Public Speaking 1103 Exam 2

what is incremental plagiarism?

When the speaker fails to give credit for particular parts of the speech that are borrowed from other people

speaking outline

a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

what is a speaking outline?

a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

preperation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

pathos

a method of communication and persuasion that appeals to audiences feelings

problem-solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

quotation

a passage or expression that is quoted or cited

question of fact

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion/claim/statement

what are questions of fact?

a question about the truth or falsity of assertion

question of value

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

what are questions of value?

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

what are the questions of policy?

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

ethos

a speakers credibility, their expertise, or knowledge of the subject

brief example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

example

a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

creating common ground

a technique in which a speaker connects themselves with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience

hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

what is situational analysis?

analysis of the audience that focuses on situational factors like audience size, speech setting, etc.

band wagon

assumes that because something is popular it is therefore good, correct or desirable

appeal to tradition

assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

slippery slope

assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

ad hominem "against the man"

attacks the persons reputation or character, instead of dealing with the real issue being discussed

demographic audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background

situational audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear?

because two events that happen back to back does not mean event one caused event twoo

what methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before and during the speech?

before: assess how the audience is likely to respond to your message and ideas. adjust what you say to make it as clear, appropriate and convincing as possible. need to anticipate any type of response during: cut speech in half, allude to visual, ignore interruptions , keep an eye out for feedback from audience, look at them, if they are smiling and nodding in agreement = success, if they look puzzled you might want to go over some key points again

What is the role of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking?

by adding emotional appeals in, you can be very effective as a speaker

Stereotyping

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

delivery cues

directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech

problem-cause-solution order

first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem

Either / or (flase dilemma)

forces a listener to choose between on of only two options presented, when there are more alternatives available

what is the difference between global plagiarism and patchwork plagiarism?

global: speaking a speech or written work entirely from are source and claiming it was your own patchwork: passing off work from multiple sources as your own

what implications does mental give-and-take hold for effective persuasive speaking?

if you don't have answers for those apposing your POV, they will not be onboard with your message

why do you need supporting materials in your speech?

if you don't have support your listeners will become skeptical of your credibility

explain the difference between passive agreement and immediate action as goals for a persuasive speech on questions of policy.

if your goal is to seek passive agreement, you'll try to get you audience to agree with you and convince them to agree without pushing action if your goal is to seek action, you'll want to get them to do more than nod in agreement; you want to push action

why is it important to outline your speech?

it makes sure your ideas are related, your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent

why is it important to supplement reasoning from specific instances with testimony or statistics?

it's easy to jump to conclusions without sufficient evidence, make sure your specific instances is large enough to justify and back up your conclusion

audience-centeredness

keeping the audience in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

comparitive advantage order

method oof organization where each main point explains why the speakers solution to a problem is preferable over other proposed solutions

Why do persuasive speakers need to use evidence?

most people are skeptical and need evidence to suppoort your claims

Statistics

numerical data with the purpose of creating an impact on the listeners and have them agree that you supported your position

what is the difference between an informative speech and a persuasive speech?

persuasive speech has the speaker acting as an advocate to get listeners to agree with them informative speech has the speaker acting as a teacher to get listeners informed about a topic

Which speech allows for the greatest amount of flexibility in its method of organization?

question of policy. there are at least four different approaches

fixed-alternative questions

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

scale questions

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

what is a testimony?

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

quoting out of context

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

What is analogical reasoning?

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

reasoning from principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

what is reasoning from principle?

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

reasoning from specific instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

what is reasoning from specific instances?

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

casual reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

what is casual reasoning?

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

red herring

something that draws attention away from the main issue

ethical decisions

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

speech to gain immediate action

speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

speech to gain passive agreement

speakers goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

Why is analogical reasoning frequently used in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?

speakers try to find a policy that works somewhere else and persuade the audience that it will work here

why is it easy to lie when using statistics?

stats are easily manipulated, evaluate them carefully

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

Plagiarism

taking credit for someone else's writing or ideas

peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

expert testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

direct quotation

testimony that is presented word for word

what will determine the amount of attention you give to each oof the issues in any speech?

the audience and your topic if the audience is not aware of the problem, more time should be devoted to explaining the problem

what is credibility?

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

mean

the average of all numbers listed. add them up then divide by the number of figures listed

terminal credibility

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

initial credibility

the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

derived credibility

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

need

the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

egocentrism

the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes

logos

the logical appeal of a speaker

mental dialogue with the audience

the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

Median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

Mode

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

burden of proof

the obligation to present evidence to support one's claim

visual framework

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas

target audience

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

ethics

the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions

persuasion

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

credibility

the quality of being believable or trustworthy

how does persuasive speech on a question of fact differ from an informative speech?

the situation for an informative speech is neutral where the speaker acts as a teacher and lecturer the situation for a persuasive speech is argumentative where the speaker acts as an advocate

name-calling

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

what does it mean to say that people are egocentric?

they have a tendency to be concerned about their own values, beliefs, and well-being instead of others

what is the target audience for a persuasive speech?

those who are most likely to listen to your message, have a vested interest in it and could possibly be swayed

paraphrase

to restate in other words

invalid analogy

two cases being compared are not essentially alike

fallacy

(n.) a false notion or belief; an error in thinking

paraphrase

(v.) to restate in other words; (n.)a statement that presents a given idea in new language

What are the SIX demographic traits of audiences?

1) Age. 2) Gender. 3) Religion. 4) Sexual Orientation. 5) Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background. 6) Group Membership.

what are 11 logical fallacies you need to know?

1. Hasty generalization 2. band wagon 3. either/or 4. invalid (or fake analogy) 5. red herring 6. slippery slope 7. false cause 8. ad hominem 9. appeal to tradition 10. appeal to novelty 11. straw man

why are the 6 demographic traits oof an audience important?

1. age: single biggest factor, people will understand topics that they have lived through 2. gender: avoid old fashioned stereotypes, might create bad reaction 3. religion: are among the most debated, defended, and emotionally charged topics 4. sexual orientation: be careful not to use language that is exclusionary or offensive , take everyone into account 5. racial background: adjust your remarks to be as clear, acceptable, appropriate, sensitive, and convincing as possible 6. group membership: figuring out what groups your audience is in will give a great insight into who they are

what are the five steps of Monroe's motivated sequence?

1. attention: gain the audiences attention 2. need: make the audience feel a need for change 3. satisfaction: satisfy the audience with a solution 4. visualization: intensify the need for change by visualizing its benefits 5. action: once the audience is convinced the plan is beneficial, issue a call to action

what are the three criteria in distinguishing internet jewels and internet junk?

1. authorship: is the author reliable? 2. sponsorship: if the author isn't clear businesses and agencies will publish the content on the internet 3. regency: look for publication date, copyright date or some other date to determine how recent the research is

what are the three guidelines for ethical listening?

1. be courteous and attentive 2. avoid prejudging the speaker 3. maintain the free and open exchange of ideas

what are three kinds of examples?

1. brief examples 2. extended example 3. hypothetical example

what are the best ways to avoid plagiarism?

1. don't procrastinate 2. consult a large number of sources 3. start early on research and speech writing

what are the four types of reference works you could use for your speech?

1. encyclopedia 2. yearbook 3. Quotation 4. Biographical aids

what are three ways you can enhance your credibility during your speech?

1. explain your confidence 2. establish common ground with the audience 3. deliver speech fluently, confidently, expressively, and with conviction

what are three types of questions used in questionnaires ?

1. fixed alternatives: yes/no 2. scaled: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree 3. open ended: participants write that they feel in a sentence structure

what are the three basic issues you must deal with when discussing a question of policy?

1. is there a NEED for the policy 2. is there a PLAN for the policy that you are arguing 3. is the plan you suggested PRACTICAL? will it work or create more serious problems?

what are 5 resources you can use via library resources?

1. library 2. catalog 3. reference work 4. newspaper 5. academic database

What implications does the egocentrism of audiences hold for you as a public speaker?

1. listeners will hear what you say and judge based on bias of what they already know or believe 2. you have to relate to them; show that the issue pertains to them and explain why they should care

what are the five ethical guideline for ethical speech making?

1. make sure you goals are ethically sound 2. be fully prepared for each speech 3. be honest in what you say 4. avoid name-calling and other forms of abuse language 5. put ethical principles into practice

What four methods of organization are used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?

1. problem-solution order 2. problem-cause-solution order 3. comparative advantages order 4.Monroe's motivated sequence

what are four tips for using testimony in your speech?

1. quote or paraphrase correctly 2. use testimony from qualified sources 3. use testimony from unbiased sources 4. identify the people you quote and paraphrase

what three tools do you use when researching on the internet?

1. search engines 2. specialized research resources 3. evaluation internet documents

what factors do you need to consider in situational audience analysis?

1. size: the larger the size the more formal 2. physical setting: familiarize yourself with possible interruptions 3. disposition toward the topic: pick a topic that suits you and your audience well 4. disposition toward speaker: the more the audience believes in the speaker the better they listen 5. disposition toward occasion: make sure the topic is appropriate or the occasion

what are four tips for using evidence effectively in a persuasive speech?

1. specific evidence 2. use novel evidence 3. use evidence from credible sources 4. make clear the point of your evidence

what are four general and helpful tips to doing research?

1. start early: don't wait till last minute or procrastinate 2. make a preliminary bibliography: an early list of goof potential information 3. take notes efficiently 4. think about your materials as you research - you'll view each piece of info differently

what are eight guidelines for writing a preparation outline?

1. state specific purpose of your speech 2. identify the central idea 3. label the introduction, body, and conclusion 4. use a consistent patter of symbols, numbers, and indentation 5. state main points and sub points in full sentences 6. label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews 7. attach bibliography 8. give your speech a title

what are four things you should do to take notes efficiently?

1. take plenty of notes 2. record notes in a consistent manner 3. Separate each note as its own separate entry 4. distinguish summary from paraphrase from direct quotes, keep track of your own words

How can you get information about an audience?

1. talking to them before class 2. sit by them class after class 3. observe them 4. surveys

Identify three methods you can use to generate emotional appeal in your speech?

1. use emotional language 2. develop vivid examples 3. speak with honesty, sincerity and conviction

what are the five tips for using examples in your speech?

1. use examples to explain your ideas 2. use examples to confirm and reinforce your ideas 3. use examples to personalize your ideas 4. make your example rich and vividly textured 5. practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

What are six tips for using statistics in your speeches?

1. use stats to quantify your ideas 2. use stats sparingly 3. identify the source of your stats 4. explain your stats 5. round of complicated stats 6. use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

what is a preparation outline?

A detailed outline of a presentation that includes the central idea, main ideas, and supporting material, and may also include specific purpose, introduction, and conclusion.

bibliography

A document showing all the sources used to research information.

attitude

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

open-ended question

A question that has no pre-listed answers, which requires the respondent to answer is his or her own words.

appeal to novelty

Assuming something new is automatically better than old

false cause

Assuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one.

what two factors exert the most influence on an audience's perceptions of a persons credibility?

Competence: how audience regards a speakers intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject character: how audience regards speakers genuineness, sincerity, trust worthiness, and concern for audience's well-being

what is the difference between peer and expert testimony?

Expert: testimony from someone that is considered an expert in their field Peer: testimony from ordinary people with first hand experience in the topic

bill of rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution

what are the differences among initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility?

Initial credibility: gained before the speech Derived credibility: produced by what you say in the speech terminal credibility: attained at the end of the speech

Why must speaker's be audience centered?

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation will allow them to better gain their desired response from the listeners.

evidence

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

what is evidence?

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something. Statistics or testimony

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

hasty generalization

when a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

How can you steer clear of incremental plagiarism when dealing with qoutation and paraphrases?

when i doubt always cite sources always include: 1. title of internet document 2. author or organization responsible for the document 3. the date on which the document was last posted 4. date you accessed the article

Why is the motivated sequence especially useful in speeches that seek immediate action from listeners?

you can recruit people immediately and get them to take immediate action

Why is a strong sense of ethical responsibility vital for public speakers?

you have to hold to a choice of right or wrong, just or unjust, or good or bad

what does it mean to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker as they listen to a speech?

you must anticipate possible objections the audience will raise to your POV and answer them in your speech

Why is speaking to persuade more challenging than speaking to inform?

you need all the skills of an informative speech, and you need skills to affect your listeners attitude, actions, or beliefs. its easier to do a speech about the history of the war on drugs than it is to persuade people that marijuana should be legal