Public Speaking 2

Four strategies for helping your listeners grasp information

1. Avoid information overload 2. Use an organizing framework 3. Move from the simple to the complex 4. Move from familiar to the unfamiliar

Five techniques for enlivening your speech (catching and keeping audience attention)

1. Concrete, real life examples. always more interesting when they are specific and real 2. Your listeners self interest. How will the audience benefit from what you're saying 3. Storytelling. 4. Humor. Humorous but powerful tricky. And infusion of humor into any speech can ease tension, deflate opponents, enhance the speakers image, and make points memorable 5. Variety and energy

Five suggestions for bolstering your credibility during the speech

1. Present your credentials 2. Demonstrate understanding of your topic 3. Be sure your material is clearly organized 4. Present an objective analysis 5. Express your goodwill towards the audience

Building credibility before speech

1. Provide the contact person with information about your qualifications 2. Manage your image during all contact with the group

Five techniques for involving your audience

1. Use the names of people in the audience 2. Refer to the person who introduced you and to the other speakers 3. Refer to details in the immediate setting or from shared experience 4. Use audience participation techniques 5. Make a liberal use of the word you

Slogans, catch words, and memorable phrases

Acronyms these types of cues give your listeners a framework for remembering your points example: Look at those piles in the joy that you haven't used in a year and assess the real value "when in doubt, throw it out "

Difference between outline and Speech Notes

And outline is used to ensure logical organization. Speech notes, in contrast, are used as a guide and a safety net while you are actually speaking. Like your outline and wording, your notes should go through several drafts

Aristotle components of ethos

Aristotle observed that audiences are more inclined to believe a person they see as having good sense, goodwill, and good character

Internal summary example

Because the problems in our department were affecting morale and because we had found they were caused by poor communication, we instituted an unusual training program. Let me tell you ab it

Credibility

Combination of perceived qualities that makes listeners pre-disposed to believe you

For modern components of credibility

Competence, concern, trustworthiness, dynamism

Relationship - opposition

Connective words: but, though, however, on the other hand, conversely, in spite of, nonetheless, nevertheless

Relationship - chronological

Connective words: first, second, third, next, then, following

Relationship - part-to-whole

Connective words: one such, another, the first, (second, third) of these, for instance, for example, illustrative of this, a case in point

Relationship - equality

Connective words: similarly, additionally, another, of equal importance

Relationship - Cause-effect

Connective words: so, since, thus, therefore, hence, consequently, as a result, due to, because

Five sources of audience analysis data

Direct observation, systematic data collection, interview/focus groups, contact person, inference and empathy

Competence checklist

Do you have the education, experience, and our credentials to make you an expert on this topic? Is your speech based on a well-documented, factual information? Does your delivery show that you are on top of your information, well organized, and composed?

Concern checklist

Have you spoken or acted on behalf of your audience's interest as they relate to your topic? Do you stress the audience's needs and goals throughout the speech? Is your delivery warm, friendly, and responsive to the audience?

Chronological/sequential pattern

Historical development. A time order format that sequences information. For example analyzing a process step-by-step ex how to make past first get ingredients, then bring water to a boil cook for eight minutes, so on so forth

What Transitional sentences, phrases, and words signal?

How two ideas are related/bridges between points

Direct observation

If possible try to observe the audience, perhaps at a business meeting or while they're listening to another speaker

Dynamic checklist

Is your image that of an active, assertive person — a doer rather than an observer? Does your speech have a sense of movement? Did the ideas bill to a climax? Is your language lively and vivid? Your delivery animated, energetic, and enthusiastic?

Trustworthiness checklist

Is your record one of honesty and integrity? In your speech, do you make an effort to be fair, acknowledging the limitations of your data and opinions and considering the parts of opposing viewpoints that have validity? Is your style of presentation sincere and not perceived as slick or manipulative?

Enumeration

Numbering is an obvious organizational Que

Spatial pattern

Often based on geography or location for example . Geography is not only areas on a map but also other special divisions of society such as rural, suburban, and urban

Internal preview example

Once your resume has been prepared, the next step and jobseeking is to list specific job openings. The three best sources here are newspaper and Webb listings, campus placement service, and word of mouth recommendations. We will examine the pros and cons of each of these

Systematic data collection

One excellent way to understand the audience is to ask about themselves. Even a simple form of data gathering can be useful, such as distributing a three or four item questionnaire out at meeting before the one where you will speak. Another option is to use an online survey to all together audience attitudes and background

Signposts

Physical counterparts pointing the way that you're going in serving a reminder of where you've been for example: 1st I'll show you how to make a simple white sauce then I'll move onto the three more elaborate sauces that start with the basic recipe

Guidelines for using your presentation aids

Practice with your AIDS Have your AIDS ready to go Face the audience Keep talking Do not become secondary to your presentation slides Do not let your AIDS become distractions

"Don't decide what technology you'll use before you determined what you wish to show"

Presentation aid should support your message not be your message sometimes it can be tempted to spend more time preparing the AIDS then preparing a speech

The three stages of practice

Stage 1: flesh out your outline Stage 2: get feedback Stage 3: make refinements

Contact person

The person who asked you to speak has certain expectations about the interaction between you and the audience. ask this contact person specific questions about his or her perceptions of the audience. Ask about previous speakers both best and worst to better understand what to do and what to avoid

Topical/categorical

To discuss aspects of a topic that do not lend themselves to any of the preceding patterns. For example, list the components of a whole or the reasons that add up to the thesis

Two most obvious reasons for using presentation aids

To explain an unfamiliar, complex, or technical idea To reinforce a particular message

Emphasis cues

Underline or highlight key points with phrases like "this is very important, " "if you don't remember anything else, " and "here is what it all comes down to. "

Problem - solution pattern

Used to examine the symptoms of a problem and then propose a remedy . Often used in persuasive speeches to advocate a new policy or course of action

Cause - effect pattern

Used to show that events occurring in sequence are, in fact, casually related well suited to a speech in which the goal is to achieve understanding or agreement rather than action.

Interviews/focus groups

When you cannot get information on the whole audience, talk to some members of the group. And these individual or group sessions, try to find out not just what people think but also how they think. Ask open ended questions and encourage respondents to expand on their answers by framing follow up questions in a non-argumentative tone ask them for examples and anecdotes

Acronyms

a word that is formed from the first letters of a series of words that can be pronounced like one word. for the instance radar is an acronym for radio detecting and ranging

Inference and empathy

when you do not have much specific information about an audience, draw on your general knowledge of human behavior and groups. Let empathy round out the image. What, for example, would be reasonable assumptions about a college audience at 9:00 AM on your campus, or at a Rotary club monthly luncheon? Get outside yourself and adopt your listeners frames of reference

Checklist for formatting speech Notes

• words and phrases should be large, well spaced, and uncluttered • use visual cues (such as large card numbers, underlining, indenting, stars, highlighting, different colors) to make it easy to find what you want at a glance • add time notation is to keep on track