Gutenberg: importance
-invented the first printing press with movable type -1456: the first full work ever printed by movable type, the Mazarin Bible, was published
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: THE ENLIGHTENMENT) British society encouraged and rewarded __ and ___.
-inventors and entrepreneurs
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE INVENTIONS) In 1733, John Kay invented ___, enabling a single weaver to ____.
-the flying shuttle -work twice as fast
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- SERIOUS DELIBERATIONS) Like the other aristocratic dignitaries, Metternich opposed _____ unleashed by the French Revolution and Napoleon. He believed in the value of maintaining the status quo. "The first and greatest concern for the immense majority of every nation," Metternich insisted, "is ______."
-the forces of liberalism and pationalism -the stability of laws-never their change
(Key features: New joint-stock companies) Who bought shares and what were shares purchased for? How did shares work?
-investors in a joint-stock company bought shares of ownership -If the company went bankrupt, its owners lost their investment -if companies prospered, the investors' shares of ownership entitled them to collect a proportional share of the profits
(THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE: CONTINUED SLAVIC DISCONTENT) Slavic discontent posed a significant threat to ___ and the ___.
-the future of Austria- Hungary -peace of Europe
(The Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell: The Death of Cromwell): Who did the Parliament invite back from exile?
-invited Prince Charles Stuart, the eldest son of Charles I, to return from exile
(SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)) Argued that human behavior is often __.
-irrational
(The French Wars of Religion-The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 1572) What impression did the growing strength of Huguenots give the French King Charles IX and his powerful mother Catherine d'Medici
-it alarmed them
(The French Wars of Religion-The Politiques) How did the civil war effect French agriculture and commerce?
-it devastated French agriculture and commerce
(The Decline of Spanish Power: Economic Decline) How did a series of costly wars with the Dutch Republic and France effect Spain?
-it extended Spain's commitments beyond the nation's declining resources
(The French Wars of Religion-The Politiques) What did a small group of moderate Catholics and Huguenots soon realize about the disorder and destruction occurring? What did they support?
-it had to be stopped or France would collapse -Known as politiques, they supported a strong monarchy and official recognition of the Huguenots
(English Society in The Seventeenth Century: Impact of the Commercial Revolution) What happened to the English middle class as the commercial revolution gained momentum?
-it increased
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: The Defeat of Philip: Consequences of Philip's defeats) What happened to England's power as Spanish influence declined?
-it increased -The English were now free to develop their overseas trade and to colonize North America
(English Society in The Seventeenth Century: Impact of the Commercial Revolution) With the exception of the Dutch Republic, how did the English middle class compare to any other country in Europe?
-it was proportionally larger than any other country in Europe
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For France) What goal did France achieve?
-its primary goals of weakening the Habsburgs and keeping the Holy Roman Empire weak and divided
(English Society in The Seventeenth Century: Impact of the Commercial Revolution) What did English entrepreneurs finance?
-joint-stock companies that played a key role in promoting English colonies in North America
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- The Causes) A squabble over ___ within the holy places in Turkish-ruled Jerusalem brought __ (the protector of the ___) and ___ (the protector of the ___) into diplomatic controversy, with ________ in the middle.
-jurisdiction (official power) -France, Catholics -Russia, Orthodox clergy -Turkey
(The Wars of Louis XIV: The Treaty of Utrecht, 1713) The Elector of Brandenburg: As a reward for joining the Grand Alliance, what was the Elector of Brandenburg recognized as?
-king of Prussia (NOTE: the emerging role of the rulers of Savoy and Brandenburg)
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES: CHANGING PATTERNS OF MARRIAGE AND CHILDBEARING) At the same time, Europe's booming postwar economy increased the demand for __. The shift to white-collar service industries in __(3)__ opened new opportunities for __
-labor -government, education, and health care -women
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: THE NAZI TOTALITARIAN STATE) The government supervised both ___ and __. New laws banned __ and dissolved __.
-labor and business -strikes -independent labor unions
(Key features: new entrepreneurs) what did the expansion of commercial activity create?
-large geographic markets -new trading areas opened new opportunities while also requiring a new kind of economic leadership
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: THE "SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA") European diplomats created _______ that ___ and often forced ___ to occupy the same land
-large unwieldy state -ignored traditional cultures -rival tribes
What was the Northern Renaissance? When did it happen?
-late 1400s -students and artists from Northern Europe traveled to Italy where they became acquainted with the "new learning" and the new style of painting
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- CONSEQUENCES) Russia's humiliating defeat forced Alexander II to ___.
-launch an ambitious program of reforms
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN, AUGUST 1789) The Declaration further established the principle that ____ could be made and ___ levied (imposed) only by ______. The ____, not the ____, was sovereign.
-laws -taxes -the citizens or their representatives -The nation -the king
Who was Thomas More (1478-1535)? Importance?
-leading humanist scholar in England -renowned author, lawyer, and statesman -held many high public offices including lord chancellor under Henry VIII
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: The Defeat of Philip: The Netherlands) Who were the Dutch led by? What did they declare?
-led by the province of Holland -The Dutch in the seven northern provinces could not be won back -in 1581, they boldly declared their independence from Spain
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For the German States) effect on German politics
-left Germany politically fragmented into more than 300 virtually sovereign states that had the right to ratify laws, collect taxes, and wage war -the fragmentation ended the Holy Roman Empire as an effective entity and delayed German unification for two centuries
(The Fronde) How did the deaths of Richelieu in 1642 and Louis XIII the following year leave the monarchy?
-left the monarchy in the hands of the five-year-old Louis XIV and his chief minister, Cardinal Mazarin
(THE NINETEENTH CENTURY) Law codes in most European countries gave women few __. Divorce was legalized in __ in 1857 and in __ in 1884. However, Catholic countries such as Spain and Italy did not permit __.
-legal rights -Britain -France -divorce
(NAPOLEON III (REIGNED 1852-1870): ECONOMIC PROGRESS) Napoleon did not ignore the working class. He legalized ___ and improved ___.
-legalized trade unions -improved public housing
(THE MARCH TO WAR: WILLIAM II'S AGGRESSIVE POLICIES) William II promptly set Germany on a new course by ___.
-letting the treaty of friendship with Russia lapse.
(MAINTAINING THE OLD ORDER: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: REVOLT AND REPRESSION) Repression in Germany: Young Germans continued to hope for __ and __. Disillusioned by the Congress of Vienna, they formed __ to __.
-liberal reforms and a united Germany -student associations to discuss their concerns
(THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1815) Underestimated the forces of __ and __.
-liberalism and nationalism
(POST-WORLD WAR II FEMINISM) European feminists worked for __, improved __, and expanded __.
-liberalized divorce laws, improved access to birth control information, and expanded child-care facilities
(MAINTAINING THE OLD ORDER: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: REVOLT AND REPRESSION) The Congress of Vienna disappointed __ and __ across Europe. Discontentment led to __ that tested __ and __.
-liberals and nationalists -revolts -Metternich and the Concert of Europe
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: REVOLUTION IN FRANCE) As tension and unrest gripped Paris, __, __, and __ all vied for power
-liberals, socialists, and Bonapartists
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE "NATION IN ARMS") The French forces posed as ____ who abolished ____ as they spread their revolutionary message of _____.
-liberators -feudal dues -liberty and equality
(TENSIONS IN THE OLD REGIME: PHILOSOPHE CRITICISM) The philosophes advanced a message of _____ and _____ that undermined _____, who ruled by ______.
-liberty and equality -the legitimacy of French monarchs -divine right
(NAPOLEON'S LEGACY: Impact on France) The great ideals of the Revolution __(3)__ continued. The concept of revolution as a legitimate means of achieving social and political goals continued to justify ____
-liberty, equality, and nationalism -revolutionary political changes
(WORLD WAR II: THE ATOMIC BOMB) The atomic bomb destroyed both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Aghast at the horrible loss of __, Emperor Hirohito told his war council "I cannot bear to ___." Japan formally __ on September 2, 1945. However, hopes for a new spirit of cooperation vanished as Europe entered a new and perilous era known as the __.
-life -"see my innocent people suffer any longer" -surrendered -Cold War
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE) Russia, which had suffered the greatest loss of __, was in the midst of __ and was NOT invited to ___.
-life -a civil war -not invited to attend the conference
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: ROCOCO) Basic characteristics: Artists depicted (represented).....
-lighthearted and often frivolous scenes of "nobles at play."
(THE RISE OF NAPOLEON: NAPOLEON IN CONTROL) The Revolutionary era began with an attempt to _____. Napoleon successfully used the democratic process to ____. As Emperor, he wielded unchecked power over ____.
-limit the powes of an arbitrary royal government -undermine democracy -France's domestic and foreign policies
(Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu- International Affairs) What French policy did Richelieu continue to support?
-limiting Habsburg power
(INTRODUCTION: THE REALISTS AND SOCIAL REALITIES) Realism emerged as a new ___ and ___ that reflected ___.
-literary and artistic style -a growing disenchantment with romanticism
(THE GREAT DEPRESSION: CAUSES) Worried American bankers recalled ___. Austria's largest bank failed, starting a ___ in __.
-loans to European banks -financial panic -central Europe
(RUSSIA: REACTION AND REFORM- ALEXANDER'S REFORMS) The creation of zemstvos: In 1864, Alexander introduced a system of __ and __ through ___ called ___.
-local and regional self-government -elected assemblies -zemstvos
(MOTIVES FOR THE NEW IMPERIALISM: RACIAL SUPERIORITY) Imperialism contradicted the European belief in ___. However, imperialists ignored this inconsistency by using ___ (see Chapter 25) to justify their actions.
-local self-rule -Social Darwinism
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES: SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR AND BETTY FRIEDAN) As more and more women entered the workforce, they began to encounter __ in __ and __. The combination of __ and __ created a growing sense of __ among many women
-long-established patterns of discrimination -salary and working conditions -rising employment and entrenched patterns of job discrimination -injustice
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For the German States) effect on Germany's long-term commercial growth, why?
-long-term commercial growth suffered -because the Treaty of Westphalia gave control of the mouth of the Rhine River to the Dutch
(EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: PROBLEMS) Developments in Great Britain also posed a serious challenge to the __. In a referendum (a general vote by the electorate on a single political question) held in June 2016, "Brexit" supporters who wanted Britain to "__" the EU won a surprising victory. Although Londoners opposed Brexit, older voters in the surrounding countryside expressed anger that participation in the EU created __ that encouraged __ into Great Britain. Britain's anticipated departure in 2020 poses risks for ___ and uncertainty for the __.
-long-term future of the European Union -"exit" -open borders -a rising tide of immigration -the British economy -continuing strength of the EU
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: GORBACHEV'S REFORMS) "Demokratizatsiya": Gorbachev understood that in order for the economy to thrive, the Communist Party would have to __.
-loosen its grip on Soviet society
(ROMANTICISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: ENLIGHTENED AND ROMANTIC VIEWS OF RELIGION) The Romantics believed in a __ and ___ God. They stressed __(3)__. Romantics embraced ___ as a way to feel divine presence.
-loving, personal -emotions, inner faith, and religious inspiration -the wonders and mysteries of nature
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA: INDOCHINA) French colonists used their wealth to support a ___. Saigon's tree-lined streets and fashionable shops earned It the title "___." French officials proudly called Vietnam "____."
-luxurious standard of living -"Paris of the Orient" -"our marvelous balcony on the Pacific"
(NAPOLEON AND DOMESTIC REFORM, 1801-1805: LIBERTY OR DESPOTISM?) Napoleon claimed that he preserved ___. His supporters argued that ____ by ___ (3).
-the gains of the French Revolution -he fulfilled the philosophes' dream of an enlightened despot BY preserving the principle of equality before the law, guaranteeing religious toleration, and opening careers to all men of talent
(REALISM IN LITERATURE AND ART: LEADING REALIST AUTHORS) Charles Dickens, "Hard Times": described ___ (where did it take place).
-the grinding poverty endured by factory workers in Coketown, a fictitious industrial city modeled after Manchester
(NATIONAL RESISTANCE IN SPAIN: NATIONALISM) Napoleon underestimated ____. One contemporary critic understood this vulnerability when she observed: ___(quote)__
-the growing power of nationalism to inspire opposition to French rule -"He never reckoned with the one power that no arms could overcome-the enthusiasm of a whole people."
(Factors responsible for the rise of the New Monarchs) What role did the growth of towns play?
-the growth of towns produced an increasingly prosperous middle class that prized peace and helped rulers establish and enforce predictable laws
(THE RISE OF NAPOLEON: COUP D'ÉTAT, 1799) The plotters staged a successful coup d'état on November 9, 1799. The new government vested (secured) executive power in _____. As First Consul, Napoleon exercised ____.
-the hands of three consuls -undisputed authority
(REALISM IN LITERATURE AND ART: LEADING REALIST ARTISTS): Jean-François Millet, "The Gleaners": contrasted ___ with the ___ in the background
-the hard physical of three peasant women -comfortable life style of wealthy landowners living
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: DE-STALINIZATION) De-Stalinization permitted Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn to publish "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich". This short but powerful novel described ___.
-the horrors of life in a Stalinist concentration camp
(Baron de Montesquieu [1689-1755]-Separation of Powers) According to Montesquieu, what did the ideal government do to separate powers?
-the ideal government separated powers among executive, legislative, and judicial branches
(INTRODUCTION: THE NEW POST-COLD WAR ERA) Although it is too soon to name the Post-Cold War era, we can identify five key trends that are currently shaping European history: -The re-emergence of Russia as a ___. -The economic integration of Europe into the ___. -The transformation in women's lives caused by the movement for __. -The demographic (sector of the population) changes caused by the ___ and the___. -The impact of revolutionary __ and __ technologies
-major power -European Union -gender equality -European baby bust, mass immigration of people into Europe -informational, digital
(THE POPULATION EXPLOSION: FACTORS PROMOTING POPULATION GROWTH) Advances in transportation reduced...
-the impact of local crop failures
(Colbert and Mercantilism): What did Colbert recognize the importance of in regards to the colonies? What did he encourage?
-the importance of colonies as a source of raw materials and a market for manufacturing goods -encouraged people to emigrate to Canada where the lucrative fur trade promoted French commerce
(Consequences of the Columbian Exchange, FOR EUROPE): importance of gold and silver on the economy
-the influx of gold and silver facilitated economic growth and contributed to the rising prosperity of the merchant class in Western Europe
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE) The Congress of Vienna: Restored a conservative order based upon ___.
-the institutions of monarchy and aristocracy
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE) As believers in reason, the Jacobins wanted to ______. How did they do this? Give example. Why were Sundays not included in the new calendar?
-make their calendar scientific -They divided the year into 12 months of 30 days and gave each month a new, "reasonable" name -October was renamed Brumaire of Fog Month. -no Sundays because the radicals considered religion a bastion of superstition
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE RAILROAD) Railroads promoted leisure travel by _____.
-making it possible for urban residents to spend a weekend at coastal resorts
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: POSTWAR ITALY): Italy had entered World War I in hopes of winning __ in __ and __ territory along the __ Sea. When the Treaty of Versailles rejected these claims, embittered Italian nationalists felt __.
-mandates (official order) -East Africa -Austrian -Adriatic -betrayed
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: TOTALITARIANISM) Used modern technology and communication to __ and __ information
-manipulate and censor
(The Enlightenment: The Philosophes) Where were these philosophes found?
-many leading philosophes were French -a cosmopolitan group could be found in the American colonies and across Europe
(Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu- The Intendant System) How did the intendants system effect noble's political power? How did it effect their economic or social privileges?
-the intendant system curbed the noble's political power -did not lessen their economic or social privileges
(The Enlightenment: Voltaire [1694-1778]-"Crush the Infamous Thing") What did Voltaire attack the most?
-the intolerance of organized Christianity, both Protestant and Catholic
(MAJOR EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1799: HAITI) The soaring ideals of the French Revolution inspired ______. Toussaint L'Ouverture emerged as a ____ who played a key role in _____.
-the island's slaves and free people of color to demand their freedom -charismatic leader -helping Haitians win their independence
(WORKING-CLASS PROTEST IN GREAT BRITAIN: THE LUDDITES) The new textile technologies threatened___. Named after Ned Ludd, _____ known as Luddites ___ and ___. Did this stop the industrial revolution?
-the jobs of Britain's 250,000 hand-loom weavers. -frustrated English weavers -broke into early textile factories and smashed the machinery. -no
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI AND THE RED SHIRTS) In May 1860, Garibaldi and his small but zealous force of so-called Red Shirts successfully invaded and liberated ___.
-the kingdom of the Two Sicilies
(Key features: new industries) what did the mergence of nation-states support?
-the large-scale manufacture of cannons and muskets
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: TOTALITARIANISM) Exercised total control over ___.
-the lives of individual citizens
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: THE GREAT EXHIBITION, 1851) Britain's Hall of Machinery featured ___(3)__
-the locomotive engines, hydraulic presses, and power looms that had powered the Industrial Revolution
Northern renaissance art: importance in the overall art pieces (and example)
-many of the everyday objects displayed in paintings were actually disguised symbols -EX: The Arnolifini Wedding: dog represents fidelity and the discarded shoes showed that a religious ceremony is taking place -At the time, people believed that touching the ground with bare feet ensured fertility
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: THE RISE OF BENITO MUSSOLINI) In 1922, Mussolini called upon his followers to ___. Although the government could have ___ Mussolini with a show of __, King Victor Emmanuel III __ and __.
-march on Rome -stopped -force -gave in and named Mussolini prime minister.
(Characteristics of Medieval Kings) How did Medieval kings handle war? How were vassals recruited?
-marched to war followed by an army of vassals who owed military service in exchange for land
(Luther was a religious revolutionary) What did Luther's doctrines of justification by faith, priesthood of all behaviors, and the Bible as the sole authority mark?
-marked a major departure from long-standing Catholic principles
(The Impact of Protestant Reformation on Women: Women and the Home) how did protestants view marriage (example)?
-marriage should promote a loving relationship between man and his wife -ideal Christian home thus became the place for love, tenderness, and other "gentler virtues" -Relationship between Luther and his wife, Katherina von Bora, provides a good example of new emphasis upon companionship
(POPULATION TRENDS AND IMMIGRATION: THE BABY BUST) Demographers have identified a number of possible causes for the baby bust. Following World War II, European women __(3 STEPS)__. An ever-increasing number of women chose ___ as they concentrated their energies on __. The more educated and successful women often limited their family size to __.
-married early, had children and then entered the labor force -not to have more children -careers -just one child
(THE NINETEENTH CENTURY) Rising standards of living made it possible for men and women to __. At the same time, the __ cost of child rearing caused a decline in __.
-marry at a younger age -rising -the size of middle-class families
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: FORMS OF TOTALITARIANISM) Communism: Exercised control over the __.
-media
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: FORMS OF TOTALITARIANISM) Fascism: Exercised control over the __.
-media
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: THE NAZI TOTALITARIAN STATE) A ministry of culture supervised the __ and shaped__. Special films such as "Triumph of the Will" glorified __.
-media -public opinion -Hitler's leadership
(DECOLONIZATION: BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS) The Great Powers failed to __. Instead, they tightened control over __ and established __ in the Middle East. The British and French empires actually increased in __ during the interwar period
-meet these expectations (from India and other nations) -their colonies -a mandate system -size
(Calvinism: John Calvin's Key Beliefs) what did he think in regards to men, women, and their roles to salvation
-men and women are naturally sinful so they cannot actively work to achieve salvation -because God is all knowing, he has, "determined, both whom he would admit to salvation and whom he would condemn to destruction." -This "terrible decree" constitutes the theological principle called predestination
(ADAM SMITH (1723-1790)) Opposed __.
-mercantilist policies
(The New Economics: Making Comparisons: The Economic Policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert and Adam Smith) What did Colbert believe in terms of mercantilist policies?
-mercantilist policies offered the best way to increase French power and wealth
(Key features: new entrepreneurs) what happened to merchants and bankers as the commercial revolution replaced the town-and-guild framework?
-merchants and bankers emerged as influential and successful entrepreneurs
(Causes of Dutch Economic Prosperity: Calvinism and Commercial Capitalism) What angered Dutch ministers?
-merchants in Amsterdam devoted more time to reading business news than listening to sermons -"It would be better if on the Lord's Day, he gave some account of himself and, instead of reckoning his profits, reckoned his sins"
(LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY BEFORE 1750) Most couples postponed marriage until they were in their... Why?
-mid late twenties -Couples delayed marriage in order to acquire land or learn a trade
(THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY) Most couples postponed marriage until they were in their __.
-mid- to late 20s.
(INTRODUCTION: HISTORIC IMPACT) The Industrial Revolution also led to the formation of a new and expanding ____ class, or ___.
-middle -bourgeoisie
(RUSSIA: REACTION AND REFORM- TSARIST RUSSIA IN THE 1850s) Russia had a very small ___ class. Ninety-five percent of the people were __, most of whom were ___
-middle -peasants, serfs
(Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu- The Intendant System) What class did intendants normally come from?
-middle-class or minor nobles drawn from the nobility of the robe
(POPULATION TRENDS AND IMMIGRATION: LEGAL AND ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION) The twenty-first century is currently witnessing a significant __ of __ into Europe. If this trend continues, the Muslim population in Europe will rise from about 15 million in 2006 to __ million in 2025
-migration -Muslims -30
(ROMANTICISM: KEY CHARACTERISTICS) The primacy of emotion: A different past: Romantics looked to ___ for __(3)__.The deeds of legendary kings and knights seemed more worthy of ____ than those of ___ and ___.
-the medieval period -models of chivalrous heroes, miraculous events, and unsolved mysteries -song and story -contemporary factory owners AND railway engineers
(The Rise of Prussia: Frederick William I [reigned 1713-1740]) Under the Hohenzollerns, what values dominated all aspects of Prussian life? Who led the most prestigious class, what was this class called? Give example of a foreign diplomat's impression on the state's army.
-military priorities and values dominated all aspects of Prussian life -Led by the Junkers, the officer corps became Prussia's most prestigious class -EX: "Prussia is not a state that possesses an army, but an army that possesses a state"
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For Diplomacy) what did the Peace of Westphalia establish in terms of relationships between countries?
-the modern system of diplomatic relations among mutually recognized sovereign states
(JOHN CALVIN (1509-1564)) Advocated that each local congregation have a ruling body composed of both __ and __ who carefully supervised __.
-ministers (a person authorized by a church) and laymen (nonordained male member of a Church) -the moral conduct of the faithful
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: REASONS WHY THE DEMOCRACIES FAILED TO ACT) American isolationists believed that U.S. involvement in World War I had been a ___. They wanted to avoid __.
-mistake -becoming entangled in European affairs
(CONSEQUENCES OF THE NEW IMPERIALISM: DIPLOMATIC TENSIONS) A new aggressive nationalism contributed to the ___ and ___ that led to ___.
-mistrust and hostility -World War I
(Luther and the Role of Christian Women) What did Luther believe Christian women should strive to be?
-models of obedience and Christian charity
(MAJOR EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1799: FRANCE) The French Revolution played a key role in the rise of _____. French citizens no longer identified themselves as _____. Instead, they _____.
-modern nationalism -members of an estate -pledged allegiance to their nation above other individual or group interests
(Luther's Key Beliefs) what did the Catholic Church teach about monastic life? What did Luther think about this belief? What did Luther abolish?
-monastic life was superior to the secular life -Rejected this belief -all honest work has equal merit. Each person should serve God in his or her own individual calling -Luther abolished monasteries and converts, declaring that the clergy should marry
(FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)) Expressed contempt (worthlessness) for middle-class __, saying that it led to a __ and __ existence
-morality -false and shallow
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna-TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENTS) Russia acquired ____
-more Polish territory
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For Military Strategy) what did the dramatic growth in the size of national armies require?
-more complex bureaucracies and an increase in taxes to fund the enlarged military establishments
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: THE POPULATION EXPLOSION) New farming methods produced ___.
-more food
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI) The newly elected National Convention abolished ____ and declared that _____. Women could not ___, however, despite ______.
-the monarchy -France was now a republic in which every adult citizen had the right to vote and hold office -vote -the important role they had already played in the Revolution
(Restoring the Old Order: EVALUATION) The Congress of Vienna negotiated _____. The decisions proved to be ____.
-the most extensive European settlements since the agreements at Westphalia in 1648 -acceptable to both the victors and to France
(The New Economics: Adam Smith [1723-1790]) Who was Adam Smith?
-the most influential advocate of laissez-faire economics
(THE RISE OF NAPOLEON: NAPOLEON IN CONTROL) Although the Consulate maintained a republican façade, Napoleo controlled ______.
-the new government's entire executive powers
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: EASTERN EUROPE) De-Stalinization raised hopes for __ in Eastern Europe. A wave of __ and __ swept across East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary. Protestors pointed out that the Soviet model of rapid industrialization and centralized economic planning failed to __ to citizens throughout Eastern Europe.
-more freedom -strikes and protests -deliver economic prosperity
(LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLAND: THE CHARTIST MOVEMENT) Britain's disenfranchised workers demanded ___.
-more sweeping reforms
Northern renaissance key artists: Jan Van Eyck (1390-1441) importance? best known piece?
-most acclaimed Flemish artists of the fifteenth century -one of the pioneers in oil painting -Ghent Altarpiece and The Arnolfini Wedding
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: THE NAZI TOTALITARIAN STATE) It is interesting to note that the Nazi party's ideal German woman was a __(3)__
-mother, wife, and homemaker
(THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: ENGLISH AGRICULTURE) The enclosure movement: The enclosure movement forced many poor rural people to... so they could...
-move to cities and work in factories
(WORLD WAR II: THE WAR IN ASIA, 1942-1945) By 1945, American forces reclaimed ___. However, American commanders warned that an invasion of the Japanese home islands might cost ___ and claim over ___.
-much of the Pacific including the Philippines -a million American casualties -10 million Japanese lives
(The Enlightenment: Deism) What places embraced Deism? Why did it have little appeal for many people?
-much of the educated elite in Western Europe and America embraced deism -However, deism's reliance upon reason and its lack of emotion had little appeal for many people
(Colbert and Mercantilism): Who was Jean-Baptiste Colbert and what did he do?
-named by Louis XIV as controller general of finances -worked tirelessly to strengthen France's economy by implementing strict mercantilist policies
(THE WAR IN THE WEST: STALEMATE) The Schlieffen Plan ___, making __ impossible
-narrowly failed -a quick victory
(MOTIVES FOR THE NEW IMPERIALISM: NATIONALISM) "Colonial fever" became a source of ___. Imperialists proudly displayed world maps with ___. Colored in red, a map of the British empire provided schoolchildren with patriotic visual evidence that "the sun ___."
-national pride -their nation's empire highlighted in bright colors -"never sets on the British empire"
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: KEY POINTS) The ideas of ___ and ____ continued to grow and gain support.
-nationalism and national unification
(THE MARCH TO WAR: THE BALKAN POWDER KEG) Bismarck recognized the potential danger of ___ in the Balkans. At the 1878 Congress of Berlin, he tried to __ by supporting Serbian __ and Austria-Hungary's right to "___" Bosnia and Herzegovina
-nationalist aspirations -reduce tensions -independence -"occupy and administer"
(NATIONAL RESISTANCE IN SPAIN: NATIONALISM) As Napoleon spread the principles of the French Revolution across the continent, he inadvertently aroused ___. Nationalism in Germany and Spain became closely linked with ___.
-nationalist feelings across Europe -opposition to French domination
(INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF NATIONALISM) Nationalism held that all people derive their identities from their ___. A nation is a group of people who share ____.
-nations -a common culture, sense of identity, and aspiration to achieve political independence
(The Enlightenment: Key Ideas- Nature and natural laws) What did the philosophes believe about the role of natural laws?
-natural laws regulate both the universe and human society
(JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)) Formulated the theory of __, arguing that people are born with basic rights to "__(3)__."
-natural rights -"life, liberty, and property"
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Liberalism: Believed in ____ that governments must ___
-natural rights -protect
(CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)) Argued that the fittest are determined by a process of __.
-natural selection
(MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759-1797)) Argued that women are not ___.
-naturally inferior to men
(Making Comparisons: Hobbes and Locke- Thomas Hobbes [1588-1679]) Hobbes-Beliefs on human nature, what are they naturally prone to and motivated by?
-naturally self-centered and prone to violence -motivated to increase pleasure and minimize pain -engage in a "perpetual and restless desire" for power
(NAPOLEON III (REIGNED 1852-1870): ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SECOND EMPIRE) In 1848, French voters elected Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon I) as _____ (what was his role?)__.
-the new president of the Second French Republic
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE WOMEN'S MARCH TO VERSAILLES, OCTOBER 1789) Like the fall of the Bastille, the women's march to Versailles demonstrated _______.
-the newfound power of ordinary people to influence the course of historic events.
(THE WAR IN THE WEST: THE HOME FRONT) Total War: Governments tightly controlled ___ and used propaganda to ___ and __.
-the news -rally public morale and arouse hatred of the enemy
(The Fronde) Sensing royal weakness, what did the nobles do?
-the nobles led a series of rebellions against royal authority -Known as the Fronde, these rebellions were intended to limit rather than overthrow the monarchy
(ROMANTICISM: KEY CHARACTERISTICS) The primacy of emotion: A new view of nature: Romantics preferred to contemplate the beauty of ___. They were inspired by __(3)__. These natural wonders were a source of ___ that evoked ____.
-nature -raging rivers, gathering storms, and majestic mountains veiled in mist -spiritual inspiration -feelings of awe and wonder
(Characteristics of the New Monarchs) New Monarchs: relationship with the Catholic Church
-negotiated a new relationship
(THE WAR IN THE WEST : THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN) A lightning attack on France meant invading ___.
-neutral Belgium
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: STALIN'S LAST YEARS) Following World War II, Joseph Stalin imposed __ emphasizing __.
-new Five-Year Plans -extensive industrialization
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION) Landowners experimented with ___ such as ___ and ___ such as ___.
-new crops such as turnips and new inventions such as the seed drill
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE INCENTIVE) Prompted by huge potential profits, British entrepreneurs financed ____ and ____.
-new ways of spinning and weaving cotton
(New Monarchs: France) Louis XI (reigned 1461-1483) what is he known for? example?
-nickname: "Spider King" because of his treacherous character and ruthless use of power -EX: he imprisoned a disloyal cardinal in a small cage for 11 excruciating years
(ROMANTICISM: THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT) Swept across Europe during the first half of the ____ century.
-nineteenth
(Charles I [reigned: 1625-1649] and Parliament: Petition of Right [1628]) What two key provisions did The Petition of Right contain?
-no one should be compelled to pay any tax or loan "without common consent by act of Parliament" -No one should be imprisoned without due process of law
(THE RISE OF NAPOLEON: NEW OPPORTUNITIES) Napoleon originally found his advancement blocked because he lacked ___. However, the French Revolution ___ and provided ____.
-noble birth -removed these barriers -opportunities for an ambitious and talented young officer
(Characteristics of Medieval Kings) Who did Medieval kings rely on for council and advice?
-nobles
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: VLADIMIR LENIN AND THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION) Lenin's key ideas: Lenin insisted that a communist revolution was possible in a ___ country such as __.
-non-industrialized -Russia
(The desire to spread Christianity) What did Spain and Portugal hope to reconquer?
-northern Africa from the Muslims
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830: ITALIAN NATIONALISM) Austria dominated ___.
-northern Italy
(THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY) Most young married European couples lived in __ families. Large multigenerational households were __.
-nuclear -not the norm
(LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY BEFORE 1750) Most young married European couples lived in ____ ____. Large multigenerational households (WERE/WERE NOT) the norm
-nuclear families -WERE NOT
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: COLD WAR CONFRONTATIONS) The Cuban Missile Crisis: Khrushchev precipitated the Cuban Missile Crisis by constructing __ in __.
-nuclear missiles in Cuba
(Consequences of the Columbian Exchange, FOR EUROPE): effect of crops
-nutritious New World crops revolutionized European diet and fueled a surge in European population
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION) The hard-liners assumed that a show of force would ensure __. They were wrong. Under Gorbachev's reforms, people had lost their __ and were willing to ___.
-obedience -fear of the party -defend their freedom
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: STALIN'S LAST YEARS) Stalin insisted on absolute __. Dissent brought __, ___, or __.
-obedience -imprisonment, slave labor, or death
(THE REFORMATION) Martin Luther believed that Christian women should strive to be models of __ and __.
-obedience and Christian charity
(THE RE-EMERGENCE OF RUSSIA: VLADIMIR PUTIN, 2000-PRESENT) Aided by high __ prices, the Russian economy began to __ and its middle class began to __.
-oil -grow -expand
(DECOLONIZATION: BRITISH DECOLONIZATION) The British Empire once included ___-quarter of the world's land area and __ million of its people. However, Britain made the most dramatic break from __.
-one -500 -imperialism
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: THE TENNIS COURT OATH, JUNE 1789) Members of the First and Second Estates assumed that each estate would receive ____ vote. This traditional would enable them to ________.
-one -impose their will on the Third Estate
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: FORMS OF TOTALITARIANISM) Fascism: Led by __ and __.
-one leader and one party
(INTRODUCTION: HISTORIC IMPACT) The benefits of industrialization solidified Britain's position as ____.
-one of the dominant European powers
Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592): who was he?
-one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance
(The Habsburgs: The Revival of Habsburg Power): What were the Hubsburgs? Relation to Holy Roman emperors?
-one of the oldest dynasties in Europe -Beginning in the early 1400s, most of the Holy Roman emperors were Habsburgs
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: STALIN AND GORBACHEV) Gorbachev: Permitted __ elections.
-openly contested elections
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: GORBACHEV'S REFORMS) In 1986, Gorbachev introduced a new policy known as glasnost, or __, which encouraged Soviet citizens to __. Soviet citizens now began to learn the truth about __(3)__.
-openness -discuss ways to reform their society -poor harvests, inefficient state monopolies, and the Chernobyl nuclear disaster
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA: CHINA) Unscrupulous British merchants discovered that __, a ___, could be used to __. British opium exports to China soared from 200 chests in 1729 to ___ chests in 1838. Britain prospered as ___.
-opium -habit-forming narcotic -balance the trade deficit -40,000 -Chinese addicts began to pay for the drug with silver
(The Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell: Domestic Policy): Who did Cromwell oppose?
-opposed radical groups such as the Levellers and the Quakers
(THE GREAT DEPRESSION: IMPACT ON EUROPE) Replaced the __ spirit of the late 1920s with a growing sense of __ and ___.
-optimistic (hopeful for a better future) -doubt and fear
(The Rise of Absolutism in France [1589-1661]: Henry IV) The nobility of the robe- Who posed the greatest threat to the extension of royal power? What was the influence of this "nobility of the sword" based on?
-the nobles posed the greatest threat to the extension of royal power -"nobility of the sword" was based upon inherited privileges and a tradition of military service
(THE FRENCH REVOLUTION) Napoleon Bonaparte's Civil Code reasserted the Old Regime's __. The Code granted husbands __. For example, married women needed their husband's consent to __. __ and __ rights taken away by the Napoleonic Code were not fully restored until 1881
-patriarchal system -extensive control over their wives -dispose of their own property -Divorce and property
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI AND THE RED SHIRTS) While Cavour was uniting ___, he also secretly supported ___ in the ___.
-the north -Garibaldi in the south
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE "NATION IN ARMS") Motivated by ____ and led by a corps of talented young officers that included _____, France's citizen-soldiers defeated _____.
-patriotism -Napoleon Bonaparte -the First Coalition's professional armies
(THE RENAISSANCE) Isabella d'Este was the most famous Renaissance woman. Her life illustrates that being a __ was the most socially acceptable role for a ___.
-patron of the arts -well-educated Renaissance woman
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna-TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENTS) Austria acquired ____ and ___ as compensation for ____.
-the northern Italian provinces of Lombardy -Venetia -its loss of Belgium
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Controlling the Boyars) What were the boyars? What did they support? How much of the population did they make up? What did they pose a threat to?
-the old nobility who supported traditional Russian culture -comprising about 7% of the population -this large noble class posed a threat to Peter's reform program
(CONTAINMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE TREATMENT OF GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR) After the First World War: France and Great Britain demanded that Germany __ for __. (A) were eventually renegotiated under the __ Plan
-pay heavy reparations for the cost of the war -Dawes
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE INVENTIONS) As a result of these continuous technological improvements, ___ rose from 40 million yards in 1785 to more than ____ ___ yards in 1850
-the output of cotton fiber from British textile factories -2 billion
(The Glorious Revolution: Importance) What was the glorious revolution and what did it do?
-the overthrow of James II in favor of William and Mary -placed clear limits on the power of the English monarchy
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: THE LATERAN ACCORD) Mussolini successfully negotiated an end to the long dispute between __ and __.
-the papacy and the Italian state
(INTRODUCTION: THE OLD IMPERIALISM) The New World was a notable exception to __. Spain established __ that included __(3 places)__. Beginning in 1607, the English began to colonize the __.
-the pattern of coastal trading posts -an enormous empire -the West Indies, Central America, and South America -east coast of North America
(The German Peasant's War, 1525: Luther's response) Did Luther support the peasants?
-the peasants believed Luther would support them, but he did not -Luther believed Christians ought to obey their rulers-even unjust rulers-and that rebellion against the state was always wrong and must be crushed
(The Enlightenment: Key Ideas- Progress) What set the philosophes apart from other Europeans?
-the philosophes were the first Europeans to believe in social progress
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Liberalism: Expressed little concern for _____.
-the plight of urban workers
(English Society in The Seventeenth Century: Gentry) Unlike France, what was the English gentry willing to do? What significant consequences did this have (2)?
-pay taxes -since the tax burden was more equitable in England, the peasantry was not overburdened with excessive taxes -the gentry and thus the House of Commons demanded a role in determining national expenditures. This created an inevitable conflict with the Stuart kings
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- THE WAR) The new Russian tsar, Alexander II, sued for ___ after the fall of ___ in 1855
-peace -Sevastopol
(Restoring the Old Order: EVALUATION) It created a framework for ___ that prevented ____. No wars of worldwide dimensions occurred for ____.
-peace -a war among the great powers for forty years -a full century
(CONTAINMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE TREATMENT OF GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR) After the First World War: The German government asked for __ based on __.
-peace based on Wilson's Fourteen Points
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE): The Paris Peace Conference: Refused to allow defeated Germany or Communist Russia to participate in ___.
-peace conference negotiations
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: THE THREE ESTATES) The Third Estate: included a diverse group of _____ (5). Those in this group resented _____ privileges
-peasant farmers, urban workers, middle-class shopkeepers, wealthy merchants, and successful lawyers -aristocratic
(THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION) In the early 1700s, who farmed much of the land in Western Europe?
-peasants living in village communities
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: STALIN AND GORBACHEV) Gorbachev: Allowed national minorities within the Soviet Union to express __.
-pent-up grievances
(INTRODUCTION: THE POLITICS OF REALPOLITIK) A new generation of European statesmen abandoned ___ in favor of ___ and ___.
-the politics of idealism -a pragmatic tough-minded use of shrewd diplomacy and military force known as Realpolitik
(THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1791-1792: FRANCE VERSUS AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA) The war (War of the First Coalition) began badly for _____. By the summer of 1792, _____ were advancing toward ____.
-the poorly equipped French armies -Austrian and Prussian armies -Paris
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CRYSTAL PALACE AND THE ARC DE TRIOMPHE) The Crystal Palace- Demonstrated ____.
-the possibilities of mass production
(Making Comparisons: Hobbes and Locke- John Locke [1632-1704]) Locke- Arguments for limited government: why do people form governments? What is a government? What happens if rulers betray their people's trust?
-people form governments to preserve their natural rights -government is a contract in which the rulers promise to safeguard the people's natural rights -if rulers betray their trust, the governed have the right to replace them
(A competitive State System): What did the competitive state system promote?
-the practice of modern diplomacy -Rulers sent official representatives to rival nations in order to be informed about their plans and policies -The new diplomacy encouraged negotiation and prevented war
(Making Comparisons: Hobbes and Locke- Thomas Hobbes [1588-1679]) Hobbes-Arguments for a strong government. How does government work in terms of personal liberty? What did Hobbes argue about the power of rulers, why?
-people give up their personal liberty to attain security and order -fearing the dangers of anarchy more than tyranny, Hobbes argues that rulers should have absolute and unlimited political authority
(CONTAINMENT: THE NATO ALLIANCE) NATO featured an American commitment to __. The NATO alliance thus marked ___.
-permanently station troops in Western Europe -a decisive break from America's tradition of isolationism
(MAINTAINING THE OLD ORDER: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: REVOLT AND REPRESSION) Alarmed by these student activists, Metternich ___. (A) dissolved ___, censored ___ and __, and used ___ to harass dissidents (a person who opposed official policy)
-persuaded the major German states to issue the Carlsbad Decrees -the student associations -books and newspapers -secret police
(VOLTAIRE (1694-1778)) French __ and __ author of __ and __.
-philosophe -prolific (highly productive) -essays and letters
(FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)) German _(occupation)_ whose writings influenced __.
-philosopher -existentialism
(RENÉ DESCARTES (1596-1650)) French __ and __.
-philosopher and mathematician
(Enlightenment Views of the Role of Women: The Inclusive View) What did philosophes argue about female education?
-philosophes argued that women should have greater access to education and to intellectual life
(ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879-1955)) German _(occupation)_ whose theory of __ undermined Newtonian physics
-physicist -special relativity
(The New Economics: The French Physiocrats) What were physiocrats, why are they important?
-physiocrats: French economic reformers -were the first to question mercantilist principles
(Political and Religious Characteristics: Religious Toleration) What did the Dutch place above religious uniformity (what did this result in)?
-placed economic prosperity ahead of religious uniformity -result: the created a cosmopolitan society that promoted commerce.
(JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630)) Formulated three laws of __.
-planetary motion
(NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI [1469-1527]) Renaissance __ philosopher who wrote __.
-political -"The Prince"
(CONTAINMENT: THE MARSHALL PLAN) The Marshall Plan dramatically increased American __ and __ influence in Western and Southern Europe
-political and economic
(THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA, 1648) Continued the __ of Germany
-political fragmentation
(Consequences: Rise of capitalism): what is capitalism based on?
-the private ownership of property such as land, raw materials, and equipment
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: THE RISE OF BENITO MUSSOLINI) Mussolini used Italy's ___ to seize power. As the leader of the __ Party, he boldly promised to revive Italy's ___ and rebuild __.
-political power vacuum -Fascist -economy -its armed forces
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: KEY POINTS) The era's idealistic romantic spirit now yielded to a new age of ___.
-political realism
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER BREZHNEV, 1964-1982: STAGNATION) Brezhnev's hard-line policies led to a prolonged period of __ and __.
-political repression and economic stagnation
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE GREAT TERROR) The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794: Eliminated supposed __ such as ___
-political rivals -Georges-Jacques Danton
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: THE SITUATION IN 1860) Obstacles to unity: Germany remained __ into a number of small states that jealously guarded their ___.
-politically divided -independence
(Three Declining Empires: The Holy Roman Empire) How did the Thirty Years' War leave the Holy Roman Empire?
-politically divided into 300 independent states
(FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)) English __ and __.
-politician and writer
(INTRODUCTION: GENERAL OVERVIEW) The Industrial Revolution refers to _____.
-the process by which economic production shifted from the use of hand tools to the use of power machinery, first fueled by coal and steam
(Comparing Isabella of Spain and Elizabeth I of England) how did Elizabeth rule in terms of religion?
-politique -raised a protestant but her religious views are largely unknown -did not care about the religious beliefs of her subjects, but did care about their loyalty -wanted to avoid destructive religious civil wars -not her intention, "to pry widows into men's souls." -Her reign marked the beginning of cultural golden age and a period of sustained economic growth and prosperity
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: THE END OF ROMANOV RULE) The ___ army was no match for the German war machine. By 1917, more than __ (A) soldiers had been killed, wounded, or taken prisoner.
-poorly equipped Russian army -7 million
(Key features: New domestic or putting-out system) what did the putting-out/domestic system lead to a significant increase of?
-the product of cloth and other manufactured goods
(Anglicanism: Henry VIII (reigned: 1509-1547): the problem of succession) How did Pope Clement VII respond to Henry's request for an annual marriage? Why?
-pope normally would have granted Henry's request, but Catherine of Aragon was the aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V -At the time of Henry's request, Charles's armies controlled Rome -Caught between the plea of a distant English king and the immediate presence of a powerful Holy Roman emperor, the pope delayed and finally refused to annul Henry's marriage
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM) Opposed to __.
-popular participation in government
Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592): what is he best known for? What did his writings feature?
-popularizing the essay as a literary genre -his writings feature numerous vivid anecdotes and a skeptical tone best illustrated by his famous question, "Que sais-je?" or "what do I know?"
(The Commercial Revolution: growth of populations) how much did the EUROPEAN population grow? What did this growing population require?
-population of Europe increased from 70 million in 1500 to 90 million in 1600 -the steady rise in population increased overall demand for goods and services
(ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879-1955)) Added to the feeling of uncertainty in the __ world.
-postwar
(THE GREAT DEPRESSION: IMPACT ON EUROPE) Prompted increased government economic programs that laid the foundation for the creation of ___.
-postwar welfare states (states that protect the unfortunate situations of its citizens)
(THE POPULATION EXPLOSION: FACTORS PROMOTING POPULATION GROWTH) The ____ became a key food staple during the eighteenth century. A single acre of this food could feed a family for _______
-potato -a year
(POPULATION TRENDS AND IMMIGRATION: LEGAL AND ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION) Since the fall of Communism, __(3)__ have combined to create waves of legal and illegal immigrants seeking __ and __.
-poverty, political persecutions, and civil wars -opportunity and safety
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: REASONS WHY THE DEMOCRACIES FAILED TO ACT) The democracies repeatedly underestimated Hitler's thirst for __ and __.
-power and conquest
(MAINTAINING THE OLD ORDER: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: The Decembrist Revolt in Russia) Under Nicholas I's oppressive regime, Russia became Europe's most ___.
-powerful reactionary stronghold
(THE REFORMATION) Quakers regularly allowed women to __.
-preach
(REALISM IN LITERATURE AND ART: KEY CHARACTERISTICS) Insisted on __ of ___. When asked to paint angels, the French artist Gustave Courbet replied, "___ "
-precise descriptions of the modern world -"I have never seen angels. Show me an angel and I will paint one"
(Revocation of the Edict of Nantes): What did Louis's goal of having "one king, one law, one faith" preclude to? Supported by the French Catholic clergy and his Jesuits advisors, what did Louis XIV evoke? What Churches were closed and who had to be baptized as Catholics?
-precluded to religious diversity -revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685 -Royal officials closed Protestant Churches and ordered all Protestant children baptized as Catholics
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CRYSTAL PALACE AND THE ARC DE TRIOMPHE) The Crystal Palace- Featured ___ and ___.
-prefabricated glass panels and cast-iron columns.
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION) Robespierre's death ended ______. On the new revolutionary calendar, July was called ____ from the French word for "heat." Hence, the revolt against Robespierre is called the _____.
-the radical phase of the French Revolution -Thermidor -Thermidorian reaction
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- The Causes) France and Britain opposed any change in ___.
-the regional balance of power
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: STALIN AND GORBACHEV) Stalin: Rejected __ created by __.
-the relatively free markets created by Lenin's New Economic Policy
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION) On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev announced his resignation as __ that by then had ceased to __. The Soviet Union then dissolved into 15 separate __. One former communist leader observed sadly, "Gorbachev tried to ___."
-president of a country -exist -republics -"reform the unreformable"
Printing press: effect by 1500
-presses in over 200 cities printed copies of about 40,000 books, pamphlets, and broadsides -Historians estimate that as many as 10 million items may have been printed, far more than the number of books produced in all of previous Western History
(THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: ENGLISH AGRICULTURE) The enclosure movement: English landowners consolidated (strengthened)...into...
-previously scattered pasturelands INTO compact fields enclosed by fences and hedges.
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: STALIN AND GORBACHEV) Gorbachev: Advocated __ ownership of __ and __.
-private -property and free markets
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: THE CORPORATE ECONOMY) It is important to note that Mussolini's corporate state combined __ with state control over _.
-private ownership -economic decisions
(THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG, 1555) Ended ___ between Roman Catholics and Lutherans in the German states
-the religious civil war
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: THE ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT) This movement, which ___ land formerly available to ___ for ____, concentrated land ownership in fewer hands.
-privatized -all for grazing and farming
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN, AUGUST 1789) The Declaration was a landmark in the fight against ______
-privilege and despotism
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: DE-STALINIZATION) Khrushchev's program of de-Stalinization involved all of the following: -Shifting some resources toward __. -Curbing the power of ___. -Granting __ to __.
-producing more consumer goods -the secret police -more freedom -writers and intellectuals
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: FORMS OF TOTALITARIANISM) Communism: Supported state ownership of the means of __.
-production
(The New Economics: Making Comparisons: The Economic Policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert and Adam Smith) What did Adam Smith believe that self-interested individuals working in a free market would increase?
-production and wealth
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For Military Strategy) what did it lead to the formation of?
-professional fighting forces that were not disbanded at the end of the fighting
(WOMEN IN THE SOVIET UNION) Soviet women were encouraged to become __. By 1950, women comprised ___-quarters of the doctors in the Soviet Union
-professionals -three
(KARL MARX (1818-1883)) Contended that a class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would lead "to the dictatorship of the __," which in turn would be a transitional phase leading to __.
-proletariat (working-class people) -a classless society
(THE RENAISSANCE) Christine de Pizan was a __ author who wrote a history of famous women and is now remembered as Europe's first __.
-prolific -feminist
Impact of the printing press: how did it alter European culture between 1450-1600
-promoted freedom of expression -disseminated information -challenged the power of established authorities to control divergent views -enabled monarchs to quickly spread their royal decrees
Impact of the printing press: literature
-promoted the growth off vernacular literature and national cultures
(INTRODUCTION: THE COLD WAR ERA) The Cold War appeared to permanently divide Europe into a __,__ West and an __,__ East
-prosperous, capitalistic -impoverished, Communist
(JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)) Insisted that governments are formed to __.
-protect natural rights
(Baron de Montesquieu [1689-1755]-Separation of Powers) What would this system of divided authority do, how?
-protect the rights of individuals by preventing one branch of government from gaining unrestricted control over the entire society
(THE GREAT DEPRESSION: CAUSES) The United States raised ___, forcing other nations to __.
-protective tariffs -retaliate
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Evaluating Peter the Great) What did Peter the Great provide a model of? What did he successfully do?
-provided a model of how an energetic and ruthless autocrat would change a nation -successfully transformed Russia into a great power that would play an increasingly important role in European History.
(Key features: New domestic or putting-out system) what did entrepreneurs do in order to avoid the restrictive guild system?
-provided cloth, looms, and other equipment to rural families
(The Peace of Westphalia, 1648: The provisions) What were rulers allowed to decide?
-the religious faith in their territory -Calvinism was recognized as an acceptable faith
How did the renewed interest in ancient writings encourage European overseas explorers?
-the renewed interest in ancient writings that inspired Renaissance artists also gave the explorers new knowledge about mathematics, astronomy, and geography
(Causes of Dutch Economic Prosperity: A center of finance) What did trading profits help provide for? What bank was established and by who (when)? What was the Amsterdam Stock exchange?
-provided large quantities of capital for investment -Amsterdam financiers founded the Amsterdam Exchange Bank in 1906, it quickly became the most efficient and reliable bank in Europe -Amsterdam boasted the highest per capita income in Europe -The city's increasingly prosperous citizens formed the Amsterdam Stock Exchange as a center for trading in commodities
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE RAILROAD) Railroads improved diet by ____. Trains carried ___ from ___ and ___ from ___.
-providing access to perishable food -fresh fish inland from the coasts and fresh vegetables from rural farms to city markets
(INTRODUCTION: HISTORIC IMPACT) The Industrial Revolution improved the standard of living by ___(3)__.
-providing more consumer products, improved medical care, and new leisure activities
(SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)) Austrian _(occupation)_ who formulated groundbreaking theories of __.
-psychologist -human personality
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: STALIN AND GORBACHEV) Gorbachev: Allowed __ and criticism of __.
-public discussion -Communist Party policies
(THE RE-EMERGENCE OF RUSSIA: VLADIMIR PUTIN, 2000-PRESENT) The gap between Yeltsin's economic promises and actual economic performance caused widespread ___.
-public disillusionment (disappointment)
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: ANTI-SEMITISM) In 1933, the Nazis passed laws forbidding Jews to hold __. Two years later, the Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of __ and required them to wear __ as identification
-public office -German citizenship -a yellow Star of David
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE GREAT TERROR) The Great Terror, 1934-1938: Used ___(3)__ to terrorize the entire nation
-public show trials, executions, and mass imprisonment
(Enlightenment Views of the Role of Women: The Domestic View) What type of "sphere" did enlightened thinkers place women, as opposed to men, in?
-public sphere dominated by men and a private sphere dominated by women
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES :SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR AND BETTY FRIEDAN) The French author Simone de Beauvoir was the first European woman to __. In her seminal book, "The Second Sex", de Beauvoir argued that a male-dominated European society had forced women into __ lives of __and __ that denied them __ and __. She emphasized that women could only achieve genuine autonomy by ___. De Beauvoir's book became a cornerstone of __.
-publicly challenge the status quo -dependent -housework and childbearing -independent careers and creative fulfillment -escaping from their traditional inferior roles -feminist theory
(Making Comparisons: Hobbes and Locke- Thomas Hobbes [1588-1679]) Background: What did Hobbes publish in 1651? What event left a deep impression on Hobbes?
-published "Leviathan" just two years after the execution of Charles I -The horrors of the English civil war left a deep impression on Hobbes
(Making Comparisons: Hobbes and Locke- John Locke [1632-1704]) Locke- Background: What did he publish in 1690? What did he argue in this book?
-published "Second Treatise of Government" in 1690 -Locke presented a compelling argument that justified the Glorious Revolution and later inspired Thomas Jefferson when he wrote the Declaration of Independence
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN) Politically active women ___, ___, and petitioned ___ to demand ____.
-published pamphlets -organized clubs -petitioned the National Assembly to demand more rights and a greater voice in public affairs.
(The Elizabethan settlement) Who was Elizabeth?
-queen of England -politique who placed political necessities above her personal beliefs -therefore strove to find a middle course that moderate Catholics and moderate protestants would accept
(The Enlightenment: Key Ideas- Toleration) What did philosophes question in regards to religion, why? What did they advocate for?
-questioned institutional religious beliefs, arguing that they perpetuated superstition, intolerance, and bigotry -advocated full religious tolerance
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE WOMEN'S MARCH TO VERSAILLES, OCTOBER 1789) Fearing for his safety, Louis XVI ______. On October 6, 1789, the royal family _______ accompanied by _______. The royal family established themselves in a palace located ________. A few days later, the deputies of the National Assembly moved to ____.
-quickly capitulated (surrendered) -left Versailles -a triumphant crowd of shouting poissardes -at the center of Paris -Paris
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: JOSEPH STALIN VERSUS LEON TROTSKY) In contrast, Stalin was a __ man who preferred to work __. As general secretary of the __ Party, Stalin placed his supporters in key positions. Stalin argued that communism should first gain __ before supporting a _.
-quiet -behind the scenes -Communist -a firm hold in Russia -global revolution
(RUSSIA: REACTION AND REFORM- ALEXANDER'S DEATH) At first nihilists expounded (presented) ___ ideas and disregarded ____. For example, rebellious daughters of the nobility ___ and used ___ to ___.
-radical -conventional manners -cut their hair short -phony marriages -escape parental control
(EDMUND BURKE (1729-1797)) Denounced the __ and __ of the French Revolution
-radicalism and violence
limitations of nineteenth-century railroads (example)
-railroads were not widespread in Eastern Europe and rail travel was limited to the middle and upper classes until late in the nineteenth century
(NATIONAL RESISTANCE IN SPAIN: NATIONALISM) Nationalism enabled French governments to ___.
-raise highly motivated mass armies
(Colbert and Mercantilism): What was Colbert able to raise and promote? What was he unable to do? What did nobles continue to enjoy?
-raised royal revenues and promoted economic growth -unable to make the tax system more equitable -Nobles continued to enjoy exemptions while peasants continued to bear a disproportionate tax burden
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: THE SITUATION IN 1850) Repeated failures: Giuseppe Mazzini and the Young Italy Movement had failed to ___ for ___.
-rally support for a republic
The Green movement opposes __, defends __, and supports expanding civil rights to __ and __.
-rampant consumerism -welfare-state programs -gays and lesbians
(THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: ENGLISH AGRICULTURE) The enclosure movement: The new enclosed farmland enabled landowners to...this encouraged...
-rapidly implement agricultural innovations. -This encouraged the development of market-oriented agricultural production
(JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)) Rejected excessive __ and stressed __, thus anticipating __.
-rationalism -emotions -the Romantic movement
(DECOLONIZATION: THE NEW IMPERIALISM) The European powers were motivated by a combination of factors including a desire to acquire __, develop __, protect __, and bring __ to __.
-raw materials -profitable foreign markets -strategic sea lanes -the blessings of their superior technology to less advanced peoples
(New Monarchs: France) Francis I (reigned 1515-1547) importance in relation to the Church?
-reached an agreement with Pope Leo x Known as the Concordat of Bologna (1516) -this authorized the king to nominate bishops, abbots, and other high officials of the Catholic Church in France -This agreement gave the French monarch administrative control over the Church
(The Portuguese Trading-Post Empire) (Key explorers) Vasco da Gama
-reached the Malabar coast of India in 1498 -returned to Portugal with a cargo of pepper and cinnamon worth 60 times the cost of the expedition
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: THE SITUATION IN 1850) Continued obstacles: A ___ continued to control the kingdom of the Two Sicilies
-reactionary Bourbon regime (authoritarian [enforcing strict obedience to authority] government)
(The Council of Trent) What did it do (4)?
-reaffirmed Catholic doctrines -reformed church abuses -reasserted traditional practices -resisted limiting papal authority
(Purpose of Baroque Art) What did the Council of Trent think about baroque art?
-reaffirmed that works of art should be employed to stimulate piety and deepen the religious experience -Painters, sculptors, and architects tried to speak to the faithful by creating dramatic works of art that involved worshippers
(The Habsburgs: The Revival of Habsburg Power): Despite the defeats, what did the Habsburg rulers successfully reaffirm? What did the Treaty of Utrecht do to the Habsburgs?
-reaffirmed their powers over Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary -In addition, the Treaty of Utrecht gave the Habsburgs control over Naples, Sardinia, and Milan in Italy and the Spanish Netherlands (subsequently renamed Austrian Netherlands)
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: HITLER AND THE VERSAILLES TREATY) In 1935, Hitler openly began a program of __.
-rearmament (the process of equipping military forces with a new supply of weapons)
(ROMANTICISM: KEY CHARACTERISTICS) The primacy of emotion: The Enlightenment stressed ___ as a way to understand ___.
-reason -nature
(FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)) Rejected __ and embraced __.
-reason -the irrational
(ALBERT CAMUS (1913-1960) AND JEAN-PAUL SARTRE (1905-1980)) Questioned the efficacy of __ and __ to understand the human situation.
-reason and science
(THE RISE AND FALL OF WITCHCRAFT: REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF EUROPEAN WITCH HUNTS) The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment emphasized _____________. Support for superstition and witchcraft declined as __________.
-reason and uniform laws of nature -declined as educated Europeans turned to rational explanations of natural events
(The Enlightenment: Key Ideas- Reason) What was reason defined as to the philosophes?
-reason was the absence of intolerance, bigotry, and superstition -Reason meant informed thinking about social problems
(The Enlightenment: Key Ideas- Reason) What should humans rely on according to the philosophes? to do what?
-reason, not miracles, to improve society
(VOLTAIRE (1694-1778)) Championed the enlightened principles of __(4)__
-reason, progress, toleration, and individual liberty
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION) Fearing for their lives and yearning for stability, the National Convention ____ how?
-reasserted its authority by executing Robespierre
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830: ITALIAN NATIONALISM) Inspired by the events in France and Belgium, the Carbonari ___. However, Metternich promptly sent in __ to ___.
-rebelled -Austrian troops to restore order
(MAINTAINING THE OLD ORDER: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: The Decembrist Revolt in Russia) When Tsar Alexander I died in December 1825, a group of army officers ___, calling for ___.
-rebelled -constitutional reform
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR) The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 when Nationalist forces by Franco ___.
-rebelled against the Republic
(MAINTAINING THE OLD ORDER: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: REVOLT AND REPRESSION) Uprisings in Spain and Italy: Repressive monarchs in Naples and Sardinia-Piedmont also sparked ___. Metternich promptly responded by ___ who ___.
-rebellions -sending in Austrian forces WHO defeated the rebels
(The Wars of Louis XIV: The Treaty of Utrecht, 1713) As a reward for joining the Grand Alliance, what did the Duke of Savoy receive? In 1720, what did he cede?
-received Sicily and the title of King -In 1720, Savoy ceded Sicily to Austria in exchange for Sardinia
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER BREZHNEV, 1964-1982: DÉTENTE) President Richard Nixon initiated a policy of détente to ___. The two superpowers agreed to limit __ and expand __.
-reduce tensions with the Soviet Union -nuclear arms -trade
How did the new sea routes effect the Baltic Sea?
-reduced its importance -lead to the decline of the Hanseatic League
(THE LOCARNO PACT, 1925) Marked the beginning of a brief period of ___.
-reduced tensions among the European powers
(New Monarchs: Spain) Ferdinand (reigned 1479-1516) and Isabella (reigned 1474-1504): what did they do to the royal council
-reduced the number of nobles on the royal council
(DESIDERIUS ERASMUS (1466-1536)) Wanted to __ the Catholic Church, not __.
-reform -destroy it
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: STALIN AND GORBACHEV) Gorbachev: Encouraged East Europeans to __ without fear of ___.
-reform their political systems -Soviet armed intervention
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: COLD WAR CONFRONTATIONS) The Berlin Wall: The Berlin Wall stopped the flow of __ while at the same time becoming a symbol of __.
-refugees -Communist oppression
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: THE END OF ROMANOV RULE) Nicholas ordered his troops to restore order, but the soldiers ___. On March 12, 1917, Nicholas II __, ending three centuries of ___.
-refused and instead supported the demonstrators -abdicated (renounced his throne) -Romanov rule
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: REVOLUTIONS IN THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE) Despite initial setbacks, the Austrian government ___. Only ___ remained defiant. The new Austrian emperor, Francis Joseph (reigned 1848-1916), accepted the offer of Tsar Nicholas I to ___. A joint invasion by Russian and Austrian forces crushed ___.
-regained control -Hungary -help defeat the Hungarians -Hungarian resistance
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: KHRUSHCHEV'S SECRET SPEECH) Khrushchev denounced Stalin's __ and repudiated his "___."
-reign of terror -"cult of personality"
(Charles VI and the Pragmatic Sanction) When did Emperor Charles VI reign? Did he have a male heir?
-reigned: 1711-1740 -did not have a male heir
(Henry VIII vs Martin Luther) what did Henry VIII reject in regards to Luther's work? What drove these two people?
-rejected Luther's core doctrines and the two exchanged derisive pamphlets with insults -Luther, guided by his faith, wanted to reform and then change the Catholic Church -King Henry VIII, guided by his dynastic interests, wanted a male hair in order to avoid a potentially bloody succession
(The Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell: Domestic Policy): What did the Quakers reject?
-rejected religious hierarchies and allowed women to preach at their meetings
(Making Comparisons: Hobbes and Locke- John Locke [1632-1704]) Locke- Beliefs on human nature: What did he reject and what did he argue instead? What did he view humans as?
-rejected the Hobbesian view that humans are innately brutish. People are instead the products of their training, education, and experience -Locke viewed humans as creatures of reason and goodwill
(The Council of Trent) What protestant belief did the council reject? What did it reaffirm?
-rejected the protestant belief in the supremacy of the Bible -reaffirmed that equal weight should be given to Scripture and to traditional Catholic teachings
(The Glorious Revolution: Importance) What idea did the English reject in terms of ideology behind authority and how it is obtained?
-rejected the theory of the divine right of kings
(ROMANTICISM: THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT) Influenced ___(4)__.
-religion, art, music, and philosophy
(THE EDICT OF NANTES, 1598) Granted __ to French Protestants
-religious toleration
(Three Declining Empires: The Holy Roman Empire) How did the reformation leave the Holy Roman Empire?
-religiously divided between Catholics and Protestants
(Charles I [reigned: 1625-1649] and Parliament: The Long Parliament [1640-1648]) Desperate for money to fight the Scots, what did Charles reluctantly recall? What did The Long Parliament do?
-reluctantly recalled Parliament into session, thus precipitating a constitutional and religious crisis -Determined to undo what they say as royal tyranny, the Long Parliament executed Laud and passed a number of laws limiting royal power
(WORLD WAR II) During the 1930s, Italy and Germany encouraged women to __ and provide their countries with __.
-remain at home -more offspring
(THE NAZI-SOVIET NONAGGRESSION PACT, 1939) Created a nonaggression agreement in which Hitler and Joseph Stalin promised to __.
-remain neutral if the other became involved in a war
(THE PEACE OF UTRECHT, 1713) Allowed Philip V to ___, but stipulated that the crowns of Spain and France should never ___.
-remain on the throne of Spain -be worn by the same monarch
(RUSSIA: REACTION AND REFORM- ALEXANDER'S DEATH) Faced with mounting dissent, Alexander |I wavered between ___ and ___.
-renewed reaction and new reform policies
(THE FALL OF NAPOLEON: MAKING COMPARISONS: NAPOLEON AND TSAR ALEXANDER I) Napoleon believed he could ___. He further believed that the era of balance of power politics was __ and that nationalist strivings would ___.
-replace Europe's crumbling state system with a super-national empire ruled from Paris -over -not stand in his way
(THE WAR IN THE WEST: THE HOME FRONT) The Role of Women: As more and more men went to war, millions of women __(3)__. World War I marked the first time ___.
-replaced them in factories, offices, and shops -that the employment of women was essential to a sustained war effort
(NATIONAL RESISTANCE IN SPAIN: THE BEGINNING OF SPANISH RESISTANCE) In 1808, Napoleon awakened Spanish nationalism by ____
-replacing the country's ruling dynasty with his brother Joseph Bonaparte
(LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLAND: THE REFORM BILL OF 1832) The House of Commons was less __ of the British people than at any time in its 500-year history
-representative
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Liberalism: Favored ____ government
-representative
(Baron de Montesquieu [1689-1755]-"The Spirit of the Laws") What did "The Spirit of the Laws" represent, how?
-represented an attempt to create a "social science" by applying the methods of the natural science to the study of government
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830) In 1824, Charles X (reigned 1824-1830) succeeded his brother, Louis XVIII. A dedicated reactionary, Charles X vigorously opposed __(3)__.
-republicanism, liberalism, and constitutionalism.
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: THE TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK) It is important to note that Russia later ___ the treaty, and it was declared __ and __ by ___.
-repudiated -null (to have no meaning) and void (declared not valid) by the Allies
(Sugar and Slavery): what did sugar plantations require? Where did the majority of sugar workers work?
-required large fields, costly equipment, and a huge labor force working under strict supervision -overwhelming majority worked on plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil
(REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE INFORMATION AGE) The computer provides another example of how the alliance of science and technology is __ in the new __ Age. Early computers were huge, expensive machines that relied on thousands of vacuum tubes. The development of tiny but powerful silicon chips dramatically shrank the __ and __ of computers while vastly increasing their __. During the 1980s and 1990s, new generations of personal computers changed the __ and __ of work and leisure.
-reshaping life -Information -size and cost -power -pace and patterns
(THE RE-EMERGENCE OF RUSSIA: VLADIMIR PUTIN, 2000-PRESENT) In late 1999, Yeltsin unexpectedly __. His chosen successor, Vladimir Putin, adopted a series of new policies that maintained __ but strengthened the power of the ___ and limited ___.
-resigned -relatively free markets -central government -media critics
(THE LOCARNO PACT, 1925) Recorded an agreement between France and Germany to ___.
-respect mutual frontiers
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848) Causes- Conservative leaders steadfastly refused to _____ created by industrialization and urbanization
-respond to the problems and social tensions
(The Elizabethan settlement) what did it do?
-restored the Church of England -AKA the Anglican Church, the Church of England allowed priests to marry and to conduct sermons in English -However, the church of England retained archbishops and bishops who wore elaborate robes and conducted services that remained formal and traditional
(The Restoration: Charles II [reigned 1660-1685]) What did the Restoration restore?
-restored the monarchy, the Church of England, and Parliament
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: NEOCLASSICAL ART) Basic characteristics: Compositions emphasized the Greek ideals of.....(3)
-restraint, simplicity, and symmetry.
(CONTAINMENT: THE BERLIN AIRLIFT) Fearing a __, the Soviet Union cut off __. This action provoked the first ___ between ___ and the __.
-resurgent (reviving) Germany -Western land access to West Berlin -great Cold War test of wills -the United States -Soviet Union
(Characteristics of the New Monarchs) New Monarchs: source of income
-retained their feudal income while also taxing towns, merchants, and peasants
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: VLADIMIR LENIN AND THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION) While the Russian army was falling apart, the Germans helped Lenin ___. Lenin arrived at the Finland Station on April 3, 1917, and promptly urged his followers to __.
-return to Petrograd -overthrow the provisional government
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- THE BALANCE OF POWER) France was forced to ___ and ____. However, France was allowed to ___(3)___
-return to its 1790 borders -and to pay an indemnity of 700 million francs -keep most of its overseas possessions, its army, and an independent government.
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMACY) Bourbon rulers were also ____ in ___.
-returned to their thrones in Spain and Naples
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Liberalism: Inspired ___ in France in 1830 and 1848 and key ___ in Great Britain
-revolts -reforms
(ROMANTICISM: ROMANTICISM AND NATIONALISM) Romantic authors believed in ____ that would give people more ___ and ___. By studying the past, writers helped make people aware of their ____. The resurgence of national feeling sparked ___.
-revolutionary movements -freedom -control over their lives -common heritage -nationalist movements across Europe
(The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648: The Holy Roman Empire in 1600) What did the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 give each German prince the right to do?
-right to determine the religion of his state, either Roman Catholic or Lutheran
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830: REVOLUTION IN BELGIUM) Catholic Belgium and Protestant Holland had very little in common. In 1830, ___ in Belgium quickly turned into a widespread demand for ___.
-riots -independence
(TENSIONS IN THE OLD REGIME: BOURGEOISE DISCONTENT) The steady growth in commerce brought bourgeoise merchants ________. However, their growing (A) did not translate into either ____ or _____. Discontented bourgeoise began to view the privileged nobles as ____ who _______.
-rising profits -political power or social status -"parasites" WHO contributed little to the French economy while erecting barriers social mobility
(THE TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK, 1918) Negotiated by Vladimir Lenin because he was unwilling to ___ by continuing ___.
-risk Bolshevik gains -a war that could no longer be won
(THE MARCH TO WAR: THE FORMATION OF THE TRIPLE ENTENTE) Two ___ now confronted each other. A dispute between any two powers could easily ___.
-rival alliances -escalate into a major war
(The Decline of the Dutch Republic: Costly Wars) How did England and France play a role in ending the Dutch golden age?
-rivals in England and France coveted the Dutch markets and profits
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: GEOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGES) Britain had many __ and __, which facilitated ___ and ___.
-rivers and ports -trade and shipping
(REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: BIG SCIENCE) During the Cold War, Big Science produced such significant technological breakthroughs as __(3)__
-rockets, nuclear submarines, and spy satellites
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: CAVOUR AND THE PRACTICE OF REALPOLITIK) Realpolitik: Early Italian nationalists such as Mazzini had been inspired by ____.
-romantic ideals of nationalism
(NATIONAL RESISTANCE IN SPAIN: THE BEGINNING OF SPANISH RESISTANCE) Faced with the arbitrary removal of their royal family, the Spanish people ___. Angry crowds ____. The French responded by ___. The riots and executions marked the beginning of___
-rose in rebellion -rioted against French troops stationed in Madrid -executing hundreds of rebels and innocent bystanders -a bloody conflict known as the Peninsular War
(The Portuguese Trading-Post Empire) (Key explorers) Bartholomew Diaz
-rounded the Cape of Good Hope and returned to Portugal in 1488
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE) Determined to reassert ______, Louis XVI ordered _______ to ______.
-royal authority -a mercenary army of Swiss guards TO march toward Paris and Versailles
(TENSIONS IN THE OLD REGIME: PHILOSOPHE CRITICISM) Philosophes argued that France's rigid social structure violated every ______ by maintaining ________ that protected the privileges of _________
-rule of reason -by maintaining an outdated status quo -that protected the privileges of a favored few
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI AND THE RED SHIRTS) Garibaldi agreed to step aside and let Victor Emmanuel ___.
-rule the areas he had conquered
(The Council of Trent) How did it resist limiting papal authority?
-ruled that no act of a council could be valid unless accepted by the Holy See -preserved the papacy as the center of Catholic unity
(JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)) Stated that the governed have a right to rebel against ___.
-rulers who violate natural rights
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMACY) Legitimacy meant restoring ____ that had been _____ by _____.
-ruling families -deposed -by the French Revolution and Napoleon
(THE RE-EMERGENCE OF RUSSIA: BORIS YELTSIN, 1991-1999) Instead of reviving the Russian economy, shock therapy triggered __ and __ that allowed a new class of ___ to gain enormous power
-runaway inflation and rampant corruption -super-rich oligarchs (a very rich business leader with a great deal of political influence)
(THE ENLIGHTENMENT) Women played a leading role in hosting __. (A) gave educated women a voice in __. __ was the most influential of the salon hostesses
-salons (where people increase their knowledge off of conversation) -cultural affairs -Madame Geoffrin
(Lutheranism) What did the Catholic Church teach about salvation? What did Luther think of this?
-salvation could be achieved by both good works and faith -Luther struggled to follow this dual path to salvation -However, he was overwhelmed by a deep sense of personal guilt
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: THE EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI) Supported by the _____, the Jacobins branded the Girondins as ___ and ousted them from ___.
-sans-culottes -counterrevolutionaries -the National Convention
(THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE: The Dual Monarchy) In 1867, Austria agreed to ___ by ___.
-satisfy the Magyars' demands for independence -creating a dual monarchy
(The French Wars of Religion-The Edict of Nantes, 1598) What did Henry's decision to convert and issue the Edict of Nantes do? What was it's effect?
-saved France and prepared the way for the resurgence of royal power in the seventeenth century
(REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: BIG SCIENCE) During World War II, governments led by the United States, Great Britain, and Germany combined __ and __ to produce __. For example, British scientists developed __, German scientists developed __, and American scientists developed __.
-science and technology -new weapons -radar -jet aircraft -the atomic bomb
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: THE GREAT TERROR) Stalin's "politics of fear" included the use of __ and purges (removals) of __. At least _ million people were arrested. Millions of innocent people died in ___ called gulags
-secret police -political rivals -8 -forced-labor camps
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE FOURTEEN POINTS) Wilson's idealistic proposals were undermined by ___ and by a desire to __.
-secret treaties -punish Germany
(Anabaptist beliefs) what did anabaptists/rebaptizers reject in terms of government?
-secular agreements -ex: refused to pay takes, take civil oaths, hold public offices, or serve in the military
(THE RISE OF NAPOLEON: CONQUERING HERO) Napoleon steadily rose through the ranks of the republican army. By ___ presented by ____, he became a ___ at the age of 24
-seizing opportunities -the Revolution -general
(THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: ENGLISH AGRICULTURE) Agricultural innovators: Robert Bakewell pioneered...
-selective breeding of livestock
(THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)) Viewed human beings as naturally __ and prone to __.
-self-centered -violence
(RENÉ DESCARTES (1596-1650)) Used deductive reasoning from __ principles to reach __.
-self-evident -scientific laws
(The New Economics: Key Ideas in "The Wealth of Nations"- Self-interest and the "invisible hand") What did Smith believe every individual is motivated by?
-self-interest
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR) The civil war escalated into an international ideological war when Hitler and Mussolini ___. The Russians countered by __.
-sent men and materials to support the Nationalists -supporting the Republican or Loyalist, side
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA: INDIA) On May 10, 1857, __ rebelled against the British. Stunned British forces finally restored order after both sides ___.
-sepoy units -suffered heavy losses
(WORLD WAR II) Women contributed directly to the war effort by __. In the Soviet Union, women known as "night witches" served as __.
-serving as nurses and medics -combat pilots
(THE COUNCIL OF TRENT, 1545-1563) Confirmed all ___.
-seven existing sacraments
(REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE INFORMATION AGE) Television signaled the birth of a new global age of __ and __. Between the mid-1950s and mid-1970s, Europeans adopted __ as an integral part of their daily lives. Television exerted a powerful __ and __ impact by shaping public attitudes toward __(4)__.
-shared information and images -television -cultural and political -entertainment, commercial products, national leaders, and global events
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: The Defeat of Philip: England) What was Queen Elizabeth's relationship with the Dutch rebels?
-she openly assisted the Dutch rebels with money and troops -also encouraged English sea captains to raid Spanish treasure ships
(The Restoration: James II [reigned 1685-1688]): What religion did James's second wife practice? What did his wife do in June 1688?
-she was Catholic -in June 1688, she gave birth to a son who became the next heir to the throne
(WORLD WAR II: THE WAR IN ASIA, 1942-1945) American industry soon produced vast numbers of __ and __. In June 1943, American forces began an "___" campaign that steadily rolled back ___.
-ships and warplanes -"island hopping" -the Japanese Pacific empire
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH DENMARK, 1864) The victory combined with ___ enabled Bismarck to ___.
-shrewd diplomacy -begin the process of eliminating Austria from German affairs
(THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919) Forced Germany to __ that was used to __.
-sign a war-guilt clause -justify imposing large war reparations payments
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: MAKING COMPARISONS: CAVOUR AND BISMARCK) Differences: Cavour did not have access to ___. In contrast, Bismarck could take advantage of ___(created by)__.
-significant economic resources -the economic wealth created by the Zollverein and by Prussia's growing industrial power
(Baron de Montesquieu [1689-1755]-Separation of Powers) What did Montesquieu's ideas have a significant influence on?
-significant influence on the writers of the American Constitution
(Henry VIII vs Martin Luther) What did they have in common?
-similar religious beliefs and motives -similar political attitudes -both believed the church should be subordinate to the state -rejected papal authority -both followed policies intended to strengthen the nobility
(THE MAASTRICHT TREATY, 1991) Created the European Union (EU), the world's largest ___.
-single economic market
(MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE (1533-1592)) Known for his __ attitude and willingness to __.
-skeptical -look at all sides of an issue
What is a politique?
-small group of people in France of both Faiths who believed restoration in strong monarch can reverse trends in collapse -also accepted Huguenots as officially recognized and organized group
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: THE POPULATION EXPLOSION) Medical advances such as Edward Jenner's discovery of a ____ reduced ___.
-smallpox vaccine -death rates
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE) In Paris, angry mobs were already protesting the _______. As tensions rose, a mob _______. The mob _______.
-soaring price of bread -stormed the Bastille, a royal fortress and prison -freed a handful of prisoners and seized the Bastille's supply of gunpowder and weapons
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE PAST) Conservatism: Appealed to those who were frightened by the __(3)__ fomented (provoked) by the French Revolution
-social disorder, violence, and terror
(TENSIONS IN THE OLD REGIME: PHILOSOPHE CRITICISM) The French philosophes believed that human reason would inevitably lead to __________.
-social progress
(POPULATION TRENDS AND IMMIGRATION: LEGAL AND ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION) The arrival of millions of immigrants is straining __ throughout Europe. It is also alarming native residents who feel that immigrants threaten ___ and undermine __.
-social services -their jobs -national unity
(KARL MARX (1818-1883)) Scientific __ who coauthored __.
-socialist -"The Communist Manifesto"
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: THE WELFARE STATE) These policies were a response to __ demands for __ and concerns over __ in Western Europe
-socialist -social justice -the strength of Communist parties
(Revocation of the Edict of Nantes): Louis XIV paid a high price for his religious intolerance. To escape persecution, where did many Huguenots flee (4)? What was the result of this?
-some 200,000 Huguenots fled to England, the Dutch Republic, Protestant German states, and the New World -As a result, France lost many skilled workers and business leaders
(RUSSIA: REACTION AND REFORM- ALEXANDER'S REFORMS) The creation of zemstvos: Although the zemstvos did provide ___, they did not___.
-some opportunity for public discussion -lead to the creation of a national assembly
(MOTIVES FOR THE NEW IMPERIALISM: RACIAL SUPERIORITY) Social Darwinists assumed that ___. Europeans pointed to __(3)__ as evidences of their superiority. They saw no reason to respect ___.
-some races are fitter than others -steamships, railroads, and machine guns -the cultures of "backward" peoples
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Nationalism: Argued that every nation should be ____ and include ____
-sovereign (have a supreme ruler) -all members of a nationality
(THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA, 1648) Recognized the __ of over 300 German states
-sovereign independent authority
(Key features: new industries) what did new ocean trading routes encourage the construction of?
-sparked a rise in shipbuilding
(NAPOLEON AND DOMESTIC REFORM, 1801-1805: THE CONCORDAT OF 1801) The Concordat of 1801 granted the Catholic Church ____. The pope regained the right to _____ (3). Napoleon also agreed to _____.
-special status as the religion of "the majority of Frenchmen." -confirm church dignitaries appointed by the French government, depose French bishops, and reopen religious seminaries -abandon the confusing ten- day revolutionary calendar and reestablish Sundays and religious holidays
(MOTIVES FOR THE NEW IMPERIALISM: A CIVILIZING MISSION) The popular British writer Rudyard Kipling appealed not only to his readers' __, but also to their __. He saw imperialism as __ to "___" and urged his readers to "___" by __.
-spirit of adventure -feelings of superiority -a beneficial mission -civilize non Europeans -Take up the White Man's Burden -modernizing "primitive" native cultures
(THE MARCH TO WAR: THE BALKAN POWDER KEG) With the exception of the Greeks and the Romanians, most of the Balkan population ___. Many Slavs embraced Pan-Slavism, a ___.
-spoke the same Slavic language -nationalist movement to unite all Slavic peoples
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: THE END OF ROMANOV RULE) In early 1917, food shortages in Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg) led to __.
-spontaneous demonstrations and strikes
Printing press: effect
-spread across Europe -Low Countries along with prosperous Italian and German cities became early centers of the printing revolution
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER BREZHNEV, 1964-1982: RENEWED COLD WAR TENSIONS AND CONTINUING DOMESTIC PROBLEMS) When Brezhnev died in 1982, the Soviet leadership faced a series of profound problems that included a __ economy, widespread __, economic __, and__ in Afghanistan
-stagnant -political corruption -mismanagement -an expensive war
(A competitive State System): By 1600, what did new monarchs in France, England, and Spain boast about?
-standing armies -royal courts -financial support of increasingly prosperous merchants
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES) Germany was declared guilty of ___ and forced to pay _______ called ___.
-starting the war -huge payments called reparations
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: STALIN AND GORBACHEV) Stalin: Implemented a series of Five-Year Plans that promoted __ and __.
-state planning and industrialization
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: THE GREAT TERROR) During the mid-1930s, Stalin launched a program of ___ that began with __ to eliminate __. The Great Terror expanded to include __(4)__.
-state- sponsored terror -show trials -Old Bolsheviks -intellectuals, army officers, party members, and ordinary citizens
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: FORMS OF TOTALITARIANISM) Fascism: Supported __.
-state-sponsored capitalism
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE RAILROAD) The railroads successful combination of __(3)__ became the supreme symbol of ___.
-steam, coal, and iron -the new age of industrial progress
(Key features: New domestic or putting-out system) importance of strict guild regulations
-stifled competition and restricted production
Impact of the printing press: education
-stimulated scholarship and exposed more people to fresh ideas
(THE RE-EMERGENCE OF RUSSIA: VLADIMIR PUTIN, 2000-PRESENT) Putin's forceful policies have conveyed an image of __ that symbolizes Russia's __. From a long-term historical perspective, Putin revived Russia's long tradition of __ government.
-strength -national resurgence (revival) -authoritarian
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: OTTO VON BISMARCK, MASTER OF REALPOLITIK) A master of Realpolitik, Bismarck set out to ___.
-strengthen Prussia
(New Monarchs: France) Charles VII (reigned 1422-1461) importance in royal finance
-strengthened royal finances through taxes such as a taille (on land) and the gabelle (on salt) -these two taxes were the main source of royal income for the next three centuries
(The German Peasant's War, 1525: Consequences) What were the consequences of this war (effect on nobility and Luther)?
-strengthened the authority of the Germany nobility -Lutheranism became closely allied with the established political order controlled by the German nobility
(Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu- The Intendant System) What did the intendant system play an important role in?
-strengthening royal power
(THE RISE AND FALL OF WITCHCRAFT: REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF EUROPEAN WITCH HUNTS) What did Religious reformers do? What did this reinforce?
-stressed the great powers of the Devil. -The Devil's diabolical activities reinforced the widespread belief in witchcraft
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: THE CORPORATE ECONOMY) The corporations outlawed __ and __ and __.
-strikes -set wages and prices
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: DEFEAT IN ITALY) The Austrians once again proved to be too ___ while the Italians once again proved to be too ___
-strong -divided
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: REASONS WHY THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC FAILED) Conservatives wanted a __ who would restore __ and reduce the power of __.
-strong leader -order -labor unions
(Characteristics of the New Monarchs) importance of Monarchs between 1450-1550
-strong rulers -unified France, England, and Spain
(Mercantilism) what did mercantilists want to build?
-strong, self-sufficient economies
(THE NINETEENTH CENTURY) As mass culture developed, fashion magazines made middle-class and working-class women more aware of __. At the same time, booksellers began to publish more __ as well as __ and __ by __.
-style -fictional romances -articles and poems by female authors
(The Decline of Spanish Power: Political Decline) How did Spanish armies suffer?
-suffered from a series of disastrous defeats
(The Desire to Cultivate Cash Crops) what cash crop encouraged Europeans to look for lands suitable for cultivation? What did Europeans want to establish in order to obtain this crop?
-sugar (due to its strong and growing demand) -they wanted to establish sugar plantations in suitable lands
(VOLTAIRE (1694-1778)) Criticized organized religion for perpetuating __ and __.
-superstition and intolerance
(VOLTAIRE (1694-1778)) Opposed __(3)__
-superstition, intolerance, and ignorance
(THE PEACE OF UTRECHT, 1713) Granted England the asiento, the lucrative right to ___.
-supply African slaves to Spanish America
(DECOLONIZATION: CAUSES OF DECOLONIZATION AFTER WORLD WAR II) Three key factors contributed to the rapid pace of decolonization. -First, devastated by World War II, the imperial powers were barely able to ___ in 1945, let alone __. -Second, the horrors of World War II undermined __ and the moral justification for __. -And finally, led by a new generation of nationalist leaders, the demand for __ intensified in Asia and Africa
-support themselves, rule expensive overseas colonies -European self-confidence, imperialism -national self-determination
What did Voltaire support and opposed?
-supported religious toleration -opposed superstition and ignorance.
(Geneva, "City of Saints") How did Calvin and his followers regulate all aspects of life in Geneva?
-suppressed frivolous activities such as playing cards, dancing, and attending the theater -at the same time, they strictly enforced a high standard of morality that included regular church attendance
(GREAT BRITAIN: PROSPERITY AND REFORM: THE "WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD") British bankers invested ___.
-surplus capital in projects all over the globe
(WORLD WAR II: JAPAN'S EMPIRE IN ASIA, 1941-1942) On December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a __ on the United States naval base at ___. Within two hours, the Japanese sank or damaged __ ships and killed __ Americans
-surprise attack -Pearl Harbor -18 -2,403
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: THE MUNICH CONFERENCE) The Munich Conference quickly became a symbol of __. Following World War II, democratic leaders vowed they would never again ___.
-surrender -appease a ruthless dictator
(THE FALL OF NAPOLEON: THE RUSSIAN DEBACLE) Alexander refused to ___ forcing the frustrated Napoleon to order a ___. The retreat soon became a ___. A combination of ___(3)___ decimated the once Grand Army, Less than 100,000 of Napoleon's troops survived the ordeal
-surrender -belated retreat -rout -bitterly cold weather, disease, and merciless Russian attacks
(The Restoration: Charles II [reigned 1660-1685]-Tories and Whigs): What were the Whigs deeply suspicious of? What did they want to do?
-suspicious of Catholics and wanted to lawfully exclude James from the throne
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: VLADIMIR LENIN AND THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY) Lenin pragmatically realized that he needed to make a ___. In March 1921, he launched the New __ Policy. It called for a temporary compromise with __. Small businesses were __, and peasants were allowed to establish ___. The Communist Party still maintained control of ___ such as __ and __.
-tactical retreat -Economic -capitalism -denationalized (made private) -free markets in agricultural products -large industries -oil and steel
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER BREZHNEV, 1964-1982: CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND THE BREZHNEV DOCTRINE) The United States refrained from __ because Czechoslovakia lay within __.
-taking any action -the Soviet sphere of influence
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: ECONOMIC INTEGRATION) The European Coal and Steel Community: The ECSC called for __ among France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
-tariff free trade in coal and steel
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: STABLE AND SUPPORTIVE GOVERNMENT) Britain had no internal ___ or ___.
-tariffs or trade barriers
(The Impact of Protestant Reformation on Women: Women and Education) What did protestants place an emphasis on teaching? What were mothers expected to do in terms of education? What did this result in?
-teaching people to read the Bible -mothers were expected to teach their children how to read -this resulted in an increased emphasis on women's literacy
(THE NINETEENTH CENTURY) Opportunities for well-educated women were limited to __(3 jobs)__.
-teaching, nursing, and social work
(GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642)) Major accomplishments included using the __ for astronomical observation, formulating __, and popularizing __.
-telescope -laws of motion -the new scientific ideas
(Restoring the Old Order: EVALUATION) It represented a ____. The leaders of the Congress of Vienna could not ____.
-temporary triumph for the conservative order -contain the forces of liberalism and nationalism unleashed by the French Revolution
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE GREAT TERROR) The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794: Used public executions by the guillotine to __.
-terrorize the entire nation
(REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE INFORMATION AGE) During the nineteenth century, innovations in the __ industry and the invention of the __ revolutionized European society and everyday life. The late twentieth century and early twenty- first century have also witnessed revolutionary changes that are ushering (guiding) in the birth of a transformative new ___ Age
-textile (type of cloth or woven fabric) -railroad -Information
(THE TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK, 1918) Nullified following Germany's defeat by __.
-the Allies
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830: REVOLUTION IN BELGIUM) The Congress of Vienna united ___.
-the Austrian Netherlands -(Belgium with Holland to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands)
(MAJOR EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1799: WESTERN EUROPE) France's rejuvenated army conquered __(5)__. They promptly abolished ____.
-the Austrian Netherlands, the Dutch Republic, areas of Germany on the left bank of the Rhine River, Switzerland, and most of Italy -feudal privileges and taxes
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH AUSTRIA, 1866) The Seven Weeks' War: Prussia's revitalized army easily crushed ___ in a brief conflict known as ___.
-the Austrians -the Seven Weeks' War
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Defeating Sweden) What did the Thirty Years' War leave Sweden in control of?
-the Baltic's entire eastern shore
(INTRODUCTION: THE COLD WAR ERA) However, as described in Chapter 30, the fall of __, the collapse of __ in Eaștern Europe, and the disintegration of the __ ended the Cold War and opened a new era in European and world history.
-the Berlin Wall -Communism -Soviet Union
(THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1815) Used the principle of legitimacy to restore __ to the ___ throne.
-the Bourbons to the French throne
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830: ITALIAN NATIONALISM) Italian nationalists formed a secret society called ___. (A) hoped to ___.
-the Carbonari ("charcoal burners") -drive out the Austrians and unify Italy
(Characteristics of Medieval Kings) What did Medieval kings share power with?
-the Church -often subordinate (lower rank) to the pope
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: POLAND AND SOLIDARITY) In 1989, Polish voters overwhelmingly rejected __ and elected __ candidates. This marked the first time the people of a nation __.
-the Communist Party -Solidarity -peacefully turned a Communist regime out of power
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE GREAT TERROR) The Great Terror, 1934-1938: Ordered by Joseph Stalin, general secretary of ___ and dictator of __.
-the Communist Party -the Soviet Union
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: GORBACHEV'S REFORMS) In March 1985, members of the Politburo, __, selected Mikhail Gorbachey as ___.
-the Communist Party's top decision-making group -the new leader of the Soviet Union
(NAPOLEON III (REIGNED 1852-1870): QUEST FOR GLORY) Napoleon was determined to follow a foreign policy calculated to undermine ___ and win ___ for himself and for France.
-the Concert of Europe -international glory
(LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLAND: THE REPEAL OF THE CORN LAWS) Parliament finally voted to repeal ___ in 1846. This marked a victory for __ and __.
-the Corn Laws -Britain's urban population and for the proponents of free trade
(MAINTAINING THE OLD ORDER: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: The Decembrist Revolt in Russia) Alexander's successor, Nicholas I (reigned 1825-1855) ruthlessly suppressed ___.
-the Decembrists
(THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791: THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN, AUGUST 1789) The National Assembly adopted ______ on _____. Written primarily by ___ and the ____ (in consultation with ______ who was in Paris at the time), the Declaration embodied _______ of ____ (3)
-the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen -August 26, 1789 -Abbé Sieyès and the Marquis de Lafayette (in consultation with Thomas Jefferson who was in Paris at the time) -the Enlightenment principles of natural rights, limited government, and religious toleration
The Treaty of Rome created __. The Treaty of Maastricht __.
-the EEC -transformed the EEC into the European Union
(The Four Phases of the Thirty Year's War: The Danish Phase, 1625-1629) Flushed with victory, what did Emperor Ferdinand issue? What did this do?
-the Edict of Restitution (1618) -restored all Catholic properties lost to the Protestants since 1552
(WORLD WAR II: HITLER'S EMPIRE IN EUROPE, 1940-1942) Hitler now ruled a vast European empire stretching from ___ to __
-the English Channel -Moscow
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: ECONOMIC INTEGRATION) The European Coal and Steel Community: The Schuman Plan, as the project became known, led to the creation of __.
-the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
(EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: THE ORIGIN OF THE EUROPEAN UNION [EU]) Monnet and Schuman called for the creation of __. The (A) created __ among France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. These six nations contained most of the __ and __ resources in Western Europe
-the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) -a tariff-free zone in coal and steel -coal and steel
(NAPOLEON'S LEGACY: IMPACT ON THE EUROPEAN BALANCE OF POWER) Napoleon permanently altered ____. He eliminated the ____. At the same time, Russia began to exercise ____.
-the European political landscape -petty German states -an important voice in the affairs of Western Europe
(CONTAINMENT: THE BERLIN AIRLIFT) Following the Berlin Airlift, the United States, Great Britain, and France created __. The Soviet Union responded by ___.
-the Federal Republic of Germany or West Germany -establishing the East German state, the German Democratic Republic
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: CHARLES DE GAULLE'S (1890-1970) INDEPENDENT POLICIES) General Charles de Gaulle established __ in 1958. He served as president until __. De Gaulle follow an __ course that opposed __ and continued European __ and __.
-the Fifth French Republic -1969 -independent -close ties with America -political and economic union
(INTRODUCTION: THE POLITICS OF REALPOLITIK) The most skillful practitioners of Realpolitik included ___, ___, and ___.
-the French Emperor Napoleon III -the Italian prime minister Camillo di Cavour -the Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck
(MAJOR EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1799: THE UNITED STATES) The outbreak of _____ further deepened these (political party) divisions. Hamilton and his supporters were outspoken supporters of ___ and opponents of ___. In contrast, Jefferson and his supporters were openly pro-____. These differences played a key role in the formation of ____.
-the French Revolution -Hamilton: supporters of Great Britain and opponents of France -Jefferson: pro-French -America's two-party system
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: EUROPEAN REACTION) At first, European liberals supported ____ and applauded _____.
-the French Revolution -the fall of the Old Regime
(NAPOLEON AND DOMESTIC REFORM, 1801-1805: THE CONCORDAT OF 1801) In return, the pope recognized ____ and accepted ____.
-the French government -the loss of church properties confiscated during the Revolution
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE END OF WORLD WAR I) Reinforced by newly arrived American troops, the British and French halted ___.
-the German offensive
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES: WOMEN AND THE GREEN MOVEMENT) West German women played a leading role in the formation of __. Led by Petra Kelly, the Green movement fought to protect __ and to defend __ and __. In 1987, the Green Party elected __ delegates to the West German parliament
-the Green Party -the environment -human rights and equality -42
(The Napoleonic Empire, 1804-1815: THE REORGANIZATION OF GERMANY) Napoleon's victories enabled him to dissolve ___. He consolidated ___ into ___.
-the Holy Roman Empire -previously independent German states -a French-dominated Confederation of the Rhine
(The French Wars of Religion-The Edict of Nantes, 1598) What did Henry IV lead?
-the House of Bourbon and he was a leading Huguenot
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMACY) The Congress restored ___ in __ and the ______ in _____
-the House of Orange in Holland -House of Savoy in Sardinia-Piedmont
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: KING LEOPOLD II AND THE CONGO) Leopold formed ___ in 1875 as a private enterprise. The Congo's rubber trees provided ___. Leopold coerced the native population into _____.
-the International Congo Association -one of the world's few sources of this increasingly valuable raw material -harvesting the trees while working under brutal conditions
(MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY: THE LATERAN ACCORD) Pope Pius XII recognized the legitimacy of __. In return, Mussolini recognized Vatican City as __ ruled by __.
-the Italian state -an independent state -the pope
(CONTAINMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE TREATMENT OF GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR) After the First World War: The Allies originally excluded Germany from __ (in addition to The Versailles Treaty).
-the League of Nations
(THE MARCH OF FASCIST AGGRESSION: HITLER AND THE VERSAILLES TREATY) In 1933, Germany withdrew from ___.
-the League of Nations
(The Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell: Foreign Policy) What did England pass in 1651? How did this act effect Dutch ships? How was this act designed to benefit England?
-the Navigation Act of 1651. -The act barred Dutch ships from carrying goods between other countries and England. -The act was also designed to give England greater control over its American colonies.
(THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1815) United Belgium with ___ to form ___.
-the Netherlands -a single kingdom or the Netherlands
(INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF NATIONALISM) Nationalist aspirations led to the breakup of ____ and the transformation of ___.
-the Ottoman Empire -the Austrian Empire
(THE MARCH TO WAR: THE BALKAN POWDER KEG) The newly independent nation of Serbia quickly became the leader of ___. Serbian leaders hoped to unite the __ in the same way Piedmont had united the ___
-the Pan-Slavic movement -Slavs -Italians and Prussia the Germans
(THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1791-1792: THE SECOND FRENCH REVOLUTION) During the summer of 1792, radicals called sans-culottes (literally "without breeches") took control of _______. The revolutionary Paris Commune intimidated ____ and issuing ____. This new body would then form a more ___ government.
-the Paris Commune (city government) -the Legislative Assembly into deposing Louis XVI -a call for the election of a national convention -democratic
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: EASTERN EUROPE) Khrushchev responded by ordering __ to invade __. After intense fighting, the Soviets crushed __and later executed __.
-the Red Army -Hungary -the rebellion -Nagy
(LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLAND: THE REFORM BILL OF 1832) After a decade of pressure from factory owners and merchants, Parliament passed ___ of 1832. It created ___ representing ___. It also doubled ___ to include ____. And finally, the Reform Bill of 1832 resulted in the supremacy of _____ over ___.
-the Reform Bill of 1832 -a number of new districts representing heavily urban areas -the number of voters to include most middle-class men -the House or Commons over the House of Lords
(NAPOLEON'S LEGACY: Impact on France) Napoleon's defeat temporarily ended _____. But the restored Bourbon King Louis XVIII could not restore ____.
-the Revolutionary era in France -the Old Regime
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: VLADIMIR LENIN AND THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY) The New Economic Policy successfully revived ___. By 1928, the country's farms and factories produced as much as they had before ___.
-the Russian economy -World War I
(Charles I [reigned: 1625-1649] and Parliament: Religious Policies) Determined to defend their religion, what did Scots do?
-the Scots formed an army and occupied northern England
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: EASTERN EUROPE) The United States did not assist Hungary because it lay within __.
-the Soviet sphere of influence
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: The Defeat of Philip: The Netherlands) What did the Spanish Netherlands consist of when Philip succeed the throne?
-the Spanish Netherlands consisted of 17 largely Catholic Provinces
(NATIONAL RESISTANCE IN SPAIN: THE "SPANISH ULCER") Napoleon's highly trained army outnumbered ___. However, ____ ambushed the French and then disappeared in the countryside. Both sides committed ___.
-the Spanish and their British allies -bands of highly mobile Spanish guerrilla fighters -atrocities that contributed to a prolonged and bitter conflict
(THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA, 1648) Ended __.
-the Thirty Years' War
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: THE TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK) In March 1918, the Bolsheviks reluctantly agreed to ___. Under the terms of this treaty, Russia ___ and ___.
-the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk -lost a quarter of its European territory and a third of its population
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: ECONOMIC INTEGRATION) The European Economic Community (Common Market): The ECSC proved to be a success. As a result, in 1957 its six member nations signed __ creating the __.
-the Treaty of Rome -European Economic Community (EEC), popularly known as the Common Market
(THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA, 1648) Acknowledged the independence of ___.
-the United Provinces of the Netherlands
(INTRODUCTION: THE COLD WAR ERA) The rivalry between __ and __ dominated the Cold War era in Europe
-the United States and the Soviet Union
(The Enlightenment: Key Ideas) List 6
1) Reason 2) Nature and Natural Laws 3) Happiness 4) Progress 5) Liberty 6) Toleration
(Luther's Key Beliefs) List 4
1) Salvation is achieved by faith alone 2) the Bible is only valid authority for Christian life 3) The church consists of priesthood of all believers 4) All vocations have equal merit
(The Glorious Revolution: The Bill of Rights, 1689): The Bill of Rights contained the following key provisions: (list them, 7)
1) The members of Parliament enjoyed the right to free debate 2) Taxation required Parliamentary consent 3) Laws could be made only with the consent of Parliament 4) The monarch could not be a Roman Catholic 5) Parliament would hold frequent sessions 6) Parliament could dissolve only by its own consent 7) No subject could be arrested and detained without legal consent
(Characteristics of Absolutism in Western Europe: Key Characteristics) List 5 key characteristics of a monarch
1) The monarch embodied the sovereignty of a country 2) the monarch was not subordinate to a national assembly 3) The monarch must exercise control over the nobility 4) The monarch must exercise effective control over the Roman Catholic Church 5) The monarch must command a large standing army
(NAPOLEON'S LEGACY: IMPACT ON THE EUROPEAN BALANCE OF POWER) For the first time in two centuries, France lost its status as _____.
-the richest and strongest state in Europe
(The Peace of Westphalia, 1648: The provisions) What did each of the over 300 German states receive?
-the right to conduct diplomacy and make treaties
(GREAT BRITAIN: PROSPERITY AND REFORM: THE REFORM BILL OF 1867) It is important to note that British women were still denied ___.
-the right to vote
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: REVOLUTIONS IN THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE) An Austrian constituent assembly abolished ____ thus removing a major source of ___.
-the robot, or forced labor -peasant discontent
(The New Economics: Key Ideas in "The Wealth of Nations") list three
-the role of government -free markets -self interest (and the "invisible hand")
(The French Wars of Religion-The Catholics) What was a result of the Concordat of Bologna on the ruling of the Valois kings?
-the ruling Valois kings had no reason to support a revolt against Rome
(MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759-1797)) Maintained that women deserve __.
-the same fundamental rights as men.
(ROMANTICISM: KEY CHARACTERISTICS) The primacy of emotion: A new view of nature: Enlightened thinkers relied on ___ to study and understand ____. They viewed (A) as ____.
-the scientific method -nature -a well-ordered machine
Bacon and Descartes: Both contributed to seventeenth-century scientific development by articulating theories of __. Remember that Bacon's inductive method is based upon __ while Descartes's deductive method is based upon __ and __ to __.
-the scientific method -observation -systematic doubt and the use of mathematics to express scientific laws
(THE WAR IN THE WEST: "ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT") Remarque vividly described ___.
-the senseless slaughter and suffering endured by soldiers on the Western Front
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For Military Strategy) size of armies (example)
-the size of national armies increased dramatically -EX: the French army doubled in size from 125,000 men to 250,000 men
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE INVENTIONS) In the mid-1760s, James Hargreaves invented ___. What was this?
-the spinning jenny -a spinning machine that made it possible for a single weaver to work six to eight threads at a time
(NAPOLEON AND DOMESTIC REFORM, 1801-1805: THE CONCORDAT OF 1801) Napoleon understood the importance of ending ____.
-the strained relationship between the French government and the Catholic Church
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH FRANCE, 1870) The causes: France feared ___. It is important to note that France had opposed ___ for centuries
-the sudden emergence of a strong and aggressive Prussia -German unity
(GREAT BRITAIN: PROSPERITY AND REFORM: THE REFORM BILL OF 1867) The Reform Bill of 1867 extended ___.
-the suffrage to most of Great Britain's urban workers
(THE WAR IN THE WEST: THE HOME FRONT) The Role of Women: In 1918, Parliament granted _.
-the suffrage to women over the age of 30
(The Commercial Revolution: causes) New ocean trade routes importance. Importance of gained wealth
-the trade in spices, sugar, and precious metals brought great wealth to the European trading nations -wealth supported increased investment and a wide array of new economic ventures
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CRYSTAL PALACE AND THE ARC DE TRIOMPHE) The Arc de Triomphe in Paris- Based on ____.
-the triumphal arches of ancient Rome
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT) A provisional government led by Alexander Kerensky replaced ___.
-the tsar
(EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: PROBLEMS) Developments in Greece tested ___ of the Euro-zone nations. Following its admission into the EU, Greece began to develop __ and __. A deep __ that began in the United States in 2008 and then spread to Europe exacerbated these problems. As Greece fell into a severe (A), European banks loaned it ___ that ___ the Greek debt crisis.
-the unity -record trade and budget deficits -recession (temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced) -massive bailout funds -delayed, but did not solve
(The Council of Trent) What did it reassert in regards to traditional practices?
-the veneration (great respect) of relics and images as valid expressions of Christian piety -confirmed the vulgate as the authoritative Catholic edition of the Bible -decreed that Latin continued to be the language of worship
(THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1815) Enacted a settlement that was acceptable to both __ and __.
-the victors and to France
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT) Despite mounting losses, the provisional government continued ___. This fateful decision to pursue an unpopular war weakened ___ and played a key role in ___.
-the war against Germany -the provisional government -its demise
(Consequences of the Thirty Years' War: For protestants and Catholics) What did the Thirty Years' War end?
-the wars of religion -The long war reduced religious differences as a source of conflict -The end of the Thirty Years' War thus marked the beginning of the rise of religious toleration in Europe
(Consequences: Rise of bourgeoisie): what happened to the bourgeoisie as commercial capitalism expanded?
-the wealth and power of the bourgeoisie expanded with commercial capitalism
(The Four Phases of the Thirty Year's War: The French Phase, 1635-1648) How did this effect French, Dutch, and Swedish identities?
-their armies proved to be an irresistible force -they ravaged Germany and compelled the Catholic powers to begin serious negotiations
(Key Issues: The Role of the Monarch) What did the Stuart kings believe about their authority's relation to God? What did this cause them to want?
-their authority came from God -wanted a monarchy free from parliamentary restraints
(THE MARCH TO WAR: BISMARCK'S NETWORK OF ALLIANCES) The French were humiliated by ____ and embittered by ___.
-their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War -their loss of Alsace-Lorraine
(WORLD WAR II: THE GRAND ALLIANCE) At a November 1943 meeting in Tehran, Iran, the Big Three reaffirmed ___.
-their demand for the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan
(DECOLONIZATION: THE NEW IMPERIALISM) Between 1870 and 1914, European nations led by Great Britain and France brought much of the world under __.
-their direct control
(CONSEQUENCES OF THE NEW IMPERIALISM: DISRUPTION OF TRADITIONAL CULTURES) The process of westernization forced colonial peoples to reevaluate ___ and adopt ___. The adoption of Western ideas caused many non-Western peoples to __.
-their traditions -European legal and political practices -call for the modernization of their societies and states
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES: CHANGING PATTERNS OF MARRIAGE AND CHILDBEARING) During the years immediately following World War II, many women left __ and resumed ___. Birthrates began to __, creating the post- war "__."
-their wartime jobs -their traditional roles as wives and mothers -rise -baby boom
(REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: BIG SCIENCE) Before World War II, __ science and sophisticated engineering were largely separated.
-theoretical
(REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: BIG SCIENCE) The unprecedented combination of ___ under government sponsorship is called "Big Science."
-theoretical science and complex engineering
(The Restoration: Charles II [reigned 1660-1685]) What was the status of the central issues concerning the relationship between the king and Parliament and the conflict over religion
-these conflicts remained unresolved
(KARL MARX (1818-1883)) Believed that the history of class conflict is best understood through the dialectical process of __, __, and __.
-thesis, antithesis, and synthesis
(Commercial trading posts) what did the Portuguese do instead of concurring territories during trade?
-they built fortified posts designed to control trade routes
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Exploiting the Serfs) What did the Russian peasants think of Peter the Great's reforms? What were they forced to do?
-they did not enjoy the benefits of the reform -instead, they were conscripted into the Russian army and forced to build St. Petersburg
(Commercial trading posts: consequences) How did the Portuguese effect Venetian and Muslim trade with Asia?
-they ended the Venetian and Muslim monopoly of trade with Asia
(The French Wars of Religion-The Edict of Nantes, 1598) What did Catholics, including the people of Paris, think of Henry?
-they opposed Henry -Knowing that the majority of the French were Catholics, Henry chose to become a Catholic, saying, "Paris is with a mass"
(Making Comparisons: The Economic Decline of the Dutch Republic and Spain- Greatness and Prosperity) By 1713, what were Spain and the Dutch Republic's power status?
-they were both second-rate powers that were eclipsed by France and England
(CONTAINMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE TREATMENT OF GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR) After the First World War: The Allies excluded Germany from the peace negotiations, thus justifying the German complaint that __.
-they were coerced to sign a dictated treaty
(The Spanish Conquests): what happened to the Aztecs and other indigenous people?
-they were converted to Christianity and became subjects of the Spanish King
(The Rise of Prussia: The Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg-Prussia) What were some disadvantages that the Hohenzollern territory faced?
-they were diverse and geographically separated -no natural boundaries -few resources -a population of just 1.5 million people -scattered and weak
(Key features: new entrepreneurs) Importance of the Medici Family and the German Fuggers
-they were prominent examples of the new economic entrepreneurs
(The Enlightenment: Deism) How did Deists think of God?
-thought of God as a cosmic watchmaker who created the universe and let it run according to immutable natural laws
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: The Defeat of Philip: England) What did England feel about Philip's aggressive actions in the Netherlands?
-threatened
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830) Discontent with Charles X's arbitrary policies ignited ____ in July 1830. Eugène Delacroix captured ____ in his famous painting, "___."
-three days of rioting -the spirit of the uprising -"Liberty Leading the People."
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION) Led by Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic, the Russian people __ the coup.
-thwarted (stopped)
(ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879-1955)) Challenged traditional conceptions of __(3)__
-time, space, and motion
(James I [reigned: 1603-1625]: Quarrels with Parliament) What did Puritan members of Parliament urge James to do?
-to "purify" the Church of England of "popish remnants" including the authority of bishops
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: Philip's Goals) Name 3 major goals
-to advance Spanish power in Europe -to champion Catholicism in Europe -to defeat the Ottoman Turks in the eastern Mediterranean
(Three Declining Empires: The Republic of Poland) On a map of Europe in 1660, what did Poland appear as? How were they in reality?
-to be a large, united country -In reality, the king of Poland was elected by Polish nobles who severely restricted his power
(Denis Diderot [1713-1784] and the "Encyclopedia": Purpose) What was Diderot's goal? What did he state?
-to bring together all the most current and enlightened thinking about science, technology, mathematics, art, and government -"All things," Diderot explained, "must be examined, debated, investigated without exception and without regard for anyone's feelings."
Christian humanists: what was their goal? What was their desired outcome? What were they committed to?
-to combine the classical ideals of calmness and stoical patience with the Christian virtues of piety, humility, and love -believed that this fusion would create the best code of virtuous conduct -committed to goal and institutional reform
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Controlling the Boyars) What did Peter the Great order the boyars to do?
-to shave off their long beards and wear Western clothing -compelled them to construct costly townhouses in St. Petersburg and required every noble to serve in the army or in the civil administration
(THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1791-1792: FACTIONS IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY) Members of the Legislative Assembly sat _____. The political terms ______ are derived from this seating arrangement.
-together in separate sections of the meeting hall -right, center, and left
During most of the eighteenth century, the enclosure of common land primarily took place in __________ and England. Peasants in _____ and ______ successfully resisted the enclosure of their open fields.
-took place in the Low Countries -peasants in France and Germany resisted
(The Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell: The Commonwealth and the Protectorate) What title did Cromwell take in the late 1653? What did he establish?
-took the title Lord Protector, establishing a one-man rule supported by the army
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: THE GREAT TERROR) Stalin was a __ dictator who was more powerful than the most ___ tsar.
-totalitarian -autocratic
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: THE NAZI TOTALITARIAN STATE) Hitler ruthlessly transformed Germany into a __ state. A series of laws banned all __ except the __. A special ___ called the Gestapo used sweeping powers to arbitrarily arrest anyone who opposed ___.
-totalitarian -political parties -Nazis -secret police force -Nazi rule
(The Commercial Revolution: New nation-centered economic system) what was the Western European economy organized around prior to 1500?
-towns and guilds -both relied upon strict regulations to ensure their survival -as a result, there was very little innovation
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: ECONOMIC INTEGRATION) The European Economic Community (Common Market): The EEC eliminated __, thus closely resembling __.
-trade barriers among its members -a tariff union
(CONSEQUENCES OF THE NEW IMPERIALISM: AN INTERDEPENDENT GLOBAL ECONOMY) Great Britain remained the world's biggest ___. However, Germany and the United States emerged as _______.
-trading nation -fast-growing rivals
(REALISM IN LITERATURE AND ART: LEADING REALIST ARTISTS) Gustave Courbet, "Burial at Ornans": defied __ by ___(what did it portray)__.
-tradition -using a massive 22-foot-long canvas to portray a funeral in rural France
(THE FALL OF NAPOLEON: MAKING COMPARISONS: NAPOLEON AND TSAR ALEXANDER I) In contrast, Tsar Alexander I persuaded ____. He wanted to retain ____. Alexander opposed ___ and reopened ___.
-traditional Russian foreign policy objectives -a Russian sphere of influence in Eastern Europe and in the Baltic region -Napoleon's Continental System -Russia's ports to British and neutral vessels
(CONSEQUENCES OF THE NEW IMPERIALISM: DISRUPTION OF TRADITIONAL CULTURES) Imperialism disrupted __ throughout Africa and Asia. For example, ___.
-traditional cultures -Kenyan farmers put aside traditional agricultural crops in order to grow coffee, tea, and sugar for European markets
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: The Defeat of Philip: The Netherlands) What did Philip threaten when he imposed the Inquisition and dispatched troops to support it? What did this result in? How did Philip respond to this challenge?
-traditional liberties -Philip's ill-considered actions provoked riots against the Spanish authorities -Philip responded by sending 20,000 additional troops -led by the ruthless Duke of Alva, the spaniards levied new taxes and sentenced thousands to death
(Key Issues: The Role of the House of Commons) What were members determined to preserve?
-traditional privileges such as freedom of open debate and immunity from arrest
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE END OF WORLD WAR I) The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk enabled the Germans to __ from the east to help launch a __.
-transfer divisions -great spring offensive
(THE TECHNOLOGY OF EMPIRE: EFFICIENT NEW FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION) The Second Industrial Revolution (see Chapter 22) created the tools of __(3)__ that facilitated the rapid pace of ___.
-transportation, communication, and warfare -global empire building
(THE RE-EMERGENCE OF RUSSIA: BORIS YELTSIN, 1991-1999) Yeltsin's problems were further exacerbated by __. A tiny republic of one million Muslims, the Chechnyans sought __ from __. Tensions soon escalated into a ___.
-troubles in Chechnya -independence from Moscow -bloody and costly civil war
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT) As a result of ___, Kerensky inherited a government with no ___.
-tsarist political oppression -viable democratic institutions
(The Four Phases of the Thirty Year's War: The Swedish Phase, 1630-1635) Deeply unsettled by the Catholic victories, what did the Protestants, Dutch, and French do?
-turned for help to the Lutheran king of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus
(The Act of Supremacy, 1534) how did Henry react to the Pope's refusal?
-turned to a radical solution to his marriage problem -in 1533, Henry defied the pope, secretly married Anne Boleyn, and annulled his marriage to Catherine
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH DENMARK, 1864) Bismarck led Prussia into war with Denmark to win ___, __ and __.
-two border provinces -Schleswig and Holstein
(THE EDICT OF NANTES, 1598) Marked the first formal recognition by a European national monarchy that ___.
-two religions could coexist in the same country
(ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879-1955)) Contributed to the view that humans live in a universe with __.
-uncertainties
(THE GREAT DEPRESSION: IMPACT ON EUROPE) Created __ and __ for millions of unemployed workers.
-uncertainty and insecurity
(CONTAINMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE TREATMENT OF GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR) After the Second World War: The Allies demanded and received Germany's __.
-unconditional surrender
(SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)) Theorized that the human psyche contains three distinct parts: (1) the id, which is the center of __; (2) the superego, which is the center of __; and (3) the ego, which is the center of __.
-unconscious sexual and aggressive drives -moral values -pragmatic (rational) reason
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: REASONS WHY THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC FAILED) Article 48 of the German constitution helped to __ the republican government by allowing the president to rule by __ in cases of __.
-undermine (lessen the effectiveness) -decree -national emergency
(Denis Diderot [1713-1784] and the "Encyclopedia": Importance) What did the "Encyclopedia" undermine?
-undermined established authority by including articles about controversial political and religious subjects
Impact of the printing press: authority of the Church
-undermined the authority of the church -EX: printing presses disseminated Luther's revolutionary ideas, thus helping promote the Protestant Revolution
(Louis XIV, the Sun King: The Versailles Palace): What did the Versailles Palace underscore? What parts of France culture were envied and copied throughout the continent?
-underscored France's cultural dominance -French art, philosophy, architecture, and fashions were envied and copied throughout the continent
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: MAKING COMPARISONS: CAVOUR AND BISMARCK) Similarities: Both Cavour and Bismarck were skillful opportunists who took advantage of ___. Cavour began by hoping to ___, but ended by ___. Bismarck began by ___, but ended by ___
-unfolding events -enlarge Piedmont-Sardinia -creating the Kingdom of Italy -working for a stronger Prussia -creating a German Reich
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES :SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR AND BETTY FRIEDAN) De Beauvoir's argument that society trapped middle-class women in __ had a profound influence on American housewife Betty Friedan. A __(profession)__ and mother of __ children, Friedan became increasingly frustrated trying to fulfill the traditional role of "__." Friedan responded to "the problem that has no name" by publishing "__". Released in 1963, this landmark book criticized __ and forcefully argued that __. "The Feminist Mystique" became an international best-seller that transformed Friedan into a __. In 1966, she founded the National Organization for Women (NOW), whose stated goal was to take "action to ___."
-unfulfilling domestic roles -college-educated journalist -three -ideal housewife and mother -The Feminist Mystique -traditional gender roles -women faced patterns of discrimination that denied them equality with men -feminist leader -"bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society 'now'"
(NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI [1469-1527]) Believed that people are __ and __.
-ungrateful and untrustworthy
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848) Causes- Nationalists in Italy and Germany yearned for ___. At the same time, national minorities in the Austrian Empire demanded ___.
-unification -independence
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830) Delacroix's tribute to liberty portrayed a ___ dedicated to ____. The unity proved to be ___. While the workers wanted a __, the bourgeoisie wanted a ___.
-unified people dedicated to overthrowing tyranny -brief -republic -constitutional monarchy
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: The Defeat of Philip: The Netherlands) What was the outcome of Alva's brutal actions?
-united the Netherlands against the Spanish -During the struggle, many showed their opposition to Spain by converting to Calvinism
(LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLAND: THE CHARTIST MOVEMENT) In 1838, working-class leaders drew up a People's Charter that demanded ____, ____, ____, and ____.
-universal manhood suffrage -a secret ballot -equal electoral districts -and the abolition of property requirements for membership in the House of Commons
(The Jesuits: Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)) Who was Ignatius? What did he experience during his recovery?
-unknown Spanish soldier who suffered a sever injury while fighting the French -Experienced a religious conversion -resolved to become a soldier of Christ and dedicated his life to fighting for the pope and the Catholic Church
(Key features: New joint-stock companies) what did the new international trade require (give example/reason)? What threatened profits?
-unprecedented amount of capital -EX: merchants had to arm their ships, buy special privileges for local authorities, and build trading posts -Wars, storms, and rivals all threatened profits
(GREAT BRITAIN: PROSPERITY AND REFORM: THE "WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD") Great Britain continued to enjoy ___.
-unprecedented prosperity
(The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648: Causes of the Thirty Year's War) (list 4)
-unresolved conflicts -religious divisions -political divisions -international interference
(THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-1856- CONSEQUENCES) The Crimean War left a legacy of ____.
-unresolved international tensions
(TENSIONS IN THE OLD REGIME: ARISTOCRATIC PRIVILEGE) French nobles enjoyed a position of ________. For example, nobles were except from _________. Every bishop in France was of ____ birth and only nobles could receive __________.
-unrivaled privilege -paying taxes -noble -commissions in the army
(POPULATION TRENDS AND IMMIGRATION: GUEST WORKERS) The collapse of the colonial system created a vast pool of __ eager to __.
-unskilled laborers -begin new lives
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Industrialization: Created a new class of ____
-urban workers
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: PERSISTENT PROBLEMS) The newly unified Kingdom of Italy faced a number of persistent problems: Northern Italy was __, ___, and __. Southern Italy remained ___, __, and __.
-urban, sophisticated, and increasingly industrialized -rural, backward, and poor
(The Decline of the Dutch Republic: Increased Economic Competition) what else did the French and English do to Dutch imports?
-used tariffs to raise the price of imported Dutch goods
(Consequences: Rise of capitalism): What is the importance of the age of discovery?
-ushered in a new economic era dominated by commercial capitalism
Both forms of imperialism involved ___. However the __ and __ of the new imperialism far exceeded that of the old imperialism
-varying degrees of European control over other peoples -scope and speed
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER BREZHNEV, 1964-1982: RENEWED COLD WAR TENSIONS AND CONTINUING DOMESTIC PROBLEMS) The Soviet system of rigid centralized planning created a __ that discouraged __ and reduced __. The economic system guaranteed __, but the absence of incentives produced __ and __.
-vast bureaucracy -innovation -productivity -employment -waste and inefficiency
(THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919) Left a legacy of bitterness between the __ and __.
-victors and Germany
(THE FRENCH REVOLUTION) Women did not gain the right to __ or __.
-vote or to hold political office
(Peter the Great [reigned 1682-1725]: Modernizing Russia) What did Peter vow when he returned to Moscow? How did he begin his plan?
-vowed to transform Russia into a great power -began by creating a standing army trained by foreign officers -built a Russian navy originally trained by foreign officers
(Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)) what did he organize? What was his nationality?
-voyages along the west coast of Africa (he was Portuguese)
(Characteristics of Medieval Kings) What did powerful nobles have the ability to do?
-wage war -tax their peasants -administer and enforce law -all rights that were normally the prerogatives of a sovereign state
(The Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell: Foreign Policy) What did England do to weaken the Dutch?
-waged a series of wars
How did Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) want to change the Church?
-wanted the church to return to simple, essential Christianity -stressed that true religion was a matter of inward sincerity and pious devotion rather than outward observances such as pilgrimages or venerating relics
(THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1791-1792: FACTIONS IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY) The Left: The Girondists, what did they want? What did they favor?
-wanted to involve France in a war that would discredit the monarchy and extend France's revolutionary ideals across Europe -favored using war to spread French revolutionary ideals
(THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1791-1792: FACTIONS IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY) The Left: The Jacobins, what did they want? List Key leaders (3) Who was importantly not a Jacobin?
-wanted to overthrow the monarchy and create a republic. -Key Jacobin leaders included: Jean-Paul Marat, Georges-Jacques Danton, and Maximilien de Robespierre. -Marquis de Lafayette was NOT a Jacobin
(THE WAR IN THE WEST: "ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT") "All Quiet on the Western Front" is a __ novel written by Erich Maria Remarque, ___.
-war -a (male) German veteran of World War I
(NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI [1469-1527]) Urged rulers to study __, avoid __, and always base policy upon the principle that ___.
-war -unnecessary kindness -the end justifies the means
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: FORMS OF TOTALITARIANISM) Fascism: Glorified __ and __.
-war and aggressive nationalism
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE STEAM ENGINE) The steam engine rapidly replaced ___ in ___.
-water power in British textile factories
(TENSIONS IN THE OLD REGIME: ROYAL INEPTITUDE) Louis XV (reigned 1715-1774) was a ____ and _____ ruler
-weak and indecisive
(THE RISE AND FALL OF WITCHCRAFT: REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF EUROPEAN WITCH HUNTS) Women were believed to be _____ and thus susceptible to what?
-weak and thus susceptible to the Devil's temptations
(MOTIVES FOR THE NEW IMPERIALISM: ECONOMIC GAINS) European interest in overseas colonies began to ___ in the half century following the __(event)__. In 1852, the British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli referred to India and other lcolonies as "a ___."
-weaken -Congress of Vienna -millstone round our necks
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna- THE BALANCE OF POWER) The leaders at Vienna wanted to ____ so that it ____ and ____.
-weaken France -would no longer be able to wage wars of aggression AND threaten the balance of power
(The Napoleonic Empire, 1804-1815: THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM) Napoleon turned to economic warfare to ____. In 1806, he ordered the beginning of ____ by ___. Napoleon imposed a ___ by forbidding ___.
-weaken the English economy -a Continental System -imposing heavy penalties on anyone trading with England -heavy strain on continental economies -the importation of English goods
(Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu- The Intendant System) What was Richelieu determined to do?
-weaken the nobility
(English Society in The Seventeenth Century: Gentry) Who did the gentry include?
-wealthy landowners who dominated the House of Commons
(MAJOR EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1799: WESTERN EUROPE) The people living in France's "sister republics" originally greeted the French as _____. However, as France's rule became more and more oppressive, people began to _____ and become more aware of ______.
-welcome liberators -resent the French -their own national identity
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: THE WELFARE STATE) Christian Democratic parties played a key role in supporting __(5)__.
-welfare state programs, European integration, national health insurance, aid to farmers, and political democracy
(THE RENAISSANCE) In "The Courtier", Baldassare Castiglione wrote that the perfect court lady should be __ and __. Women, however, were not expected to __ as men did
-well educated and charming -seek fame
(REASONS FOR BRITISH LEADERSHIP: THE ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT) With no land to work, small farmers..., thus forming...
-were displaced, thus forming a pool of cheap labor.
(NAPOLEON III (REIGNED 1852-1870): REBUILDING PARIS) Haussmann replaced narrow streets and congested working-class neighborhoods with __(3)__.
-wide avenues, impressive public monuments, and expansive parks
(MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)) Believed that Christian women should strive to become models of __ and __.
-wifely obedience and Christian charity
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES: THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT) Continuing economic inequality prompted women to form a broad-based feminist movement focused on __.
-winning gender equality
(The New Economics: Key Ideas in "The Wealth of Nations"- The Role of Government) What must governments not interfere with?
-with the free functioning of the market.
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: COLD WAR CONFRONTATIONS) The Cuban Missile Crisis: After a tense confrontation with the United States, Khrushchev agreed to __ in exchange for a U.S. promise not to __.
-withdraw the missiles -attack Fidel Castro
(The Impact of the Catholic Reformation on Women: Women and Religious Orders) What role did women play in Church? example?
-women continued to take advantage of opportunities in religious orders sanctioned by the Church -ex: the Ursuline Order of Nuns established an important order that provided religious education and training for young girls -The Ursulines used Christian education to combat Hersey in France
(JOHN STUART MILL (1806-1873)) Advocated __ and endorsed __.
-women's rights -universal suffrage
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES: THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT) The suffrage did not change __. During the 1960s, British women earned only __ percent of men's wages, while in France the corresponding figure was just __ percent
-women's salaries -60 -50
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: THE GREAT EXHIBITION, 1851) European visitors marveled at the ____ and used the exhibition as a way to ___.
-wonders of "the British miracle" -measure their own countries technological progress
(WOMEN IN THE SOVIET UNION) Soviet women were urged to __. __ and __ were both easily available
-work outside the home -Divorce and abortion
(THE NINETEENTH CENTURY) Few married women __ outside the home. Most working women were __.
-worked -single
(Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu-The rise of Richelieu) What did Richelieu work tirelessly to enhance? What was his political stand point?
-worked tirelessly and successfully to enhance royal power -Like Henry IV, Richelieu was a politique who placed public order above religious zeal.
(CONSERVATIVE AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM: FORMS OF TOTALITARIANISM) Communism: Glorified the __ class
-working
(REALISM IN LITERATURE AND ART: LEADING REALIST ARTISTS) Honoré Daumier, "The Third-Class Carriage": portrayed ___ as __ despite ____.
-working-class passengers -dignified -the dehumanizing experience of being packed together in a small railroad car
(MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759-1797)) British __(3)__ who wrote ____.
-writer, philosopher, and feminist -"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"
(The Wars of Louis XIV: Strategic Goals) What were Louis XIV's two strategic goals?
1) wanted France to expand to its "natural frontiers" along the Rhine River and Switzerland 2) wanted to make France a global power by inheriting the Spanish Habsburg possessions in the New World and in Europe
(Jean-Jacques Rousseau [1712-1778]: Natural Education) List the key principles of a natural education (3)
1)Children are naturally good and entitled to an education that emphasizes freedom and happiness. 2) People develop through various stages, and individuals vary within these stages. Education must therefore be individualized since "every mind has its own form." 3) Children should be encouraged to draw their own conclusions from experience. This principle anticipated what is now called "discovery learning."
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: STATISTICAL MEASURES OF BRITISH PROSPERITY, 1850) Mined ___ of the world's coal.
2/3 (two-thirds)
General Will (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
A concept in political philosophy referring to the desire or interest of a people as a whole. As used by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who championed the concept, the general will is identical to the rule of law.
Putting-Out System (Age of Reformation, 1450-1648)
A pre-industrial manufacturing system in which an entrepreneur would bring materials to rural people who worked on them in their own homes. For example, watch manufacturers in Swiss towns employed villagers to make parts for their products. The system enabled entrepreneurs to avoid restrictive guild regulations.
New Economic Policy (Twentieth-Century Global Conflicts, 1914-2021)
A program initiated by Vladimir Lenin to stimulate the economic recovery of the Soviet Union in the early 1920s. The New Economic Policy utilized a limited revival of capitalism in light industry and agriculture.
Cold War
A prolonged period of economic and political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. Led to the division of Europe, which was referred to in the West as the Iron Curtain. The Cold War began with the announcement of the Truman Doctrine in 1947 and ended with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Sphere of Influence (Nineteenth-Century Perspectives and Political Developments)
A region dominated by, but not directly ruled by, a foreign nation.
Relativity (Twentieth-Century Global Conflicts, 1914-2021)
A scientific theory associated with Albert Einstein. Relativity holds that time and space do not exist separately. Instead, they are a combined continuum whose measurement depends as much on the observer as on the entities being measured.
(Calvinism: John Calvin's Key Beliefs) what book did Calvin write to clearly and systematically explain his doctrines
"The Institution of the Christian Religion"
Realpolitik (Nineteenth-Century Perspectives and Political Developments)
"The politics of reality"; used to describe the tough, practical politics in which idealism and romanticism play no part. Otto von Bismarck and Camillo Benso di Cavour were the leading practitioners of realpolitik.
Baroque Art (Age of Reformation, 1450-1648)
An artistic style of the seventeenth century that featured dramatic action, intense emotions, and exaggerated lighting. Monarchies, city-states, and the Catholic Church commissioned Baroque works as a means of promoting their own stature and power.
Perestroika
An economic policy initiated by Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid-1980s. Meaning "restructuring," perestroika called for less government regulation and greater efficiency in manufacturing and agriculture.
Keynesian Economics (Twentieth-Century Global Conflicts, 1914-2021)
An economic theory based on the ideas of twentieth-century British economist John Maynard Keynes. According to Keynesian economies, governments can spend their economies out of a depression by using deficit-spending to encourage employment and stimulate economic growth.
Anarchists (Industralization and its Effects, 1815-1914)
Asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation
Brezhnev Doctrine
Assertion that the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need. The Brezhnev Doctrine justified the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.
Nationalism (Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction, 1648-1815)
Belief that a nation consists of a group of people who share similar traditions, history, and language. Nationalists argued that every nation should be sovereign and include all members of a community. Thus, a person's greatest loyalty should be to a nation-state.
Predestination (Age of Reformation, 1450-1648)
Doctrine espoused by John Calvin that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved and who will be damned. Calvin declared that "by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once and for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction."
Holocaust (Twentieth-Century Global Conflicts, 1914-2021)
During World War II, mass extinction of Jews by Nazis under Adolf Hitler. Part of Hitler's ruthless attempt to create a "new racial order".
Utopian Socialists (Industralization and its Effects, 1815-1914)
Early nineteenth-century socialists who hoped to replace the overly competitive capitalist structure with planned communities guided by a spirit of cooperation. Leading French utopian socialists such as Charles Fourier and Louis Blanc believed that property should be communally owned.
What were three declining empires?
Eastern Europe in 1648 (The Ottoman Empire), The Holy Roman Empire, and the Republic of Poland
Mercantilism (Renaissance and Exploration, 1450-1648) (what did it emphasize?)
Economic philosophy calling for close government regulation of the economy. Mercantilist theory emphasized building a strong, self-sufficient economy by maximizing exports and limiting imports. Mercantilists supported the acquisition of colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods. The favorable balance of trade would enable a country to accumulate reserves of gold and silver. Mercantilism gave the new monarchies a leading role in promoting commercial development and the acquisition of New World colonies.
Philosophes (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
Eighteenth century writers who stressed reason and advocated freedom of expression, religious toleration, and a reformed legal system. Leading philosophes such as Voltaire fought irrational prejudice and believed that society should be open to people of talent.
Freudian Psychology (Nineteenth-Century Perspectives and Political Developments)
Emphasized the role of the irrational and the struggle between the conscious and the subconscious.
Imperialism (Nineteenth-Century Perspectives and Political Developments)
European dominance of the non-West through economic exploitation and political rule. Imperialists justified overseas expansion by claiming cultural and racial superiority. Imperialism created diplomatic tensions among European states that strained alliance systems.
New Monarchs (Renaissance and Exploration, 1450-1648) (key new monarchs)
European monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. The new monarchs also negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church. Key new monarchs include Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella.
European Union
Evolved from the common market and the European community. Formed in 1994 under the terms of the Maastricht Treaty, its members have political ties through the European Parliament as well as long-standing common economic, legal, and business mechanisms.
Hugenots (Age of Reformation, 1450-1648)
French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin
Commercial Revolution (Renaissance and Exploration, 1450-1648)
Innovations in banking and finance that promoted the growth of urban financial centers and a money economy.
Kulaks (Twentieth-Century Global Conflicts, 1914-2021)
Land-owning peasantry in statist Russia. Joseph Stalin accused the kulaks of being class enemies of the poorer peasants. Stalin "liquidated the kulaks as a class" by executing them and expropriating their land to form collective farms.
(Calvinism: John Calvin's Key Beliefs) What did he think of god and humans?
God: perfect and omnipotent Humans: corrupt, weak, and insignificant
Cult of Domesticity (Industralization and its Effects, 1815-1914)
Idealization of women in their roles as wives and mothers. As a nurturing mother and a faithful spouse, the wife had a special responsibility to create a home that was a "haven in a heartless world."
Thermidorian Reaction (Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction, 1648-1815)
Name given to the reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution. It is associated with the end of the Reign of Terror and reassertion of bourgeoisie power in the Directory.
Scientific Revolution (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
New ideas in science based on the scientific method that challenged classical views of the cosmos, nature, and the human body.
Romanticism (Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction, 1648-1815)
Philosophical and artistic movement in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Europe that represented a reaction against the Neoclassical emphasis upon reason. Romantic artists, writers, and composers stressed emotion and the contemplation of nature.
Existentialism (Twentieth-Century Global Conflicts, 1914-2021)
Philosophy that God, reason, and progress are all myths. Humans must accept responsibility for their actions. This responsibility causes an overwhelming sense of dread and anguish. Existentialism reflects the sense of isolation and alienation in the 20th century.
Invisible hand (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
Phrase coined by Adam Smith to refer to the self-regulating nature of a free marketplace.
Jacobins (Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction, 1648-1815)
Radical republicans during the French Revolution. Led by Maximilien Robespierre, the Jacobins unleashed the Reign of Terror. Other key leaders included Jean-Paul Marat, Georges-Jacques Danton, and the Comte de Mirabeau. The Marquis de Lafayette was not a Jacobin.
Glasnost
Policy initiated by Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid-1980s. Glasnost resulted in a new openness of speech, reduced censorship, and greater criticism of Communist Party policies.
Marxism (Industralization and its Effects, 1815-1914)
Political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They believed that history is the result of a class conflict that will end with the triumph of the industrial proletariat over the bourgeoisie. The new classless society would abolish private property.
Liberalism (Industralization and its Effects, 1815-1914)
Political philosophy in the nineteenth century that advocated representative government dominated by the propertied masses, minimal government interference in the economy, religious toleration, and civil liberties such as freedom of speech.
Conservatism (Industralization and its Effects, 1815-1914)
Political philosophy that emerged after 1789. Conservatives preferred monarchs over republics, traditions over revolution, and established religion over Enlightenment skepticism. Conservatives favored gradual change in the established social order.
Fourteen Points (Twentieth-Century Global Conflicts, 1914-2021)
President Woodrow Wilson's idealistic peace aims. Wilson stressed national self-determination, the rights of small countries, freedom of seas, and free trade.
Secularism (Renaissance and Exploration, 1450-1648)
Promoted by the Humanists and the Renaissance. Trend toward making religious faith a private domain rather than one directly connected to state power. Promoted a search for nonreligious explanations for political authority and natural phenomena.
Anabaptists (Age of Reformation, 1450-1648)
Sixteenth-century Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture. Protestant and Catholic leaders condemned Anabaptists as radicals who advocated the complete separation of church and state.
Politiques (Age of Reformation, 1450-1648)
Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs. For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity.
(Consequences: Decline of early commercial centers): Hanseatic League (what, when, importance)
-1400s -a confederacy of Baltic towns -dominated Northern European trade -As the center of European trade shifted to the rising nation-states in Western Europe, the Hanseatic League rapidly declined
(JOHN CALVIN (1509-1564)) Established Geneva as a model __.
-Christian community
(The desire to spread Christianity) What did Europeans believe they had the duty to spread?
-Christianity
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: THE "SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA") When the new imperialism began in 1875, Europe controlled less than __ percent of Africa. The Berlin Conference prompted a __"__". By 1900, the European powers established colonies in __ percent of the continent. Only __ (which successfully resisted an Italian invasion) and __ (which had been settled by freed slaves from the United States) remained independent.
-10% (ten) -feverish "scramble for Africa." -90% -Ethiopia -Liberia
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES) Germany's army was limited to ___ men and forbidden to have ___(3)___
-100,000 -artillery, aircraft, or submarines
(THE RISE AND FALL OF WITCHCRAFT: WITCHCRAFT PERSECUTIONS) During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, between _____ and _____ people were officially tried for witchcraft
-100,000 and 200,000
(THE TECHNOLOGY OF EMPIRE: POWERFUL NEW WEAPONS) A Maxim machine gun could fire __ bullets in just one second. In 1898, a small but well-armed British force needed only 5 hours to slaughter ___ Sudanese soldiers in a battle fought near Omdurman. Winston Churchill later described the appalling "__(3)__" created by "a hell of __(3)__."
-11 -11,000 -suffering, despairing, and dying -whistling metal, exploding shells, and sputtering dust
(THE POPULATION EXPLOSION: Population Statistics) Europe's population increased from ___ million in 1700 to ____ million in 1800
-120 to 190
(EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: EXPANSION TO EASTERN EUROPE) Between 2004 and 2013, the EU added __ new member nations. The 28 EU nations boasted a combined population of just over ___ million people. The EU now accounts for about one-third of the world's __ and about 40 percent of __.
-13 -500 -gross national product (GNP) -global exports
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES) Germany lost __ percent of its land, including ___.
-13% -Alsace-Lorraine
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CRYSTAL PALACE AND THE ARC DE TRIOMPHE) The Arc de Triomphe in Paris- Reached a height of ___ feet, making it ____.
-164 -the largest arch ever built
(The Decline of the Dutch Republic: Increased Economic Competition) What acts did the English pass against the Dutch in 1651? What did these acts do?
-1651: the first of a series of Navigation Acts aimed at the Dutch -These acts mandated that all goods imported into England had to be carried by ships from the exporting countries -The Navigation Acts deliberately excluded Dutch merchants who often served as middlemen in trade exchanges
(TENSIONS IN THE OLD REGIME: BOURGEOISE DISCONTENT) France's foreign trade increased by 500% between ____ and ____.
-1713 and 1789
(THE RISE OF NAPOLEON: NEW OPPORTUNITIES) Napoleon was born in ____ in an obscure town in Corsica, a French island off the Italian coast. He won a scholarship to study at _____ where he distinguished himself as ____.
-1769 -a French military school -an eager student of military history
(MAJOR ARTISTIC STYLES: NEOCLASSICAL ART) Basic characteristics: Neoclassical style supplanted (replaced) Rococo during the _____
-1780s
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: THE SITUATION IN 1860) Prussia's growing strength: Prussia's population increased from 11 million in 1815 to more than __ million in 1850
-18
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CRYSTAL PALACE AND THE ARC DE TRIOMPHE) The Crystal Palace- Enclosed __ acres and almost ___ square feet of exhibition space
-18 -1 million
(POPULATION TRENDS AND IMMIGRATION: GUEST WORKERS) Europe now has an estimated __ million foreign resident workers. Many guest workers and their families are __.
-18 -staying in their host countries
(THE POPULATION EXPLOSION: Population Statistics) The population of France increased from ___ million in 1715 to __ million in 1789
-18 to 26
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA: CHINA) The modern phase of European relations with China began in the early __. At that time, the British traded __ and Indian __ for Chinese __. However, a trade imbalance occurred when Britain's thirst for Chinese tea far exceeded ____.
-1800s -wool -Cotton -tea -Chinese demand for English textiles.
(INTRODUCTION: GENERAL OVERVIEW) Continental Europe began to industrialize after __(year)__. The Industrial Revolution spread from ___ to ___.
-1815 -Western Europe to Eastern Europe
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: THE BERLIN CONFERENCE, 1884-1885) The Berlin Conference opened on November 15, __, and concluded on February 26, __. The conference did not actually __. However, it did establish __. For example, the conference adopted a requirement that a country's territorial claims must be based on "___" defined as a __.
-1884 -1885 -partition Africa -guidelines for regulating colonial activity in Africa -"effective occupation" -strong actual presence in the area being claimed
(Revocation of the Edict of Nantes) What was France's population at the beginning of Louis XIV's reign? How many Huguenots made up this population? What did the Huguenots continue to enjoy? What did they remain loyal to during the Fronde?
-19 million people -about 1 million Hugenots -Huguenots continued to enjoy religious toleration and had remained loyal to the crown during the Fronde
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: CIVIL WAR) The civil war between the Whites and the Reds lasted from 19__ to 19__. The ___ and ___ Whites __ the ___ Red Army
-1918-1920 -divided and poorly led -lost to -better-organized
(THE KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT, 1928) Violated repeatedly during the __(time period)__.
-1930s
(WORLD WAR II) French and Italian women gained suffrage in __.
-1945
(CONTAINMENT: THE MARSHALL PLAN) Marshall Plan aid began flowing into Europe in __(year)__. During the next 4 years, 16 Western European countries received $__ billion the equivalent of about $200 billion in 2019. The Marshall Plan helped alleviate __ and stimulate __.
-1948 -13 -food shortages -industrial production
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: THE THREE ESTATES) The Second Estate: Nobles comprised __to__% percent of the population
-2 to 4%
(POPULATION TRENDS AND IMMIGRATION: THE BABY BUST) A birth rate of __ children per woman is necessary to maintain a stable population. Europe's postwar baby boom turned into a baby bust as birth rates began to steadily __. By 2006, the European birth rate stood at just __ children per woman
-2.1 -decline -1.4
(THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE: THE ECONOMIC MIRACLE) By 1963, Western Europe produced over __ times more goods than it did before World War II
-2.5
(Restoring the Old Order: The Congress of Vienna-TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENTS) Prussia acquired ____-fifths of ___ and territory in ____ along ____.
-2/5 -Saxony -the Rhineland ALONG the border of France
What was the age of exploration? What did it spark?
-Age of discovery -involved more than just the search for gold, silver, and spices -new discoveries sparked an unprecedented global diffusion of agricultural products, animals, diseases, and human populations
(The impact of the Protestant Reformation on the Arts) What is "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" and who was it made by?
-Albrecht Dürer -one of a series of fifteen famous woodcuts that vividly illustrate the terrors of the Apocalypse
(THE FALL OF NAPOLEON: MAKING COMPARISONS: NAPOLEON AND TSAR ALEXANDER I) Napoleon concluded that he could no longer tolerate ___. He mobilized ___ of 600,000 men to invade __. The campaign began on June 23, 1812
-Alexander's interference with his imperial goals -a Grand Army -Russia
(The impact of the Protestant Reformation on the Arts) Popularity of woodcuts among protestants
-Although Protestants discouraged using paintings, they did make full use of woodcuts to disseminate religious messages
(The Peace of Westphalia, 1648: The Setting) What role did the pope play? How did his role really go? What does this show?
-Although represented at Westphalia, the pope's objections were largely ignored, underscoring the degree of secularization taking place in Europe
(The Wars of King Philip II of Spain: The Defeat of Philip: Consequences of Philip's defeats) What did Spain begin a long period of?
-Although still a formidable military power, Spain began a long period of political and economic decline
(Causes of Dutch Economic Prosperity: "The Whole World Stands Amazed" Who emerged from relative obscurity to become the world's greatest center of trade during the seventeenth century? What effect did this have on its identity?
-Amsterdam -Amsterdam's prosperity amazed European visitors -A contemporary Dutch historian proudly boasted, "The whole world stands amazed at its [Amsterdam] riches and from east and west, north and south they come to behold it."
(Causes of Dutch Economic Prosperity: Shipping and Commerce) What role did ships play in the dutch economy?
-Amsterdam boasted the best ship-builders in the seventeenth-century Europe -Well designed ships could be manned by fewer sailors than those of other countries thus reducing costs
(THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION) Peasant farmers used an open-field system that included these characteristics (3)...
-Animals grazed on the common or open lands -Villagers divided the remaining land into long, narrow strips. Fences and hedges did not divide this open land. -Peasants traditionally used a two-or three-field system of crop rotation.
(LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLAND: THE REPEAL OF THE CORN LAWS) Prominent industrialists formed the ___. They advocated ____.
-Anti-Corn Law League -a free-trade policy that would lower the price of food and increase the profits of industry.
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: REASONS WHY ADOLF HITLER ROSE TO POWER) Hitler offered the German people an ideology that exploited their fears. The Nazi program included the following key points: -____: Marxists were responsible for__. Much of Hitler's anti-Semitism focused on alleged Jewish responsibility for the rise of __. -___: Parliamentary government produced __, ___ politicians. Hitler believed that Germany required an __ (or (A)) who would embody__ (part 2)
-Anticommunism: fomenting labor unrest, communism -The führer: weak, vacillating, absolute leader, the national will
(The Four Phases of the Thirty Year's War: The French Phase, 1635-1648) What role did Cardinal Richelieu and France play in the war? how did this effect the war?
-As a politique he was willing to disregard his religious beliefs in favor of pursuing French national interests -Although a Catholic nation, France intervened on the Protestant side to prevent a united Germany on its eastern border -The war thus became a power struggle between France and Sweden on one side and the Habsburg Empire and Spain on the other
(Consequences: Rise of bourgeoisie): what are the bourgeoisie? What caused their appearance?
-As commercial capitalism expanded so did the class of entrepreneurs -The new middle class became known as the bourgeoisie
(The Decline of Spanish Power: Economic Decline) How did the flow of gold and silver from Mexico and Peru effect the Spanish economy?
-At first, the precious metals enriched the Spanish economy -However, the floor of imported silver also caused inflation, which increased the cost of Spanish textiles and other products -As a result, Spanish exports declined
(Calvinism: John Calvin's Key Beliefs) who would be saved from sin?
-By God's grace, a very few people will be saved from sin -Calvin called these people the "elect"
(The impact of the Protestant Reformation on the Arts) John Calvin, what art style did he prefer? Why?
-Calvin and his followers favored plain church architecture devoid of ornamentation and images -Calvinists believed that ornamental architecture and paintings distracted worshippers, thus diminishing their religious experience.
(The French Wars of Religion-The Huguenots) How did Calvinism effect French nobles
-Calvinism had a special appeal to French nobles -By the 1560s, between 2/5 and 1/2 of the nobility had become Calvinists -For many nobles, Calvinism provided a means of expressing opposition to the Valois kings
(English Society in The Seventeenth Century: Religion) By the end of the seventeenth century, how much of the English population (In comparison to other religions) was Calvinist?
-Calvinism had the largest percentage of the population
(Political and Religious Characteristics: Religious Toleration) What was the dominant faith of the Dutch Republic? Was there religious freedom (list religious groups). What did the openers of Dutch society permit?
-Calvinism was dominant faith -Catholics, Lutherans, Anabaptists, and Jews all enjoyed religious freedom -Openness of Dutch society permitted a free exchange of ideas
(The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648: The Holy Roman Empire in 1600) What did the Peace of Augsburg not provide recognition for?
-Calvinists -Nonetheless, a number of states, including the Palatinate, had adopted Calvinism
(THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG, 1555) Failed to provide for the recognition of ____
-Calvinists or other religious groups
(Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu-The rise of Richelieu) Who did Louis appoint to be his chief minister in 1624? Who was the real ruler of France from 1624 until his death in 1642?
-Cardinal Richelieu
(The French Wars of Religion-The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 1572) What did Catholics do to Huguenots? Who supported them?
-Catherine supported them -Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots who had gathered in Paris to celebrate the wedding of Margaret of Valois to the Huguenot leader Henry of Navarre. -The violence quickly spread to the provinces, where as many as 20,000 Huguenots were killed
(THE COUNCIL OF TRENT, 1545-1563) Reformed __ and reaffirmed ___.
-Catholic Church discipline -church doctrine
(The Jesuits: Activities of the Jesuits) Effect on Education
-Catholic education -Jesuits founded hundreds of schools for middle and upper-class boys -Jesuits were especially prominent as confessors and advisors to royal families
(Anabaptist leaders) what groups condemned Anabaptist leaders as radicals?
-Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists
(THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1791-1792: FACTIONS IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY) Moderates comprised a large group in the ____ (name seating section).
-Center
(The Commercial Revolution: price revolution) changes in prices
-During the sixteenth century, the Western Europe economy experienced a steady inflation in prices
(The Decline of the Dutch Republic: Increased Economic Competition) How did these tariffs and Navigation Acts effect Dutch craftsmen? What did England begin to mass produce?
-Dutch craftsmen found it increasingly difficult to compete with the newly revived French luxury industries -At the same time, England began to mass produce cheap textile products
(EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: THE ORIGIN OF THE EUROPEAN UNION [EU]) During the 1980s, other European nations applied for membership in the __. The original core countries established economic and political criteria that included ___, __, and respect for __. By 1995, the EEC included __ nations with a combined population of __ million people
-EEC -free markets -democratic politics -human rights -15 -395
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: COLD WAR CONFRONTATIONS) The Berlin Wall: Between 1949 and 1961, more than 3 million __ fled to West Germany by crossing into __.
-East Germans -West Berlin
(CONTAINMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE TREATMENT OF GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR) After the Second World War: Poland gained lands in ___.
-East Prussia
(MOTIVES FOR THE NEW IMPERIALISM: ECONOMIC GAINS) ___ played a key role in changing European attitudes towards acquiring colonies. A ___ gripped Europe between the mid-1870s and the mid-1890s, bringing rising __ and the potential for __.
-Economic problems -deep economic depression -unemployment -labor unrest
(THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792-1795: EUROPEAN REACTION) The English statesman _____ offered a conservative critique of the French Revolution. (A) warned that mob rule would lead to ___ and ultimately _____. To many moderate Europeans, the September massacres and the execution of Louis XVI vindicated (justified) ______.
-Edmund Burke -anarchy -military dictatorship -Burke's dire predictions
(THE RISE AND FALL OF WITCHCRAFT: WITCHCRAFT PERSECUTIONS) Who was the most likely to be accused of witchcraft?
-Elderly, widowed women
(WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE) Led by __, British women waged an aggressive campaign for __.
-Emmeline Pankhurst -women's suffrage
(The Four Phases of the Thirty Year's War: The Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625) Who won a series of overwhelming victories in the war? How did this effect Habsburg's rule?
-Emperor Ferdinand II's forces won a series of overwhelming victories that left the Habsburgs and Catholics in control of Bohemia
(THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: INNOVATIONS IN THE LOW COUNTRIES) New innovations in the Low Countries (list 5)
-Enclosed fields -Continuous crop rotation -Use of manure as fertilizer -Planting of a variety of crops -Use of drainage to reclaim marshes
(The Napoleonic Empire, 1804-1815: "Europe was at my Feet") Napoleon hoped to invade ___. However, at the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805, Admiral Horatio Nelson _____. The victory thwarted goals of ____.
-England -attacked and defeated a French fleet off the southern coast of Spain -controlling the seas and mounting an invasion of England
(The Glorious Revolution: Importance) As power was moved from the palace to Parliament, what did England become in terms of government?
-England became a constitutional monarchy controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy landed proprietors and merchants
(The Wars of Louis XIV: The Treaty of Utrecht, 1713) English gains: What did England gain (3)?
-England gained valuable Spanish naval bases at Gibraltar in the Balearic Islands -England gained the asiento (slave trade) from Spain -England gained valuable French colonies in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
(INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF NATIONALISM) Nationalist aspirations led to the unification of ____, thus ending ___ created by ___
-Italy and Germany -the Concert of Europe -the Congress of Vienna
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI AND THE RED SHIRTS) The pragmatic Cavour and the romantic Garibaldi agreed that ___.
-Italy should be freed from foreign control
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830: ITALIAN NATIONALISM) The Carbonari's failure left Giuseppe Mazzini as ____.
-Italy's foremost nationalist leader
(The Jesuits: Activities of the Jesuits) effect on Missionary work
-Jesuit missionaries played a key role in preaching Christianity in the Americas and Asia
(The Jesuits: Activities of the Jesuits) how did it combat Protestantism (where did it revive Catholicism)?
-Jesuits spearheaded the revival of Catholicism in Bavaria, the southern Netherlands, and Poland
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: ANTI-SEMITISM) Although __ comprised less than 1 percent of Germany's population, Hitler blamed them for Germany's problems
-Jews
(WORLD WAR II: THE HOLOCAUST) The Nazi nightmare did not stop on the battlefields of Europe. Hitler ordered the systematic killing of ___ and other __. This horrible destruction of life is known as the __.
-Jews -allegedly inferior peoples -Holocaust
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: ANTI-SEMITISM) Nazi violence against __ steadily mounted. On November 9 and 10. 1938, the Nazis organized a "spontaneous" campaign of __ known as the "Kristallnacht", or "__," or "___."
-Jews -mob violence -"Crystal Night" -"The Night of Broken Glass"
(The Reformation Popes) What did Renaissance popes concentrate on? ex?
-Julius II -commissioning art, building a new St. Peter's, and enhancing the powers of their own families
(THE MARCH TO WAR: WILLIAM II'S AGGRESSIVE POLICIES) In 1890, ___ forced Bismarck to resign
-Kaiser William II
(THE SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV, 1956-1964: COLD WAR CONFRONTATIONS) The Cuban Missile Crisis: The Cuban Missile Crisis undermined __ and played a key role in his __ in 1964
-Khrushchev's credibility -ouster from power
(The Rise of Prussia: Frederick William, the Great Elector [reigned: 1640-1688]) What did Frederick William do, what was he known as?
-Known as the Great Elector -began the process of forging the Hohenzollern territories into a strong power -recognized that a well-equipped army would protect his territories and enable him to play a role in European balance-of-power politics
(The Golden Age of Dutch Art: Key Characteristics) Who paid Dutch Artists? Why?
-Lacking commissions from the Catholic Church and royal officers, Dutch artists turned to their nation's prosperous merchants -As self-made entrepreneurs they wanted to purchase paintings of themselves, their families, their possessions, and their country
(THE COUNCIL OF TRENT, 1545-1563) Reaffirmed __ as the language of worship
-Latin
(DESIDERIUS ERASMUS (1466-1536)) Wrote in _(language)_ while most humanists wrote in __.
-Latin -the vernacular (native language)
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE): The Paris Peace Conference: Established a framework for future international relations based on the __.
-League of Nations
(The Four Phases of the Thirty Year's War: The Danish Phase, 1625-1629) What army crushed Protestant forces? Who led this army?
-Led by Albrecht von Wallenstein, the imperial armies crushed the Protestant forces
(The New Economics: The French Physiocrats) Led by ____ _____, the physiocrats argued what? What should governments follow?
-Led by François Quesnay, the physiocrats argued that economic activities should be freed from artificial restrictions. -Governments should follow a laissez-faire policy of noninterference with the economy
(The Jesuits: Society of Jesus) What were the Jesuits? Who were they led by?
-Led by Ignatius -a spiritual army that emphasized iron discipline and absolute obedience
(The English Civil War [1642-1649]: Oliver Cromwell) How did he effect the Roundheads?
-Led by Oliver Cromwell, a previously unknown country gentleman, the Roundheads defeated the Cavaliers
(Three Declining Empires: The Ottoman Empire) Who led this empire? When? Who did the Ottomans threaten?
-Led by Suleiman the Magnificent (reigned 1520-1566) -the Ottomans threatened Vienna
(The Golden Age of Dutch Art: Key Characteristics) What allowed Dutch Art to be so unique? How did this make the Dutch art different than baroque art in Rome and Madrid?
-The Dutch Republic was a Protestant nation without an absolute ruler -Baroque artists in Rome and Madrid created works of art designed to glorify the Catholic Church and inspire the awe towards ruling monarchs -In the Dutch Republic, private homes and public buildings replaced cathedrals and castles as the showplaces for works of art
(The Decline of the Dutch Republic: Increased Economic Competition) As the Dutch declined, who became the dominant European powers?
-The English and the French (England and France)
(THE ESTATES GENERAL: THE THREE ESTATES) Name the three estates
-The First Estate: the clergy -The Second Estate: the nobility -The Third Estate: everyone else
(The Rise of Absolutism in France [1589-1661]: Henry IV) The Duke de Sully and financial reform- What were the downsides of the French tax system?
-The French tax system was both inefficient and inequitable -Nobles were exempt from paying taxes -As a result, the burden fell most heavily upon the peasants
(Three Declining Empires: Eastern Europe in 1648) What occupied the area from the French border to Russia? What happened to these empires? What did they lack? What did each of these declining empires contain?
-The Holy Roman Empire -the Republic of Poland -the Ottoman Empire -they were declining and lacked a strong central authority and an efficient system of government -diverse ethnic and language groups
(THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1791-1792: FACTIONS IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY) The Left was divided into two groups (list them)
-The Jacobins -The Girondists
(RUSSIA: REACTION AND REFORM- ALEXANDER'S DEATH) During the late 1870s, some nihilists formed a secret society, "___(called)__," whose aim was to __.
-The People's Will -overthrow the government
(EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: THE "SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA") __ annexed huge domains in Angola and Mozambique
-The Portuguese
(Making Comparisons: The Economic Decline of the Dutch Republic and Spain- Factors Responsible for Economic Decline)- THE HIGH COSTS OF WAR: How did wars effect the Dutch Republic's economy?
-The economy suffered from the costly wars
(The Four Phases of the Thirty Year's War: The Danish Phase, 1625-1629) What role did Christian IV play?
-The fall of Bohemia alarmed Protestants -Supported by the Dutch and English, the Danish king, Christian IV, intervened to support the Protestants and to gain territory in northern Germany
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES) ___ took place in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, the same room in which Bismarck's German empire had been ___ in 1871
-The final signing ceremony -proclaimed
Impact of the printing press: spread of ideas (who did it help, who fell behind)?
-The ideas of Petrarch and other early Renaissance humanists spread slowly from person to person by a laborious process of hand copying -In contrast, the printing revolution enabled the ideas of Erasmus, Montaigne, and More to spread rapidly across Europe
(Russia before Peter the Great: Isolation) How was Russia isolated from the rest of Europe in terms of culture?
-The ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation and all the discoveries of the Age of Exploration and the Scientific Revolution scarcely affected Russia
(The Peace of Westphalia, 1648: The provisions) what was formally recognized (Dutch republic and Switzerland)
-The independence of the Dutch republic and neutrality of Switzerland were formally recognized
(New Monarchs: Spain) The Liberian peninsula in the mid-fifteenth century: what kingdoms dominated Navarre and Portugal? What did Muslims hold?
-The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon -The Muslims held only the small kingdom of Granada
(THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION) Peasants traditionally used a two-or three-field system of crop rotation, why?
-This system was intended to restore exhausted soil. In practice, it meant that one-third to one-half of the land was allowed to lie fallow on any given year.
(The Enlightenment: Key Ideas- Liberty) What were philosophes' experience with social restrictions? What did they want to do about these restrictions?
-The philosophes lived in societies that placed restrictions on speech, religion, and trade -the wanted to remove these limitations on human liberty
(ROMANTICISM: KEY CHARACTERISTICS) List 4.
-The primacy of emotion -A different past -A new view of nature -Heroic individuals
(The Rise of Prussia: The Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg-Prussia) How did the ruler of Brandenburg come to power?
-The ruler of Brandenburg was one of seven princes who elected the Holy Roman emperor
(The Four Phases of the Thirty Year's War: The French Phase, 1635-1648) What forced Cardinal Richelieu of France to act?
-The unexpected death of Gustavus Adolphus in 1632 forced Cardinal Richelieu of France to act
(Enlightenment Views of the Role of Women: The Domestic View) How did domestic thinkers back up their argument of denying women more power?
-They argued that there are "natural" differences between men and women
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: PERSISTENT PROBLEMS) The newly unified Kingdom of Italy faced a number of persistent problems: ___ was still not complete. Venetia remained under ___ control and the papacy led by Pius IX remained ___ to ___.
-Unification -Austrian -hostile to the new Italian state
(The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648: Causes of the Thirty Year's War- UNRESOLVED CONFLICTS) Why was this a cause? What role did Calvinism play in this?
-Unresolved religious hatreds, economic rivalries, and competing dynastic ambitions continued to divide European society -The spread of Calvinism introduced a new source of friction because Calvinists had been excluded from the Peace of Augsburg
(LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Child Rearing) What class began to place a greater emphasis on child rearing?
-Upper-middle-class parents
(The New Economics: Making Comparisons: The Economic Policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert and Adam Smith) What did Adam Smith urge governments to do?
-Urged governments to abandon regulatory policies such as tariffs, trading monopolies, and navigation acts
(JOHN STUART MILL (1806-1873)) English __ and __ best known for writing __.
-Utilitarian and essayist -"On Liberty and The Subjection of Women"
(THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: WAR WITH AUSTRIA, 1866) Consequences: As Prussia's ally, Italy annexed __.
-Venetia
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: WAR WITH AUSTRIA, 1859) Sardinia annexed all of northern Italy except __.
-Venetia
(THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY: PERSISTENT PROBLEMS) In March 1861, an Italian parliament formally proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy with ___ as king "by ___." Tragically, Cavour died just __ later
-Victor Emmanuel Il -the grace of God and the will of the nation -two months
(THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1791-1792: THE SECOND FRENCH REVOLUTION) _____ once again exploded in Paris. Convinced that royalists would betray the Revolution, mobs of sans-culottes ________. These "September massacres" marked the beginning of ____ dominated by ___.
-Violence -executed over a thousand priests, bourgeoisie, and aristocrats -a second French Revolution -radicals
(HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY: REASONS WHY ADOLF HITLER ROSE TO POWER) Hitler was a spellbinding demagogue (political leader who thrived off of people's fears instead of rationality) who denounced the __ and the __ Treaty. He skillfully used __ to convince the German people to follow his leadership
-Weimar Republic -Versailles -modern propaganda techniques
(CONTAINMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE TREATMENT OF GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR) After the Second World War: The Cold War led to the separation of Germany into __ and __. West Germany became a member of the __ alliance and East Germany became member of the __ Pact
-West Germany and East Germany -NATO -Warsaw
(THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848: THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848) Causes- __(3)__ helped fuel popular unrest and calls for change
-Widespread crop failures -rising prices of food -growing unemployment
(LENIN, STALIN, AND COMMUNIST RUSSIA, 1921-1939: VLADIMIR LENIN AND THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY) Widespread ___, a ___ economy, and increasing ___ all plagued Russia following the civil war.
-Widespread famine, a deteriorating economy, and increasing unrest
(WORLD WAR II: HITLER'S EMPIRE IN EUROPE, 1940-1942) Led by __, the outnumbered British refused to __. Their fate rested on the skill and valor of the ___. In daily air battles beginning in July 1940, the RAF pilots proved more than ___ to the challenge. By the end of 1940, Hitler knew that he could neither __ the RAF nor __ of the British people
-Winston Churchill -surrender -Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter pilots -equal -defeat -break the spirit
(Making Comparisons: Hobbes and Locke- Thomas Hobbes [1588-1679]) Hobbes-Arguments for a strong government . What would happen without government? What is government the result of?
-Without government, life would be intolerable and civilization impossible -Government is the result of human necessity rather than divine ordination
(The English Civil War [1642-1649]: Oliver Cromwell) What did he organize?
-organized an army of zealous Protestants called the New Model Army
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE RAILROAD) Railroads revolutionized the technology of ____. For centuries, ____ pulled uncomfortable stagecoaches on long and tedious trips. Railroads provided ____.
-overland travel -a team of four horses -a faster, cheaper, and more comfortable means of transportation
(REALISM IN LITERATURE AND ART: KEY CHARACTERISTICS) Rejected romantic works as __ and ___.
-overly idealized and artificial
(NAPOLEON III (REIGNED 1852-1870): REBUILDING PARIS) Napoleon named Baron Georges Haussmann to _____.
-oversee a vast project to redesign Paris
(THE DIRECTORY, 1795-1799: THE FALL OF THE DIRECTORY) On November 9, 1799, an ambitious and talented young general named Napoleon Bonaparte...
-overthrew the Directory and seized power
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION) In a last desperate effort to preserve the Soviet Union, Communist hard-liners attempted to __ with __.
-overthrow Gorbachev with a military coup
(THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: CIVIL WAR) By the summer of 1918, several "White" armies attempted to ___.
-overthrow the Bolsheviks
(THE RISE OF NAPOLEON: COUP D'ÉTAT, 1799) Ambitious politicians inside the Directory hoped to use Napoleon's popularity and his loyal troops to _____.
-overthrow the government
(THE TRANSFORMATION IN WOMEN'S LIVES: THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT) During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the women's movement focused on ___ particularly __. Led by Millicent Garrett Fawcett and Emmeline Pankhurst, British women won the right to __ in 1918. By the end of World War II, European women received __ in every country except Switzerland. The Swiss finally granted all of their female citizens the right to (A) in 1991.
-overturning legal inequalities -women's suffrage -vote -the suffrage
(RUSSIA: REACTION AND REFORM- TSARIST RUSSIA IN THE 1850s) Russia's aristocracy continued to ___ and be exempt from ___.
-own almost all the land -taxes
What did Rachel Ruysch's do? What ideas does her work express? What do they express?
-painted meticulous paintings of flowers -expressed the Dutch love for their homeland's natural beauty -her paintings are admired for their vivid colors and almost photographic deceptions of flowers
(The impact of the Protestant Reformation on the Arts) Martin Luther, what did he believe about art's role in religion?
-painting and sculpture could play a role in spreading the word of God -maintained that visual arts could inspire and instruct illiterate worshippers who would find more meaning in paintings and sculpture than in long sermons
(THE COUNCIL OF TRENT, 1545-1563) Preserved the __ as the center of Christianity
-papacy
(LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: PATTERNS OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY AFTER 1750) Increased mobility reduced _________ and _______ _______
-parental and village controls
(LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: Child Rearing) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (see Chapter 15) encouraged.....
-parents to provide a warm and nurturing environment for their children.
(Ninety-Five Theses) What happened to the income from the indulgences?
-part of the income was destined for Rome to help pay for the construction of the new St. Peter's Basilica
(THE PEACE SETTLEMENT: MAKING COMPARISONS: THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE) The Congress of Vienna: Allowed defeated France to ___.
-participate in peace conference negotiations
(THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM: MAKING COMPARISONS: STALIN AND GORBACHEV) Stalin: Purged __ who showed __.
-party leaders -the slightest degree of dissent from his policies
(The Act of Supremacy, 1534) What was the Act of Supremacy?
-passed a year after Henry's radical act to defy the pope -declared the English king to be the "Protector and Only Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy of England"
(WORKING-CLASS PROTEST IN GREAT BRITAIN: THE LUDDITES) These acts of despair could not stop the Industrial Revolution. Parliament quickly responded by _____. By 1850, there were less than ____ weavers.
-passing a law making the destruction of machines a capital offense -50,000
(THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: THE STEAM ENGINE) James Watt (what did he do?)
-patented (obtained) the first steam engine in 1769
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: STATISTICAL MEASURES OF BRITISH PROSPERITY, 1850) Manufactured ___ of the world's cotton
1/2 (one-half)
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: STATISTICAL MEASURES OF BRITISH PROSPERITY, 1850) Mined more than __ of the world's iron
1/2 (one-half)
(GREAT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRIAL DOMINANCE: STATISTICAL MEASURES OF BRITISH PROSPERITY, 1850) Controlled ___ of the world's international trade
1/3 (one-third)
Indulgence (Age of Reformation, 1450-1648)
A certificate granted by the people in return for the payment of a fee to the church. The certificate stated that the soul of a dead relative or a friends of the purchaser would have his time in purgatory reduced by many years or canceled altogether.
Solidarity
A Polish labor union founded in 1980 by Lech Walesa and Anna Walentynowicz. Solidarity contested Communist Party programs and eventually ousted the party from the Polish government.
Christian Humanism (Renaissance and Exploration, 1450-1648) (what did they study?)
A branch of humanism associated with Northern Europe. Like thier italian counterparts, the christian humanists closely studied classical texts. However, they also sought to give humanism a specifically Christian context. Christian humanists like Desiderious Erasmus were commited to religious piety and institutional reform.
Joint-Stock Company (Renaissance and Exploration, 1450-1648)
A business arrangement in which many investors raise money for a venture too large for any of them to undertake alone. They share the profits in proportion to the amount they invest. English entrepreneurs used joint-stock companies to finance the establishment of New World colonies.
Zionism (Nineteenth-Century Perspectives and Political Developments)
A form of Jewish nationalism developed in the late nineteenth century as a response to growing anti-Semitism throughout Europe.
Autocracy (Nineteenth-Century Perspectives and Political Developments)
A government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner. The Romanov dynasty in Russia is the best example of autocracy.
Girondins (Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction, 1648-1815)
A moderate republican faction active in the French Revolution from 1791 to 1793. The Girondin Party favored a policy of extending the French Revolution beyond France's borders.
Bolsheviks (Twentieth-Century Global Conflicts, 1914-2021)
A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.
Appeasement (Twentieth-Century Global Conflicts, 1914-2021)
A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.
Totalitarianism (Twentieth-Century Global Conflicts, 1914-2021)
A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.
Fascism (Twentieth-Century Global Conflicts, 1914-2021)
A political system that combines an authoritarian government with a corporate economy. Fascist governments glorify their leaders, appeal to nationalism, control the media, and repress individual liberties.
Second Industrial Revolution (Nineteenth-Century Perspectives and Political Developments)
A wave of late nineteenth-century industrialization that was characterized by an increased use of steel, chemical processes, electric power, and railroads. This period also witnessed the spread of industrialization from Great Britain to Western Europe and the United States. Both the United States and Germany soon rivaled Great Britian.
Socialism (Industralization and its Effects, 1815-1914)
A social and political ideology that advocated the redistribution of society's resources and wealth.
welfare state
A social system in which the state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of its citizens in matters of health care, education, employment, and social security. Germany was the first European country to develop a state social welfare system.
Balance of Power (Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction, 1648-1815)
A strategy to maintain an equilibrium, in which weak countries join together to match or exceed the power of a stronger country. It was one of the guiding principles of the Congress of Vienna.
Neoclassicism (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century as part of a general revival of interest in Classical Greek and Roman themes of order, balance, and harmony.
Constitutionalism (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
A system of government in which rulers share power with parliaments made up of elected representatives.
Absolutism (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
A system of government in which the ruler claims sole and incontestable power. Absolute monarchs were not limited by constitutional restraints.
Enlightened Depotism (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815) (what did Enlightened monarchs support and who are some Enlightened Monarchs)
A system of government supported by leading philosophies in which an absolute ruler uses his or her power for the good of the people. Enlightened monarchs supported religious tolerance, increased economic productivity, administrative reform, and scientific academies. Joseph II, Frederick the Great, and Catherine the Great were best-known Enlightened monarchs.
Positivism (Nineteenth-Century Perspectives and Political Developments)
A theory developed in the mid-nineteenth century that the study of facts would generate accurate, or "positive," laws of society and that these laws could, in turn, help in the formulation of policies and legislation.
Realism (Nineteenth-Century Perspectives and Political Developments)
Painters and writers depicted the lives of ordinary people and drew attention to social problems
Enlightenment (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
Applied scientific revolution concepts and practices to political, social, and ethical issues. Led to an increased-but not unchallenged-emphasis on reason in European culture.
Modern Art (Nineteenth-Century Perspectives and Political Developments)
Artistic and literary movements that moved beyond the representational to the subjective, abstract, and expressive.
Industrial Revolution (Industralization and its Effects, 1815-1914)
Began in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Britain established its industrial dominance through the mechanization of textile production, iron production, and the construction of a network of railroads.
Parlements (Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction, 1648-1815)
French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobles. The parliament of Paris claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law.
Intendants (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
French royal officials who supervised provincial governments in the name of the king. Intendants played a key role in establishing French absolutism.
Bourgeoisie (Industralization and its Effects, 1815-1914)
French term referring to the commercial class of urban shopkeepers and factory owners.
Marshall Plan
Massive program of economic aid from the United States that financed an extensive reconstruction of industry and infrastructure and stimulated an extended period of growth in Western and Central Europe.
(Commercial trading posts: consequences) The center of European commerce shifted from the _______ ____ to the ____ ______
Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean
Concert of Europe (Industralization and its Effects, 1815-1914) (or Congress System)
Sought to maintain the status quo through collective action and adherence to conservative principles. Metternich used the Concert of Europe to suppress nationalist and liberal revolutions.
Levée en Masse (Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction, 1648-1815)
The French policy of conscripting all males into the army. This created a new type of military force based upon mass participation and a fully mobilized economy.
Deism (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
The belief that God created the universe but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature. Deists believed that natural laws could be discovered by the use of human reason.
Social Darwinism (Nineteenth-Century Perspectives and Political Developments)
The belief that there is a natural evolutionary process by which the fittest will survive. Wealthy business and industrial leaders used Social Darwinism to justify their success.
Vernacular (Renaissance and Exploration, 1450-1648) (examples)
The everyday language of a region or country. Miguel de Cervantes, Geoffrey Chaucer, Dante, and Martin Luther all encouraged the development of their national languages by writing in the vernacular. Desiderius Erasmus, however, continued to write in Latin.
Transatlantic Slave Trade (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
The exchange of goods and labor between Africa, the Americas, and Europe. West Indian sugar, Chesapeake tobacco, British manufacturing goods, and West African slaves dominated transatlantic slave trade.
Columbian Exchange (Renaissance and Exploration, 1450-1648)
The interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and human populations between the Old World and the New World. Opened new opportunities for Europeans while at the same time creating a demographic catastrophe for indigenous peoples in the Americas.
Divine Right of Kings (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815) (and Jacques-Bénige Bossuet)
The idea that rulers receive their authority from God and are answerable only to God. Jacques-Bénige Bossuet, a French Bishop and court preacher to Louis XIV, provided the theological justification for the divine right of kings by declaring that "the state monarchy is the supremest thing on earth, for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon Earth and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the Scriptures, kings are called Gods, and their power is compared to the divine powers."
Proletariat (Industralization and its Effects, 1815-1914)
The industrial working class concentrated in large cities
Agricultural Revolution (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
The innovations in farm production that began in eighteenth-century Holland and spread to England. These advances replaced the open-field agriculture system with a more scientific and mechanized system of agriculture that produced more food with fewer workers, increased food supply, and reduced the number of demographic crisis caused by major epidemic diseases.
Containment (Cold War and Contemporary Europe, 1914-2021)
The name of a U.S. foreign policy designed to contain or block the spread of Soviet policy. Inspired by George F. Kennan, containment was expressed in the Truman Doctrine and implemented in the Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance.
Détente
The relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Détente was introduced by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and President Richard Nixon. Examples of détente include the Strategic Arms limitation Talks (SALT), expanded trade with the Soviet Union, and the President Nixon's trips to China and Russia.
Humanism (Renaissance and Exploration, 1450-1648)
The scholarly interest in the study of the classical texts, values, and styles of Greece and Rome. Humanism contributed to the promotion of a liberal arts education based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history.
Globalization
The trend by which peoples and nations have become more interdependent. The term is often used to refer to the development of a global economy and culture.
Big Science
The unprecedented combination of theoretical science and complex engineering under government sponsorship.
Scientific Method (Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1815)
The use of inductive logic and controlled experiments to discover regular patterns in nature. These patterns or natural laws can be described with mathematical formulas.
Sans-culottes (Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction, 1648-1815)
The working people of Paris who were characterized by their long working pants and support for radical politics.
Was Luther a revolutionary or a conservative?
a religious revolutionary and a political conservative
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE FUTURE) Nationalism: Believed that a nation consists of _____ who share __(4)__
a group of people who share similar traditions, history, language, and sense of political identity.
(THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: FORCES OF THE PAST) Conservatism: Believed that __(3)__ are the essential foundations of any society
national, historic, and religious traditions
